語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)專(zhuān)題（9）Unit9 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一、考點(diǎn)聚焦1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能名稱(chēng)語(yǔ) 法 功 能 主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)不定式動(dòng)名詞現(xiàn)在分詞過(guò)去分詞2、動(dòng)詞不定式復(fù)心中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題（1）不定式作表語(yǔ)與“be + to do sth.”的異同。不定式作表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)。His job is to guard.(說(shuō)明內(nèi)容)be + to do sth.(表示按計(jì)劃要做的事)（2）帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)。下列詞語(yǔ)常不定式作賓語(yǔ)：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。下列動(dòng)詞后可接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。（3）如何理解和使用不定式作賓補(bǔ)。動(dòng)詞see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的賓補(bǔ)用動(dòng)詞原形，變被動(dòng)時(shí)要加to,此時(shí)的不定式就是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。常用帶不定式作賓補(bǔ)的幾種情況：主語(yǔ) + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.主語(yǔ) + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done主語(yǔ) + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.（4）不定式作定語(yǔ)的特殊用法。下列詞語(yǔ)后常接不定式作定語(yǔ)：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。不定式作定語(yǔ)和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。There is no one to look after her.不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。She is now looking for a room to live in.（5）不定式作狀語(yǔ)的用法。不定式作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞，在句中表示行為目的、結(jié)果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的結(jié)果。We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .in order(not)to, so as(not)to用來(lái)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ),enough, too, so as to do, such + 名詞 as to do作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that.（6）不定式的完成時(shí)的特殊用法。表示不定式中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作先于主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)出的動(dòng)作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等動(dòng)詞常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成時(shí)，但要注意與一般時(shí)的區(qū)別。Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.對(duì)不起，請(qǐng)稍等。（說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)還未等）Im sorry to have kept you waiting.對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。（說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)已等了很久）不定式的完成時(shí)還可表示“過(guò)去本想做某事但未做”的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成時(shí)。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成時(shí)，表示該做某事或想做但未實(shí)現(xiàn)。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成時(shí)，表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。（7）不定式的省略。 同一結(jié)構(gòu)并列由and或or連接。I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be, this is a question.He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示對(duì)比)不定式作表語(yǔ)，其前面的主語(yǔ)從句中含有do時(shí)，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game.句中含有動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。Dont do anything silly, such as marry him.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。Why not、had better、would rather、cant but等詞后省to。如：He could not but walk home.（8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或聯(lián)系緊密的對(duì)話(huà)中，為了避免重復(fù)，作賓語(yǔ)或主補(bǔ)，賓補(bǔ)的不定式再次出現(xiàn)時(shí)，to后的內(nèi)容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助動(dòng)用的have或be任何形式，后應(yīng)該保留原形be或have。如：Susan is not what she used to be.You came late last night. You ought to have finished yourhomework.I know I ought to have.常見(jiàn)的有：Id like / love / be happy to.3、動(dòng)名詞復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題（1）動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。下列動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。下列動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)接動(dòng)名詞：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。介詞后要接動(dòng)名詞。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介詞后接動(dòng)名詞。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從中。作此意講時(shí)on / upon后也可以接名詞。如on his arrival。動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, cant stand例 句解 析1. It began to rain. It began raining.2. It was beginning to snow.3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.4. I like listening to music, but today I dont like to.5. I don t prefer to swim in the river now.1. 意思無(wú)差別，但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)，后面只跟不定式。2. 表示一種傾向多接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，如果表示某一特定的或具體的行動(dòng)，多接不定式。remember, forget, regret, try例 句解 析1. I remember to meet her at the station.I remember seeing her once somewhere.2. I forgot giving it to you yesterday. I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.3. I regret not having working hard. I regret to hear of your sisters death. 4. Try knocking at the back door. We must try to get everything ready.5. That will mean flooding some land. I had meant to go on Monday.1. remember to do sth.記住要做的事 remember doing sth.回顧過(guò)去發(fā)生的事2. forget to do sth.忘記要做的事 forget doing sth.忘記做過(guò)的事3. regret to do sth.對(duì)將要做的事抱歉 regret doing sth.對(duì)發(fā)生過(guò)的事后悔4. try to do sth.設(shè)法，試圖 try doing sth.試試看，試一試5. mean to do sth.打算做，想要 mean doing sth.意味著，就是 want, require, need例 句解 析These desks need repairing.These desks need to be repaired.The patient required examinedThe patient required to be examined.1. need doing 需要被做 need to be done需要被做2. want doing want to be done3. require doing require to be done4、分詞復(fù)習(xí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題（1）現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作時(shí)間、原因、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（分詞作狀語(yǔ)前面可加when, while等）Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy.Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.原因狀語(yǔ)Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note伴隨狀語(yǔ)The girls came in, following their parents.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的幾個(gè)特性。時(shí)間性。與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，用一般時(shí)，如發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前時(shí)則用完成式having done。語(yǔ)態(tài)性。與句子的主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系，是主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。遵循的規(guī)則“主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，被動(dòng)完成”。人稱(chēng)一致性。分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)。（2）分詞作表語(yǔ)。S. + be + 動(dòng)詞-ed表示被動(dòng)，主語(yǔ)是人；S. + be + 動(dòng)詞-ing表示主動(dòng)，主語(yǔ)是物。分詞作賓補(bǔ)不定式作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別： 感官動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)詞原形做了某事S+ + 賓語(yǔ) + 現(xiàn)在分詞正在做某事 使役動(dòng)詞 過(guò)去分詞做了或被做5、復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)去分詞應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，有來(lái)說(shuō)明原因、時(shí)間、條件等。（1）過(guò)去分詞作原因狀語(yǔ)Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep.= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.Lost in thought , he almost ran into a car.=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.（2）作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.（3）作條件狀語(yǔ)Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.（4）伴隨狀語(yǔ)The teacher came in, followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常與主句中的主語(yǔ)在邏輯上一致，但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱(chēng)為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.二、經(jīng)典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001)A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered解析：答案為A。本題考查分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的用法。分詞作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須是句子的主語(yǔ)，而本句的主語(yǔ)看似是it,其實(shí)它為形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為不定式，而不定式省略了邏輯主語(yǔ)for people，所以應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，又因already，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)。2. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.(2001年春季高考)A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct解析：答案為B。本題考查動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)的用法。介詞by意為“通過(guò)，憑”，后面常接動(dòng)名詞，形成“by+ v. ing ”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示通過(guò)做某事而得到某種結(jié)果。本題中只有correcting符合。3. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000年春季高考)A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung解析：答案為B。本題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的用法。根據(jù)句意“墻上掛的那幅畫(huà)是我侄子畫(huà)的”，可知空白處所填的動(dòng)詞形式在句中作定語(yǔ)，表說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)仍在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或所處的解題關(guān)鍵在于分析picture與hang之間的邏輯關(guān)系。4.“We cant go out in this weather,”said Bob, _ out of the window.A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked解析：答案為A。本句考非謂與動(dòng)詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。全句合理的句意是：Bob看著窗外說(shuō)，“我們不能在這種天氣出去”。Bob在說(shuō)話(huà)的同時(shí)在看著窗外，應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在分詞一般式，表主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行。A項(xiàng)正合語(yǔ)境。B項(xiàng)不定式表主動(dòng)、將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。C項(xiàng)表被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作（上處不是并列謂語(yǔ)）。D項(xiàng)表完成的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作，均不和語(yǔ)境。5.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed解析：答案為C。全句意為：讀書(shū)是一種與看電視相當(dāng)不同的體驗(yàn)，有畫(huà)面在你的心中，而不是在你的眼前形成。所以本題考非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表主動(dòng)且進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。人們看書(shū)時(shí)，讀到什么情節(jié)或場(chǎng)面，這樣的情節(jié)或場(chǎng)面便（同時(shí)）在心中形成。6.The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left.A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told解析：答案為B。本題考查非謂語(yǔ)用法。only + to do 常用此結(jié)構(gòu)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，tell及物動(dòng)詞，tell之后常帶雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)，故tell采用被動(dòng)形式。8