第三課時(shí)介詞和介詞短語感 悟 高 考1.When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be _ trees that are over 1，000 years old.(2017天津卷)A.among B.againstC.behind D.below答案A句意：當(dāng)你開車穿過加利福尼亞的紅木森林時(shí)，你將會(huì)穿梭于超過千年歷史的樹木之間。be among 位于之間；be against 反對(duì)；be behind 在后面；be below在之下。根據(jù)句意，故選A。2.Many people who live along the coast make a living _ fishing industry.(2017北京卷)A.at B.in C.on D.by答案B句意：許多住在海邊上的人都是靠漁業(yè)來謀生的。此處用介詞in，不用by，因?yàn)閎y后面通常接做什么事情來謀生，此處是指在捕魚這個(gè)行業(yè)里謀生，用in，故選B。3.That young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help._，hes reliable.(2016浙江卷)A.Or else B.In shortC.By the way D.For one thing答案B句意：那個(gè)年輕人是誠實(shí)的，合作的，總是當(dāng)你需要他的時(shí)候就幫助你?？傊?，他是可靠的。or else 否則。in short 總之；by the way 順便說；for one thing 一方面。 根據(jù)句意，答案為B。4.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _ Thomas Edison.(2015江蘇卷)A.thanks to B.regardless ofC.aside from D.but for答案D句意：如果沒有托馬斯愛迪生的話，我們現(xiàn)在所受益的許多東西是不會(huì)出現(xiàn)的。thanks to幸虧，由于；regardless of不管，不顧；aside from除了，除以外；but for要不是，如果沒有的話。要 點(diǎn) 精 析1.表示方位的at, in, on, to, beside/by和near介詞用法示例at一般指在較小的地方I met him at the shop.in一般指在較大的地方，或在某一范圍內(nèi)They arrived in Beijing yesterday.Shandong Province lies in the east of China.on一般指在物體的表面，或相鄰并接壤的兩個(gè)地域The picture is hanging on the wall.Vietnam is on the south of China.to表示某范圍外不接壤的兩位置Jiangsu Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province. beside /by“在的旁邊”She was standing beside her mother.There is a small house by the river.near“接近；靠近”There is a supermarket near my home.2.表示方位的between和among介詞用法示例between在兩者或每兩者之間I sat down between Sue and Jane.among在三者或三者以上之間The teacher was standing among the students.3.表示方位的across, through, over和past介詞用法示例across從的表面穿過He walked across the square to meet us.through從的內(nèi)部穿過The guide led us through the forest.over從的上面跨過The thief jumped over the fence and fled away.past從的旁邊經(jīng)過She walked past the shop.4.表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的at, in和on介詞用法示例at表示在某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)、時(shí)刻或重大節(jié)日at 9：00/at noon/at daybreak/at Christmasin表示在某個(gè)較長的時(shí)間內(nèi)，如世紀(jì)、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚in the 21st century/in September/in the morningon表示在具體某一天或具體某一天的上午、下午、晚上on 2nd, September/on the morning of 1st, May5.表示時(shí)間段的for和since介詞用法示例for“for時(shí)間段”意為“多長時(shí)間”，表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間長短，一般作完成時(shí)、過去時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)的時(shí)間狀語He has lived in the small village for five years.I studied in Peking University for 4 years.since“since時(shí)間點(diǎn)”意為“自從(過去某時(shí))以來”，作完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語He has worked in this pany since graduation.Tom has been doing his homework since 7 oclock.6.表示交通方式的by, in和on介詞用法示例by“by名詞”表示交通方式時(shí)，名詞前不加冠詞My brother usually goes to school by bike.in/onin/on后的名詞必須有冠詞或代詞等修飾My father often goes to work in his car/on his bicycle.7.表示“用”的by, in和with介詞用法示例by指“靠手段，用方法，憑借”，后可接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞He made a living by selling newspapers when he was young.in多用于表示語言、材料的名詞前All the applicants are required to fill in the form in ink.with多用于表示有形的工具或身體器官的名詞前They are busy digging with spades.8.表示“除外”的except, except for和besides介詞用法示例except表示“除之外(其他的都)”，其后的賓語是被排除在外的，側(cè)重同類事物的排除All my friends took part in the party except John. except for其后被排除的內(nèi)容與主語往往不是同一類的His position is good except for a few spelling mistakes.besides表示“除之外(其他的也)”，其后的賓語是被包括在內(nèi)的He has learned German and French besides English.9.其他常考介詞的用法(1)against的用法含義示例(表示態(tài)度)反對(duì)An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the mittee members are against it.(表示對(duì)比)以為背景The skiers red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.(表示方位)倚靠著The girl was leaning against the wall with her arms folded.(2)beyond的用法含義示例(表示位置)在另一邊，在更遠(yuǎn)處The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.(表示時(shí)間)晚于He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.(表示程度)超出，非所能及To be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is beyond expression in words for me.(3)over的用法含義示例(表示方位)越過The airplane flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance.(表示等級(jí)或數(shù)目)高于，在之上，超過He has got the job because he has the advantage over others of knowing many languages.(表示時(shí)間或過程)在期間Im sorry I didnt phone you, but Ive been very busy over the past couple of weeks.(4)to的用法含義示例(表示方向、距離)到，向，去I was on the way to the railway station.(表示時(shí)間)直到為止，到He wakes at a quarter to six every morning.(表示比較、比例、參照)與相比，相對(duì)于而言I prefer oranges to apples.(表示對(duì)象關(guān)系)屬于，對(duì)，給The hospital is attached to the university.達(dá)到(某一點(diǎn)或某個(gè)限度)Temperatures dropped to 25 degrees below zero.(5)under的用法含義示例在下面，在之下She placed the ladder under the window.在過程中The possibility of employing more staff is still under discussion.(數(shù)字、數(shù)量、年齡或價(jià)格)低于，少于，在以下These toys are not suitable for children under five.受影響Shes been under a lot of pressure at work.(6)with的用法含義示例和一起，和，同，跟Would you like to go shopping with me？(表示同時(shí)或同一方向)隨著With time going by, the little tree has grown up.具有，帶有The dictionary is what I want, but I dont have enough money with me.由于，因?yàn)镠e trembled with fear.(表示方式)用He cut it with a knife.1.介詞與名詞的常用搭配(1)atn.表示狀態(tài)at a loss 不知所措 at peace 處于和平中at war 在戰(zhàn)爭中 at work 在工作(2)其他以at開頭的介詞短語at the beginning of 在的開始at the cost of 以的代價(jià)at the risk of 冒的危險(xiǎn)at the mercy of 在支配下(3)onn.表示狀態(tài)on exhibition/show 在展出on fire 著火on sale 出售，打折on the way 在途中on the decrease/increase 在減少/在增加on holiday/vacation 在度假on duty/guard 在值班/站崗(4)其他以on開頭的介詞短語on account of 因?yàn)閛n no account/condition 決不on behalf of 代表(5)byn.表示方式by accident 偶然 by air/plane 乘飛機(jī)by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧by hand 用手工 by mistake 錯(cuò)誤地by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地(6)inn.表示方式in cash 用現(xiàn)金付款 in width 在寬度上in depth 在深度上 in detail 詳細(xì)地in size 在大小上 in height 在高度上in length 在長度上 in English 用英語(7)其他以in開頭的介詞短語in need of 需要 in no case 決不in no time 立刻 in no way 決不in place of 代替in possession of 擁有，占有in addition to 另外in response to 作為回應(yīng)in spite of 盡管in favor of 支持，贊成in case of 萬一；如果；假如in celebration of 為慶祝in control of 管理；控制；操縱in honour of 為向表示敬意in memory of 為了紀(jì)念in support of 為支持in the charge of 在的管理下in the direction of 在方向in the face of 面對(duì)in charge of 掌管in return 作為回報(bào)in exchange for 作為交換(8)ofn.表示特征(等于相應(yīng)的形容詞)of benefit 有益處的 of help 有幫助的of use 有用的 of value 有價(jià)值的of importance 重要的of significance 有意義的(9)out ofn.表示狀態(tài)out of balance 失去平衡out of breath 上氣不接下氣out of control 不受控制out of date 過期out of debt 不欠債out of order 出故障out of shape 走樣，不成形out of sight 看不到out of the question 不可能out of work 失業(yè)(10)undern.表示被動(dòng)under attack 遭到襲擊under pressure 在壓力下under control 處于控制之中under construction 在建造中under discussion 在討論中under treatment 在治療中(11)withn.表示方式with delight/joy 高興地with ease 輕而易舉地with pleasure 樂意地with difficulty 困難地with fear 害怕地(12)beyondn.表示“超出，難以”beyond pare 無與倫比beyond reach 夠不到beyond description 難以描述beyond doubt 不用懷疑，確實(shí)地beyond expression/words 難以表達(dá)2.介詞與形容詞的常用搭配(1)beadj.aboutbe anxious about 憂慮be curious about 對(duì)好奇be particular about 對(duì)講究/挑剔be worried/concerned about 對(duì)擔(dān)心(2)beadj.atbe angry at 因生氣be astonished at 對(duì)吃驚be present at 出席be disappointed at 對(duì)失望be good at 擅長(3)beadj.inbe absorbed in 專注于be active in 積極于be dressed in 穿著be rich in 富含be interested in 對(duì)感興趣be involved in 包括在中，被卷入be engaged in 忙于be occupied in 忙于(4)beadj.forbe eager for 渴望be fit for 適合，勝任be ready for 準(zhǔn)備好be thankful for 因而感激be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望be prepared for 為做好準(zhǔn)備be famous for 以著名be hungry for 渴望be sorry for 對(duì)感到抱歉(5)beadj.frombe absent from 缺席be different from 不同于be far from 遠(yuǎn)離be free from 不受影響(6)beadj.to be close to 接近be contrary to 與相反be devoted to 致力于be equal to 等于be familiar to 對(duì)來說熟悉be friendly to 對(duì)友好be good to 對(duì)有好處be grateful to 對(duì)心存感激be harmful to 對(duì)有危害be kind to 對(duì)友好be opposed to 反對(duì)be similar to 與相似be/get used to (變得)習(xí)慣于(7)beadj.ofbe aware of 意識(shí)到be full of 充滿be short of 缺乏be ashamed of 為感到羞恥be fond of 喜歡be proud of 因而自豪be tired of 厭煩(8)beadj.withbe filled with 充滿 be busy with 忙于be bined with 與結(jié)合be content with 對(duì)滿意be covered with 被覆蓋be familiar with 對(duì)熟悉be patient with 對(duì)有耐心be popular with 受的歡迎be satisfied with 對(duì)滿意be pleased with 對(duì)感到滿意by angry with (sb) 對(duì)(某人)發(fā)怒be concerned with 與有關(guān)；涉及，關(guān)心，關(guān)注解 題 策 略利用置入法解決介詞短語的相關(guān)題目關(guān)于介詞短語的相關(guān)題目，一般采用將介詞短語置入句子，進(jìn)行逐一翻譯的方法。解決此類題目的關(guān)鍵就是平時(shí)多積累相關(guān)知識(shí)，然后讀懂題干的含義。1.Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence._，it could just put you in debt.(江西卷)A.In other words B.All in allC.As a result D.On the other hand答案D句意：開辦自己的公司可能是一種獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立的方法，另一方面，它也可能讓你負(fù)債累累。on the other hand另一方面，符合題意，故選D項(xiàng)。in other words換句話說， all in all總之，as a result結(jié)果。2.Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay _.(江蘇卷)A.in place B.in orderC.in shape D.in fashion答案C句意：Tom堅(jiān)持早上跑步并且還常常做俯臥撐來維持體形。in place就位，到位；in order井然有序；in shape保持體形；in fashion 流行。針 對(duì) 訓(xùn) 練1.The dictionary is _：many words have been added to the language since it was published.(2016天津卷)A.out of control B.out of dateC.out of sight D.out of reach答案B根據(jù)后半部分“many words have been added to the language since it was published”可知，這本字典過時(shí)(out of date)了。out of control失控；out of sight在視野之外；out of reach夠不著。2.Most people work because its unavoidable._，there are some people who actually enjoy work.(2015浙江卷)A.As a result B.In additionC.By contrast D.In conclusion答案C句意：大多數(shù)人工作是因?yàn)闊o法避免，_也有一些人確實(shí)喜歡工作。根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示前后對(duì)比。by contrast相比之下，符合語境。as a result結(jié)果；in addition另外，此外；in conclusion總之。3.An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered a long lost antique Greek vase _.A.at random B.by chanceC.in turn D.on occasion答案B句意：最近乘渡船去南部島嶼旅行的一位藝術(shù)家偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)久已失傳的希臘特有花瓶。A項(xiàng)意為“任意地，隨便地”；B項(xiàng)意為“偶然地；意外地”；C項(xiàng)意為“依次；輪流地”；D項(xiàng)意為“有時(shí)；間或”。由句意可知B項(xiàng)正確。4._ his being late again，he lost his job and had to stay at home.A.Owe to B.As result ofC.In case of D.Because of答案D根據(jù)句意可知，逗號(hào)前應(yīng)為原因狀語，故C項(xiàng)不對(duì)；A項(xiàng)應(yīng)為owing to；B項(xiàng)應(yīng)為as a result of。故只有D項(xiàng)正確。5.The doctor advised her to eat more bean products _ meat which might be harmful to her heart.A.for lack of B.by means ofC.in place of D.in favour of答案C句意：醫(yī)生建議她多吃豆類食品來代替可能對(duì)她的心臟有害的肉類。in place of “代替，頂替”，符合句意。for lack of 缺乏，短缺；by means of 借助手段，依靠方法；in favour of 支持，贊同。 6.The popularity of the example in his lecture was beyond his expectation, but actually he just came up with it _ during the course.A.in case B.in returnC.by nature D.by chance答案D句意：他講座中那個(gè)例子所受歡迎的程度超出了他的預(yù)期，可事實(shí)上他只是在講座中偶然想到的。根據(jù)句意可知，應(yīng)選擇by chance 偶然，意外地。in case 以防萬一；in return 作為(對(duì)的)回報(bào)；by nature 天生地，天性。7.The businessman you referred to just now is selfless, who does everything for others _ nothing.A.in preference to B.in place ofC.in agreement with D.in exchange for答案D句意：你剛才提到的那個(gè)商人很無私，他為他人做任何事情都不求回報(bào)。in exchange for 作為的交換；in preference to優(yōu)先于；in place of代替；in agreement with 同意，與一致。根據(jù)句意可知，選D項(xiàng)。8.Air quality in Beijing was rated as poor _ more than 5 million cars in the capital.A.except for B.regardless ofC.due to D.in spite of答案C句意：北京的空氣質(zhì)量之所以列入差的行列是因?yàn)槭锥加形灏偃f輛汽車。except for 除了；regardless of 不管，不顧；due to 因?yàn)?，由于；in spite of 雖然，盡管。根據(jù)句意選C項(xiàng)。9.I went along thinking nothing _，just looking at things around me.A.in brief B.in doubtC.in particular D.in harmony答案C句意：我一直走著，沒特別想些什么，只是看看周圍的東西。in brief簡單扼要地；in doubt 懷疑地；in harmony 和諧地；in particular特別，尤其。根據(jù)句意可知選C。10.Many plants could move northward and toward the Pacific coast _ rising temperatures and changes in rainfall.A.with regard to B.in defense ofC.by means of D.in reaction to答案D句意：許多植物可能北移到太平洋沿岸以應(yīng)對(duì)溫度的上升和降水量的變化。in reaction to “對(duì)的反應(yīng)”，符合句意。A項(xiàng)意為“關(guān)于，就而論”；B項(xiàng)意為“防御”；C項(xiàng)意為“借助某事物，以方法”。11._ electronic mail, today you can send a letter halfway around the world in seconds simply by pressing a button.A.Thanks to B.Apart fromC.Regardless of D.According to答案A句意：幸虧有了電子郵件，現(xiàn)在你只要按一下按鈕就能在幾秒內(nèi)把一封信寄出半個(gè)世界了。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。apart from 除以外；regardless of 不管，不論；according to 依據(jù)，根據(jù)。12.Mrs.Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess，as her children are always _ whenever she tries to.A.in the way B.on watchC.in sight D.on the line答案A句意：Mrs.Smith發(fā)現(xiàn)很難清理混亂局面，因?yàn)楫?dāng)她盡力清理時(shí)她的孩子總是妨礙她。in the way妨礙；on watch值班，監(jiān)視；in sight在視力范圍內(nèi)，在即；on the line處于危險(xiǎn)中，(對(duì)方)在接電話。