與當(dāng)今“教師”一稱最接近的“老師”概念，最早也要追溯至宋元時(shí)期。金代元好問示侄孫伯安詩云：“伯安入小學(xué)，穎悟非凡貌，屬句有夙性，說字驚老師?！庇谑强?，宋元時(shí)期小學(xué)教師被稱為“老師”有案可稽。清代稱主考官也為“老師”，而一般學(xué)堂里的先生則稱為“教師”或“教習(xí)”?？梢?，“教師”一說是比較晚的事了。如今體會(huì)，“教師”的含義比之“老師”一說，具有資歷和學(xué)識(shí)程度上較低一些的差別。辛亥革命后，教師與其他官員一樣依法令任命，故又稱“教師”為“教員”。觀察內(nèi)容的選擇，我本著先靜后動(dòng)，由近及遠(yuǎn)的原則，有目的、有計(jì)劃的先安排與幼兒生活接近的，能理解的觀察內(nèi)容。隨機(jī)觀察也是不可少的，是相當(dāng)有趣的，如蜻蜓、蚯蚓、毛毛蟲等，孩子一邊觀察，一邊提問，興趣很濃。我提供的觀察對(duì)象，注意形象逼真，色彩鮮明，大小適中，引導(dǎo)幼兒多角度多層面地進(jìn)行觀察，保證每個(gè)幼兒看得到，看得清?？吹们宀拍苷f得正確。在觀察過程中指導(dǎo)。我注意幫助幼兒學(xué)習(xí)正確的觀察方法，即按順序觀察和抓住事物的不同特征重點(diǎn)觀察，觀察與說話相結(jié)合，在觀察中積累詞匯，理解詞匯，如一次我抓住時(shí)機(jī)，引導(dǎo)幼兒觀察雷雨，雷雨前天空急劇變化，烏云密布，我問幼兒烏云是什么樣子的，有的孩子說：烏云像大海的波浪。有的孩子說“烏云跑得飛快?！蔽壹右钥隙ㄕf“這是烏云滾滾?！碑?dāng)幼兒看到閃電時(shí)，我告訴他“這叫電光閃閃?！苯又變郝牭嚼茁曮@叫起來，我抓住時(shí)機(jī)說：“這就是雷聲隆隆。”一會(huì)兒下起了大雨，我問：“雨下得怎樣?”幼兒說大極了，我就舀一盆水往下一倒，作比較觀察，讓幼兒掌握“傾盆大雨”這個(gè)詞。雨后，我又帶幼兒觀察晴朗的天空，朗誦自編的一首兒歌：“藍(lán)天高，白云飄，鳥兒飛，樹兒搖，太陽公公咪咪笑?！边@樣抓住特征見景生情，幼兒不僅印象深刻，對(duì)雷雨前后氣象變化的詞語學(xué)得快，記得牢，而且會(huì)應(yīng)用。我還在觀察的基礎(chǔ)上，引導(dǎo)幼兒聯(lián)想，讓他們與以往學(xué)的詞語、生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)聯(lián)系起來，在發(fā)展想象力中發(fā)展語言。如啄木鳥的嘴是長長的，尖尖的，硬硬的，像醫(yī)生用的手術(shù)刀樣，給大樹開刀治病。通過聯(lián)想，幼兒能夠生動(dòng)形象地描述觀察對(duì)象。唐宋或更早之前，針對(duì)“經(jīng)學(xué)”“律學(xué)”“算學(xué)”和“書學(xué)”各科目，其相應(yīng)傳授者稱為“博士”，這與當(dāng)今“博士”含義已經(jīng)相去甚遠(yuǎn)。而對(duì)那些特別講授“武事”或講解“經(jīng)籍”者，又稱“講師”。“教授”和“助教”均原為學(xué)官稱謂。前者始于宋，乃“宗學(xué)”“律學(xué)”“醫(yī)學(xué)”“武學(xué)”等科目的講授者；而后者則于西晉武帝時(shí)代即已設(shè)立了，主要協(xié)助國子、博士培養(yǎng)生徒?！爸獭痹诠糯粌H要作入流的學(xué)問，其教書育人的職責(zé)也十分明晰。唐代國子學(xué)、太學(xué)等所設(shè)之“助教”一席，也是當(dāng)朝打眼的學(xué)官。至明清兩代，只設(shè)國子監(jiān)（國子學(xué)）一科的“助教”，其身價(jià)不謂顯赫，也稱得上朝廷要員。至此，無論是“博士”“講師”，還是“教授”“助教”，其今日教師應(yīng)具有的基本概念都具有了。外研版（三起）六年級(jí)英語下冊(cè)閱讀理解專項(xiàng)練習(xí)At the RestaurantMenuHamburger ￥10Hot dog ￥8Chips ￥5.5Ice cream ￥2Cola ￥5Orange juice ￥7Milk ￥6Susan, Sam, Daming and Tina are going to have a lunch at the McDonalds restaurant.Waitress: Can I help you?Children: Yes.Waitress: what do you want?Susan: I want a hamburger, an ice cream and a cola.Waitress: OK! And what do you want, boy?Sam: En I want 2 hot dogs, an ice cream and a cup of orange juice.Waitress: Yes. What do you want, kid?Daming: I want the same as Sam, but I dont want an ice cream.Waitress: I see! What do you like to eat?Tina: Yes, I want to eat a hamburger, chips and a box of milk.Susan: I have 18 yuan.Sam: oh, my god! I havent enough money! I just have 15 yuan. Who can help me?Daming: I have only 24 yuan.Tina: I have 40 yuan.( ) 1. Who has the enough money to help Sam?A. SusanB. DamingC. Tina ( ) 2. Where are the children?A. In the park.B. At the restaurant.C. At school.( ) 3. How much is Sams meal?A. ￥25B. ￥20C. ￥21.5( ) 4. What does Daming want?A. He wants 2 hot dogs, an ice cream and a cup of orange juice.B. He wants 2 hot dogs, an ice cream and a box of milk.C. He wants 2 hot dogs and a cup of orange juice.5.請(qǐng)根據(jù)沒人花費(fèi)在午餐的費(fèi)用，從高到底用1，2，3，4排序。Susan Daming Sam Tina_ _ _ _ LunchWrite down the numbers of sentences to complete the dialogue.After school Jim and Lin Tao go to a food shop near their school. They want to buy something to eat and something to drink.Jim: Lin Tao, _Lin Tao: Yes. I am thirsty now.Jim: _Lin Tao: I want a bottle of water, please.Jim: _Lin Tao: No, thank you. Im not hungry. _. Do you want something to eat?Jim: Yes, Im hungry now. Id like some biscuits.Woman：_Jim: Yes. A small box of biscuits, please. And a bottle of orange juice.Woman: _Jim: No, thats all.Woman: Here you are.A. What do you want to drink?B. Will you like to eat something?C. Are you thirsty now?D. Are you hungry?E. Anything else?F. Can I help you?Three-Day Weather ForecastRead the passage and write “T” for true and “F” for false.( ) 1. Its sunny today in Beijing.( ) 2. Tomorrow its going to be sunny in Nanjing.( ) 3. Its going to be sunny tomorrow and the day after tomorrow in Hainan.( ) 4. Lhasa is windy today.( ) 5. In Xiamen, its going to be cloudy on Saturday.( ) 6. On Monday, its going to rain in Nanjing.Make a SnowmanIts winter now. Its very cold in the morning. Its all white outside because it snowed yesterday. Mr. Dog and Miss Cat get up very early. After breakfast, Mr. Dog wants to watch TV. But Miss Cat says, “Oh, dear! Its very nice outside. Lets make a snowman.”“But I cant do it. Its hard work!” Mr. Dog says.Miss Cat doesnt say a word, and she is sitting at the table. For a while, Mr. Dog asks: “What are you doing?”“Im drawing a snowman. Look! Is it cute?” Miss Cat says.“Yes. But why do you draw it?” Mr. Dog asks.“Lets make a snowman. We will have a good day.” Miss Cat says.So they go outside. Miss Cat is always talking and asking Mr. Dog to make a snowman. Mr. Dog is busy. He is putting snow together. Then he is finding a stick and making snowmans hands. And he is putting a hat on the snowman.“How nice the snowman is!” Miss Cat says.“Yes. But I hope that the snowman can say “Thank you!” to me. Oh! Its the middle of the day. I am hungry!” Mr. Dog is tired.“All right!” says Miss Cat. They go into their house and cook.When they are eating, Miss Cat looks out of the window and shouts: “Where is my cute snowman?! He is not there!” Mr. Dog and Miss Cat can only see the hat. Where is the snowman?Read the passage and write “T” for true and “F” for false.( ) 1. Its a cold winter day.( ) 2. Mr. Dog is watching TV.( ) 3. Miss Cat is making a snowman.( ) 4. Its easy to make a snowman.( ) 5. The snowman melts (融化) in the middle of the day.A LetterWashington D.CDecember 20, 2000Dear Mingming, It was funny yesterday. My father and I went shopping by car. We stopped our car near a store. We bought a lot of things and we wanted to put the things in the car. But my father couldnt open the door of the car, so we asked a policeman to help us. The policeman was very friendly. Just then a man came and shouted, “What are you doing with my car?”We took a look at the cars number and we were frozen there. It wasnt our car.From,FangfangRead the article and choose the best answer.( ) 1. What did Fangfang and her father do?A. They went shopping.B. They took a walk.C. They went swimming.D. They bought a car.( ) 2. Where did they stop their car?A. Near a school.B. Near a door.C. Near a store.D. Near a park.( ) 3. Who was friendly to them?A. A man.B. A boy.C. A fireman.D. A policeman.( ) 4. Whose car is it?A. Fangfang and her fathers.B. The policemans.C. The mans.D. The womans.Sunday MorningIts a fine Sunday morning. There are many people in the park. Many of them are young and some are old.Some Young Pioneers (少先隊(duì)員) are playing games over there. Two boys are playing with their yo-yos. A girl is flying a kite. There is a big lake in the park. The water is clean. There are some boats on the lake. Near the lake a young man is running.There is a house near the lake. Beside the house two men are working. A woman is watering flowers. The flowers look very nice. A girl is drawing.Read the passage and write “T” for true or “F” for false.( ) 1. In a Sunday morning, there are many people in the park.( ) 2. Some Young Pioneers are playing football.( ) 3. There is a small lake in the park.( ) 4. There are some ships on the lake.( ) 5. There is a school near the lake.Growing ThingsGrowing things is fun. This is how to grow tomatoes. You need seeds (種子), a big pot (罐裝), soil (土壤), water, string, and a stick.Please read the steps (步驟) of planting tomatoes. Write down the numbers of pictures after the correct sentences.1. Put some soil in a pot. _2. Plant some seeds in the soil. _3. Put the pot in a sunny place._4. Water the seeds everyday. Little plants start to grow. _5. Tie the plants to a stick. Water the plants everyday. _6. Put the plants outside in a sunny place.7. Pick the tomatoes. _Shenzhou VIOn the 12th of October, 2005, Shenzhou VI flew into space. Fei Junlong and Nie haisheng were inside. Fei Junlong was born in 1965. He is from Jiangsu. He has a son. Nie Haisheng is from Huibei. His daughter was eleven years old. When they were children, they wanted to go into space. They worked hard at school. Then their dream came true. Now they are very famous.Read the passage and write “T” for true or “F” for false.( ) 1. Shenzhou VI flew into space in October, 2005.( ) 2. There were two people in Shenzhou VI.( ) 3. Nie Haisheng son was 11 years old.( ) 4. Fei Junlong and Nei Haisheng wanted to go into space when they were children.Shenzhou ProgramEveryone has known Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng since 2005.Fei Junlong was born in 1965. He is a Chinese astronaut selected (選拔) as a member of the Shenzhou program. He was born in Jiangsu. When he was 17, he joined the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force (中國人民解放軍空軍) in 1982. and since then he has been back home only six times. As a fighter pilot (戰(zhàn)斗飛行員), he was selected to be an astronaut in 1998. He married Wang Jie in 1991 and has one son.Nie Haisheng was born in September, 1964. He is also a Chinese astronaut selected for the Shenzhou program. He is from Hebei. After graduating (畢業(yè)) from high school, he joined the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force, and became a fighter pilot, too. In 1998, he was selected for the astronaut program. Nie Haisheng got married to Nie Jielin and has an 11-year-old daughter.Read the article and choose the best answer.( ) 1. When did Fei Junlong join the army?A. In 1982.B. In 1998.C. In 1991.( ) 2. How many times has Fei Junlong been back home since he left at 17?A. Three times.B. Four times.C. Six times.D. Eight times.( ) 3. When were they selected for the astronaut program?A. In 1965.B. In 1964.C. In 1998.D. In 2005.( ) 4. How many people did the writer mention in this passage?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8( ) 5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to this passage?A. Yang Liwei was born in Jiangsu.B. Nie Haisheng has an eleven-year-old daughter.C. Fei Junlong is one year older than Nie Haisheng.D. Both Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng joined the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force.His Name was Louis BrailleLouis Braille was born in 1809 in France. When he was three years old, he became blind. He cant see anything. His parents sent him to a special school for blind children. Louis learned to read at this school. In 1824, He made first letters in Braille.Read the article and match the questions and answers.A. He learned to read.B. He was born in 1809.C. Because he made fist letters in Braille.D. In 1812, he became blind.E. His name was Louis Braille.F. He was born in France.1. What was his name?2. When was he born?3. Where was he born?4. What happened to him?5. What did he learn to do?6. Why is he famous?A New BeginningMike is a thirteen year-old boy. He lives in a beautiful city. Today hes very excited. Its the first day of middle school. He is going to his new school No. 8 Middle School. There are about 2,000 students and 150 teachers at the school. He wants to meet new friends and teachers. And he is going to learn lots of subjects, Chinese, English, Maths, Physics (物理), Chemistry (化學(xué)) and so on. His favourite are English and physics. He will work hard at physics. He wants to be a physical scientist (物理學(xué)家) someday.His new school is not big but beautiful and clean. Its near his home. So she is going to go to school on foot.Read the article and choose the best answer.( ) 1. Mike is _ years old.A. 11B. 12C. 13D. 14( ) 2. Today hes very _.A. tiredB. excitedC. sadD. nervous( ) 3. Why is he excited? Because _.A. its the first day of his new schoolB. he has got a new bagC. he has got a good mark (分?jǐn)?shù))D. he met new friends.( ) 4. Mikes favourite subjects are _ and _.A. Chinese MathsB. English PhysicsC. Maths ChemistryD. Chinese English( ) 5. He is going to go to his new school _.A. by busB. by carC. on footD. by taxi