專題一 名詞易錯(cuò)清單1. information,message,news(1) information作“信息”解,通常指在閱讀、觀察、談話或書信往來中特別關(guān)注的消息、情報(bào)、資料等。它側(cè)重內(nèi)容,是不可數(shù)名詞。如:They must find out some information about planes to Kunming as quickly as possible.他們必須盡快查到有關(guān)飛往昆明班機(jī)的信息。(2)news作“新聞”解,一般指通過廣播、電視、報(bào)紙等新聞媒體向大眾發(fā)布的社會(huì)各方面的最新消息,它側(cè)重一個(gè)“新”字,是不可數(shù)名詞。如:There's a piece of interesting news in today's newspaper. 在今天的報(bào)紙上有一條有趣的消息。No news is good news.沒消息就是好消息。(3)message作“音信”解,一般指口頭傳遞的或書寫的“消息”,是可數(shù)名詞。如:She often sends messages to me with her mobile phone.她經(jīng)常給我發(fā)手機(jī)短信。2. noise,voice,sound(1) sound “聲音”,為最常用詞,指可以聽到的任何聲音,強(qiáng)的,弱的,令人愉快的或不愉快的,有意義的或無意義的。如:I was reading last night,when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room.昨晚我正看書時(shí),突然聽到隔壁房間有聲音。(2) noise 常指太響或人們不愿聽到的聲音,“嘈雜聲、喧鬧聲”。如:The boys made too much noise.孩子們太吵鬧了。(3) voice 指“說話聲”“唱歌聲”“嗓音”如:That sounds like Mary's voice. 那聲音聽起來好像瑪麗的聲音。3. family,house,home,room(1) family 的意思是“家庭、家庭成員”,與居住的房子無關(guān)。 當(dāng)family作為整體概念的“家庭”講時(shí)是單數(shù);當(dāng)“家庭成員”講時(shí)是復(fù)數(shù)。如:Mr Green's family is very large. 格林先生家里的人很多。(2)house 指“家”時(shí)含義較窄,僅指“房屋”這一建筑物,一般指獨(dú)門獨(dú)戶的房子,不指樓房。如:There are many new houses in our village.我們村里有很多新房子。(3)home 指“家、住所”,指一個(gè)人(或一家人)居住的地方,也可指一個(gè)人出生或長(zhǎng)大的地方(鄉(xiāng)村、城市或國(guó)家等)。 它具有house所沒有的感情色彩(如“團(tuán)聚”、“思念”等)。如:The American friends are leaving Beijing for home tomorrow. 明天美國(guó)朋友要離開北京回國(guó)了。East or west,home is best. 金窩銀窩不如自己的草窩。(4)room除作可數(shù)名詞用表示“房間”外,還可用作不可數(shù)名詞,指“空間;地方;余地”。例如:There is only standing room in the bus.公共汽車上只有站的地方了。4. place,room,area,space(1) place 表示一個(gè)具體地點(diǎn)。如:We will meet up at the place where we met last Friday.我們?cè)谏现芪逡娒娴牡胤揭娒妗?2)room當(dāng)表示地方的時(shí)候呢,通常在這樣的情況下用,表示容得下容不下的意思。如:There is no room for her.這沒她的地方。(3)area表示一片區(qū)域。如:Tibet area藏區(qū)(4)space表示地方的時(shí)候通常表實(shí)意。We could put bags at that space.我們可以把包放在那個(gè)空地。5. problem,questionquestion 是需要“解答”的問題,question 往往是“疑問”。problem 是需要“解決”的問題。problem 所指的問題,往往是“老難的問題”。這兩個(gè)詞在實(shí)際使用中,一般不能相互替代。如:Please answer the following questions.請(qǐng)回答以下問題。problem指說話者認(rèn)為難以解決的問題,它與動(dòng)詞solve或settle(解決)搭配。而question指說話者需要尋找答案的問題,它常與動(dòng)詞ask或answer連用。試比較:The problem is difficult to be solved.這個(gè)問題很難解決。May I ask you some questions?我可以問你一些問題嗎?problem可用于數(shù)學(xué)或物理的習(xí)題,而question卻無此義。question可表示一件“與有關(guān)的事”。試比較:Can you work out this maths problem?你能算出這道數(shù)學(xué)題嗎?It's a question of money/time.這是一個(gè)與金錢/時(shí)間有關(guān)的問題。6. suggestion, advicesuggestion是可數(shù)名詞,表示“意見,建議,提議”,特指為了改進(jìn)或解決某一問題而提出建議,辦法等,但不一定正確,僅供參考。在這一含義上,它和opinion同義,但比opinion正式。語(yǔ)氣比advice客氣、委婉。多用作可數(shù)名詞,常和介詞about,as to,at,on,by,with等搭配。如:This trip was made at his teacher's suggestion. 這次旅行是由他的老師建議組織的。By her mother's suggestion the contribution was raised. 根據(jù)她媽媽的建議發(fā)起了募捐。表示“一條建議”用a suggestion,“一些建議”是some suggestions,“許多建議”是many suggestions。與suggestion經(jīng)常連用的詞組和短語(yǔ)常見的有:accept a suggestion put forward by.接受提出的建議;adopt a suggestion采納建議;advance the suggestion that提出的建議;carry a suggestion of.使人想起給人以的聯(lián)想;follow out suggestion貫徹建議;take the suggestion into consideration考慮這個(gè)建議;throw away a suggestion拋棄一項(xiàng)建議;volunteer suggestions on.對(duì)主動(dòng)提出建議;at(on)sb.'s suggestion按照某人的建議;at(on)the suggestion of.在的建議下,按照的建議;by sb.'s suggestion根據(jù)某人的建議;be full of suggestions充滿了暗示,含義深遠(yuǎn);act on sb.'s suggestion按照某人的建議行事。I have some suggestions to submit.我有幾個(gè)建議要提出。advice表示“忠告,意見,指點(diǎn)”,是指具有豐富的知識(shí),足夠的經(jīng)驗(yàn),正確的判斷力和明智的觀點(diǎn)的人對(duì)另一個(gè)人的“勸告”或“見解”,既可以是對(duì)于嚴(yán)肅的事物,也可以對(duì)瑣碎事情提出意見。advice經(jīng)常帶有客觀性質(zhì),在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,凡是與自己沒有關(guān)系,完全是為了對(duì)方而提出的意見或建議都可用advice,advice是不可數(shù)名詞表示“一條建議”是a piece of advice,“一些建議”是some advice:On the doctor's advice her mother is staying in bed.她的媽媽遵醫(yī)囑臥床休息。You must act with advice at present. 目前,你一定要謹(jǐn)慎行事。advice常和介詞against,at,by,for,of,on,to,about,with等搭配。如:My advice to you is that you should treat your wife with more consideration.我給你的忠告是你要多體貼妻子。It was only by my advice that she had given up the idea.在我的勸導(dǎo)下她才放棄了這個(gè)念頭。7. influence,effectinfluence 表示“影響”,主要指對(duì)行為、性格、觀點(diǎn)等產(chǎn)生間接的或潛移默化的影響。通常不可數(shù)名詞,但有時(shí)可連用不定冠詞。如:What you read influences your thinking. 你讀的東西對(duì)你的思想有影響。Television has a strong influence on people. 電視對(duì)人有很大的影響。influence可用作及物動(dòng)詞。如:It's clear that her painting has been influenced by Picasso. 她的畫顯然受了畢加索的影響。effect可用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。用作可數(shù)名詞時(shí),常與介詞on連用。have an effect on 相當(dāng)于affect。如:To affect a policy is to have an effect on it. 影響一項(xiàng)政策就是對(duì)該政策具有一種影響。The news had no effect on her at all.=The news did not affect her at all. 這條消息對(duì)她沒有一點(diǎn)影響。effect 有時(shí)雖用作動(dòng)詞(及物),但不表示“影響”,而表示“實(shí)現(xiàn)”或“產(chǎn)生”等。如:He effected great changes in the company. 他使公司發(fā)生了巨大的變化。提分策略一、 答題時(shí),首先要注意句子中名詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)形式,是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞,并要搞清楚所給選項(xiàng)中的名詞概念上的區(qū)別?！纠?】(2014·湖北鄂州·33)It's convenient to travel from Ezhou to Wuhan by taking the newly-built green railway.Yes. It's said that is enough. A. fifteen minutes driveB. fifteen-minutes driveC. fifteen minute's driveD. fifteen minutes' drive【解析】考查名詞所有格的用法?！?5分鐘行程”是“數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),數(shù)詞之后的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,所有格在名詞詞尾加一撇s。故選D?！敬鸢浮緿【例2】(2013 ·山東泰安 ·25)I hear you have to get up early every morning.Right. It's one of the of my family. A. plansB. jobsC. programsD. rules【解析】考查可數(shù)名詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意判斷,每天早起是家規(guī)之一,不是計(jì)劃,工作或節(jié)目之一。故選D?！敬鸢浮緿【例3】(2013·四川南充· 22)There are some on the floor. A. milkB. childC. boxes【解析】考查名詞在語(yǔ)境中的辨析。there are 后應(yīng)接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),milk 是不可數(shù)名詞,應(yīng)排除;child 是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),也應(yīng)排除。故應(yīng)選C?！敬鸢浮緾【例4】(2013·黑龍江綏化·6)I saw some and dancing in the street the day before yesterday. A. Germen;EnglishmenB. Germans;EnglishmansC. Germans;Englishmen【解析】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)的用法。some修飾可數(shù)名詞時(shí),名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式:德國(guó)人:Germans;英國(guó)人:Englishmen。故選C。句意:前天我看到一些德國(guó)人和英國(guó)人在街上跳舞?！敬鸢浮緾二、 復(fù)習(xí)名詞時(shí),要把名詞放在真實(shí)的語(yǔ)境中練習(xí),注重詞義的辨析和一詞多義。1. 語(yǔ)境辨析很多單項(xiàng)選擇填空題是通過創(chuàng)造某種語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,把詞法、句法、慣用法、交際用語(yǔ)、詞語(yǔ)辨析等各種內(nèi)容融入其中。答題時(shí),一定要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境捕捉題干信息,全面領(lǐng)會(huì)句子的真正含義,然后對(duì)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較篩選,最終確定最佳答案?！纠?】(2014·湖北鄂州·27)Do you come to South Korea for the of seeing your family or doing business? I come here on business.A. interestB. benefitC. purposeD. thought【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析?！癴or the purpose of(有的目的)”是固定搭配。故選C。句意:你來韓國(guó)的目的是看望你的家人還是做生意?我來這里做生意?！敬鸢浮緾【例2】(2013·山東東營(yíng)·19)Excuse me,haven't you learned the new law? Everyone in a car must wear the seat belt. Sorry,we won't do that again.A. foodB. trafficC. medicineD. education【解析】考查名詞在語(yǔ)境中的辨析。由根據(jù)后一句在車?yán)锏拿總€(gè)人必須系安全帶,可推測(cè)句意“打擾了,難道你沒有學(xué)習(xí)新的交通法規(guī)嗎?”【答案】B2. 詞意辨析做此類單項(xiàng)填空題要認(rèn)真比較,仔細(xì)推敲,關(guān)鍵在于準(zhǔn)確把握詞意?！纠?】(2014·浙江溫州·2)There are some in Dayton Art Museum. For example,no food or drinks is allowed inside. A. jobsB. recordsC. rulesD. paintings【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。jobs工作;records 記錄;rules規(guī)矩,規(guī)定;paintings油畫。由“no food or drinks is allowed inside”判斷,藝術(shù)博物館里不許吃喝是規(guī)矩,規(guī)定,不是工作,錄音或油畫。故選C?！敬鸢浮緾【例2】(2013·湖北黃岡·31)Someone called you just now.I know. But I was busy at that moment. When I called back,there was no . A. voiceB. soundC. answerD. result【解析】考查名詞在語(yǔ)境中的辨析。句意:剛才有人給你打電話。我知道。但是當(dāng)時(shí)我正忙著。當(dāng)我回?fù)艿臅r(shí)候,沒人接了。選C,answer回答,在此意為接電話。其他的voice說話聲;sound聲音;result結(jié)果,都不符合題意。故選C?！敬鸢浮緾【例3】(2013·四川涼山·22)Where is Thomas?He left a . A. informationB. messageC. news【解析】考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。冠詞a提示空格處用可數(shù)名詞。三個(gè)答案中只有message是可數(shù)名詞?！敬鸢浮緽專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練1. (2014· 南京玄武· 5)More than 36 million Chinese children are receiving piano training,but quite a few have little in the piano and some even hate it. A. interestB. surpriseC. attentionD. success2. (2014·南京高淳)It is better to travel 10,000 miles than to read 10,000 books,so it's important to have real with languages,cultures and societies. A. communicationB. experienceC. knowledgeD. influence3. (2014·浙江嘉興·17)It is an English to have afternoon tea. A. menuB. drinkC. festival D. tradition4. (2014·北京)I didn't know last year. A. where he livesB. where does he liveC. where he livedD. where did he live5. (2013·浙江杭州)Some people ride bikes to work instead of driving in order to protect the environment and reduce pollution. A. waterB. air C. soilD. white6. (2013·廣東廣州)My English teacher visited Canada last summer.Which city did he visit? A. Paris.B. Washington.C. London.D. Toronto.7. (2013·安徽) is a program to help with children's education in poor areas. A. Project HopeB. World Wide Fund for NatureC. Friends of the EarthD. China Greener8. (2013·河北)The farmer keeps lots of on his farm. A. sheep B. chickenC. gooseD. pandas9. (2013·江蘇南京)The 4th China's Got Talent(中國(guó)達(dá)人秀) gives the child a chance to show his special . A. abilityB. behaviorC. educationD. background10. (2013·湖北武漢)Recently,one after another terrible traffic accident has happened in China.Yes,the terrible on TV made us greatly shocked. A. scenes B. sights C. sceneryD. views參考答案與解析1. A解析:考查名詞在語(yǔ)境中的辨析?！癶ave little interest in(幾乎沒有興趣)”是固定搭配。故選A。2. B解析:考查名詞在語(yǔ)境中的辨析。communication交流;experience 經(jīng)歷;knowledge知識(shí);influence影響。根據(jù)句意判斷,在某方面有真正經(jīng)歷是重要的?！癶ave real experience with sth.(在某方面有真正經(jīng)歷)”固定搭配。故選B。3. D解析:考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)句意可知,“喝下午茶”是英國(guó)的傳統(tǒng),不是菜單、飲料或節(jié)日,所以排除A、B、C三項(xiàng)。故選D。4. C5. B解析:考查名詞辨析。由題意可知:騎自行車代替開車去上班是為了減少空氣污染,故選B。6. D解析:考查名詞辨析,結(jié)合地理知識(shí)可知,只有Toronto屬于Canada。7. A解析:考查詞意辨析。結(jié)合時(shí)政常識(shí),根據(jù)題意,幫助貧窮地區(qū)兒童的教育,是希望工程。8. A解析:考查名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。sheep的復(fù)數(shù)形式和單數(shù)形式一樣。9. A解析:考查名詞的辨析。句意:第四屆中國(guó)達(dá)人秀給孩子們提供了展示自己特殊才能的機(jī)會(huì)。10. A