第六課時情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣感 悟 高 考1._ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overe her difficulty.(2017江蘇卷)A.It were B.Were itC.It was D.Was it答案B虛擬語氣中，be動詞統(tǒng)一用were；虛擬語氣的省略形式是把if省略，同時把were/should/had提前，即Were/Should/Had I.，故選B。句意：要不是老師們的支持，該生是無法克服困難的。2.Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, _ easily reach the books on the top shelf.(2017北京卷)A.must B.should C.can D.need答案Cmust必須；should應(yīng)該；can能；need需要。句意：Samuel，我班最高的男生，能很輕松地夠著書架頂上的書。3.If the new safety system _ to use, the accident would never have happened. (2017北京卷)A.had been put B.were putC.should be put D.would be put答案A句意：如果這個新的安全系統(tǒng)被投入使用的話，這個事故就不會發(fā)生了。根據(jù)主句would never have happened確定是對過去情況的虛擬，所以從句謂語用had done形式。4.My room is a mess, but I _ clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.(2017天津卷)A.darent B.shouldntC.neednt D.mustnt答案C句意：我的房間很亂，但是在今晚我出去之前不需要打掃，我可以明天早晨再打掃。darent不敢；shouldnt不應(yīng)該；neednt不需要；mustnt不許。根據(jù)句意，故選C。5.Do you have Bettys phone number?Yes. Otherwise, I _ able to reach her yesterday.(2017天津卷)A.hadnt been B.wouldnt have beenC.werent D.wouldnt be答案B句意：你有貝蒂的電話號碼嗎？有。否則我昨天就聯(lián)系不到她了。標(biāo)志詞otherwise相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句：If I hadnt have her phone number，即對過去的虛擬的條件狀語從句，可以判斷出主句用wouldnt have done表示對過去情況的虛擬，故選B。要 點 精 析一、情態(tài)動詞的基本用法1.can 和could的用法 (1)表示“能力，能夠”。No one can be pared with Yao Ming in playing basketball.Oh, you are really his big fan.在打籃球方面，無人能與姚明相媲美。你真是姚明的鐵桿粉絲。(2)表示“許可”，此時can可以和may換用。You can (may) go home now.你現(xiàn)在可以回家了。(3)表示驚訝，常用在否定句和疑問句中。How could you do such a silly thing?你怎么能做那樣的蠢事呢？(4)cannot.too/enough表示“無論也不過分”；“越越好”。I cant thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.我們不在家時，你對我兒子的幫助，我怎樣感謝你都不過分。2.may和might的用法(1)may和might表示“許可”。May I take the book out?Im afraid not.我能將書帶出去嗎？恐怕不行。(2)“may/might as well動詞原形”意為“最好；不妨”。If you think the price of beef is too high, you may as well buy some pork. It depends on you.如果你認(rèn)為牛肉太貴的話，你不妨買些豬肉。你自己決定。3.must的用法(1)表示必要性，意為“必須”。Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?I am afraid you must, in case he es late for the meeting.我現(xiàn)在通知他日程表的變動嗎？恐怕你必須通知他，以免他開會遲到。(2)表示禁止(用于否定句)。The new law states that people mustnt drive after drinking alcohol.新頒布的法律禁止人們酒后駕車。(3)表示“偏偏，偏要”。If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.如果你非要走的話，至少等到暴風(fēng)雨結(jié)束。4.need的用法(1)need作情態(tài)動詞時，主要用于否定句和疑問句中。He neednt worry about us now.他現(xiàn)在不必為我們擔(dān)心。(2)need也可作實義動詞，用于肯定句、否定句和疑問句中，其后可接名詞、代詞、動名詞或帶to的動詞不定式作賓語。You need to practise reading aloud every day.你有必要每天都大聲朗讀。5.shall和should的用法(1)shall的用法用于第一、第三人稱疑問句中，表示說話人征求對方的意見或向?qū)Ψ秸埵?。What time shall I pick you up at your house tomorrow, sir?I havent decided on the time.But I will call you.先生，我明天什么時候到你家接你呢？我還沒有決定時間，但是我會給你打電話的。用于第二、第三人稱陳述句中，表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。Will you read me a story, Mummy?OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.媽媽，給我講個故事好嗎？好的，如果你盡快上床睡覺我就給你講一個。用于第三人稱作主語的陳述句中，在條約、規(guī)定、法令等文件中表示義務(wù)或規(guī)定。The National Party congress shall be held every five years.黨代會每五年舉行一次。(2)should的用法表示義務(wù)、職責(zé)等，意為“應(yīng)該”。The children should be taken good care of.這些孩子應(yīng)該受到好的照顧。表示說話人的驚奇、憤怒、失望等特殊情感。How should I know where youve left your bag?我怎么知道你把包丟在哪里了？6.will和would的用法(1)表示意志、意愿和決心，would用于過去的情況。Goodbye, John. e back again sometime.Sure. I will.再見，約翰。歡迎再來。好的，我會的。Why didnt you e to Simons party last night?I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.你昨晚為什么沒有參加Simon的聚會？我想去，但是媽媽不愿意讓我自己在這么晚的時間出去。(2)will可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動作，有“總是”或“總要”之意。Every morning he will have a walk along this river.每天早晨，他總是沿著小河散步。(3)would可以表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作，比used to正式，但沒有“現(xiàn)已無此習(xí)慣”的含義。When we worked in the same firm several years ago, we would often go to the cinema together.當(dāng)幾年前我們在同一家公司工作時，我們常常一起去看電影。二、情態(tài)動詞表推測的用法1.can表推測。(1)can表示推測時常用于否定句和疑問句，語氣很強(qiáng)烈。Mr.Bush is on time for everything.How can it be that he was late for the meeting?布什先生做什么事情都很準(zhǔn)時，他怎么可能開會遲到呢？(2)can用于肯定句中，常表示客觀的可能性。It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.我的家鄉(xiāng)在三月份通常很暖和，但有時候也會相當(dāng)冷。2.may用于肯定句中可以用來表示推測，意為“可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推測，may not意為“可能不”，表示一種不太確定的語氣。The traffic is heavy these days. I might arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?這些天交通很繁忙，我可能會來晚一點，請你幫我保留個位置好嗎？Some people who dont like to talk much are not necessarily shy; they may just be quiet people.言語不多的人未必就是害羞。他們或許就是安靜的人。3.must 表示推測時只能用于肯定句中，意為“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的語氣(在疑問句或否定句中要用can)。Its the office！So you must know eating is not allowed here.Oh, sorry.這是辦公室！所以你一定知道這里不許吃東西。噢，對不起。4.should 用來表示推測時意為“應(yīng)該”，即含有“按道理來說應(yīng)當(dāng)如此”的意思。There shouldnt be any difficulty passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school.既然你在駕校訓(xùn)練了那么多，通過路考應(yīng)該沒什么困難。三、“情態(tài)動詞have done”的用法情態(tài)動詞have done用法must have done一定做過某事，其否定形式為cant/couldnt have donecan/could have done(1)本來能夠做但卻未做(2)可能做過某事cant/couldnt have done不可能做過某事may/might have done或許/可能做過某事should/ought to have done本該做但卻未做，其否定形式表示本不該做但卻做了neednt have done做了本沒有必要做的事情It must have rained last night，for the road was quite wet.昨晚肯定下雨了，因為路面十分潮濕。You neednt have taken a taxi here，for it was near my home.你本來不必打車來這里的，因為這里離我家很近。一、if條件句中的虛擬語氣if條件從句從句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式表示現(xiàn)在情況動詞過去式(be的過去式用were)should/would/could/might動詞原形表示過去情況had過去分詞should/would/could/mighthave過去分詞表示將來情況should動詞原形should/would/could/might動詞原形動詞過去式were to動詞原形If I were you，I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我會帶把傘。If I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow，I would invite him home.如果明天見到他，我會邀請他到我家。二、錯綜時間條件句和含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣1.當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，被稱為“錯綜時間條件句”，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。If we had booked a table earlier，we wouldnt be standing here in a queue.如果我們早一點訂一張桌子，現(xiàn)在就不會站在這里排隊了。2. 有時假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示，而是由otherwise，but，or，without，but for等來引導(dǎo)或者通過上下文引出。Without your help，I wouldnt have succeeded anyway.If you hadnt helped me，I wouldnt have succeeded anyway.沒有你的幫助，我無論如何也不會成功。三、if的省略如果if條件句中含有were，had或should時，可把if省略，把were，had或should提到主語之前形成倒裝，若為否定形式，not不可提前。Were it sunny tomorrow，we would go to the Great Wall.如果明天是星期天，我們就能去長城。四、名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣1.用于表示建議、愿望、命令等動詞后的賓語從句中常見的動詞有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，mand，prefer，desire，remend等。賓語從句中的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為“should動詞原形”，should可以省略。They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.他們堅決要求那個小男孩跟他們一起去。2. 用于主語從句中在It is desired/suggested/proposed/remended/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essentialthat從句中，從句的謂語動詞用“should動詞原形”，should可以省略。It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.人們建議會議推遲到下周。3. 用于表語從句和同位語從句中在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，其構(gòu)成是“should動詞原形”，should可以省略。My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.我的意見是在接受之前我們要反復(fù)考慮。Your suggestion that the door (should) be shut when we leave is reasonable.你的那個當(dāng)我們離開的時候應(yīng)該關(guān)上門的建議是合理的。五、wish賓語從句中的虛擬語氣1. 對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：wish主語動詞過去式(be用were)I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.但愿我是一只小鳥，能在天空自由飛翔。2. 對過去情況的虛擬：wish主語had過去分詞I wish you had e to the lecture.但愿你當(dāng)時來聽報告了。3.對將來情況的虛擬：wish主語would/could/might動詞原形We wish we would live on the moon one day.但愿我們有一天能住在月球上。六、其他句型中的虛擬語氣1.would rather后的賓語從句中，表示愿望，意為“寧愿；但愿”。用一般過去時表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵪喾矗挥眠^去完成時表示與過去事實相反。When my father is upset，he would rather we left him alone.當(dāng)我的父親煩惱的時候，他更喜歡我們不打擾他。2. 在“It is (about/high) timethat從句”中，謂語動詞常用過去式或“should動詞原形”表示虛擬語氣，注意should不可省略。Its high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection.是我們致力于環(huán)境保護(hù)的時候了。3.as if，as though引導(dǎo)的表語從句和方式狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣，與現(xiàn)在事實相反用一般過去時；與過去事實相反用過去完成時。It seems as though it were spring already.看起來好像已經(jīng)是春天了一樣。4.if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，用虛擬語氣表示愿望。Look at the trouble were in.If only we had taken our teachers advice!看看我們所處的困境，要是我們接受老師的建議就好了！解 題 策 略1.句型提示法虛擬語氣可以用在狀語從句、名詞性從句、定語從句中，在不同的從句中，虛擬語氣用不同的動詞形式來體現(xiàn)，如：if非真實條件句(分三種情形)，wish后的賓語從句，It is time that.的定語從句等。所以，掌握了各類從句中虛擬語氣的動詞形式，就基本上掌握了虛擬語氣的用法。If we _ the other road，we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.A.take B.had takenC.took D.have taken答案B句意：如果我們走另一條路的話，我們或許能夠及時到達(dá)這里參加這次會議了。根據(jù)主句的謂語動詞might have arrived可以推出，本句是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，所以if條件句中應(yīng)該用過去完成時。2.特定詞匯暗示法英語中某些短語如：If it were not for/had not been for, but for., if only., without等，往往要采用虛擬語氣，它們對于解答試題有很大的幫助，掌握了這些要點知識，做起題來也就很容易了。Thank you for all your hard work last week.I dont think we _ it without you.A.can manage B.could have managedC.could manage D.can have managed答案B根據(jù)without you可知，本句是對過去事情的虛擬推測，故用could have過去分詞。針 對 訓(xùn) 練1.Had the governments and scientists not worked together，AIDS-related deaths _ since their highest in 2005.(2016浙江卷)A.had not fallen B.would not fallC.did not fall D.would not have fallen答案D句意：如果各國政府和科學(xué)家們不一起努力的話，與艾滋病相關(guān)的死亡就不會自 2005 年的最高水平降下來。根據(jù)Had the governments and scientists not worked together可知事情發(fā)生在過去，因此是對過去情況的虛擬，主句用would have done形式。故選D。2.George _ too far.His coffee is still warm.(2016浙江卷)A.must have gone B.might have goneC.cant have gone D.neednt have gone答案C句意：喬治不可能走遠(yuǎn)。他的咖啡還是熱的。cant have done表示對過去否定的推測，意為“不可能做了”。3.I love the weekend，because I _ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.(2016北京卷)A.neednt B.mustntC.wouldnt D.shouldnt答案A句意：我喜歡周末，因為每逢周六、周日我不需要早起。A項意為“不需要”；B項意為“禁止”；C項意為“不會”；D項意為“不應(yīng)該”。根據(jù)句意可知選A項。4.Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week? If you _ me，I could have helped.(2016北京卷)A.told B.had toldC.were to tell D.would tell答案B句意：你上周為什么不告訴我你的麻煩。如果你告訴了我，我能夠幫助你。根據(jù)last week可知事情發(fā)生在過去，因此是對過去情況的虛擬。根據(jù)主句謂語動詞could have done可知，從句應(yīng)用過去完成時had done。故選B。5.It was really annoying；I _ get access to the data bank you had remended.(2016天津卷)A.wouldnt B.couldntC.shouldnt D.neednt答案B句意：這真的很讓人惱火，我無法使用你推薦的那個數(shù)據(jù)庫。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選couldnt “不能夠”。wouldnt “不愿意”；shouldnt “不應(yīng)該”；neednt “不必”。6.Whats your feeling now?I am terribly sorry.If only I _ here yesterday!A.came B.would have eC.have e D.had e答案Dif only “要是就好了”，從時間狀語yesterday來看，這是對過去所發(fā)生事情的虛擬，所以用過去完成時。7.Its everybodys desire that every effort _to reduce the pollution in our hometown.A.was made B.be madeC.will be made D.would be made答案Bdesire后的賓語從句及所在句子中的名詞性從句，均應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣，虛擬形式為“should動詞原形”，其中should可省略，故選B。8.They must have enjoyed themselves there，otherwise they _ so long.A.cant have stayed B.wouldnt have stayedC.cant stay D.wouldnt stay答案B由must have enjoyed可知，otherwise后的情況是與過去的事實相反的，故謂語動詞應(yīng)用would have done。9._ more energy to my study instead of being crazy about Internet games，I would be sitting in a fortable office now.A.If I devoted B.Had I devotedC.Would I be devoted D.Should I be devoted答案B此句為錯綜時間條件句，從句用過去完成時，表示與過去的事實相反，如果省略if要用倒裝句；主句根據(jù)now用“would動詞原形”的形式，表示與現(xiàn)在的事實相反。10.Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she _ there, she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often.A.lives B.would liveC.having asked D.were to live答案D根據(jù)wouldnt be able to.可知這是將來時的虛擬語氣，從句可用三種形式lived，should live，were to live，所以選D。11.Dont handle the vase as if it _ made of steel.A.is B.wereC.has been D.had been答案Bas if從句中，對現(xiàn)在的虛擬謂語動詞用were。12.Jack is a great talker.Its high time that he _ something instead of just talking. A.will do B.has doneC.do D.did答案D在句型 Its high/very time that.中， 從句中的謂語動詞用did或should do，所以選D項。13._ another national referendum(公投) of Brexit be held，perhaps the UK would be kept in the EU and better promote a socially progressive Europe.A.Would B.Could C.Might D.Should答案D句意：如果再舉行一次英國脫歐的全民公投，也許英國就會留在歐盟并且更好地推動歐洲的社會進(jìn)步。分析句子成分可知，本題為if引導(dǎo)的非真實條件句。根據(jù)句意可知本題為對將來時間的虛擬語氣，在if引導(dǎo)的非真實條件句中，如果從句省略if則從句需要部分倒裝。故should符合題意。14.Its a sad fact of life：lies are lies，and sometimes the truth _ lie as well.A.shall B.should C.can D.must答案C句意：這是一個可悲的生活事實：謊言就是謊言，而有時真相也可能撒謊。can意為“可能”；shall表征求對方意見，表命令、警告、威脅等；should意為“應(yīng)該，竟然，萬一”；must意為“必須；一定；偏要”。