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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上 ?。涸?shī)歌poem，小說(shuō)novel，戲劇dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教 → bible 圣經(jīng) Myth 神話 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 和他的騎士（筆記） 　　一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 　　1、這個(gè)時(shí)期的文學(xué)作品分類： pagan() Christian() 　　2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《貝奧武甫》 ( national epic 民族史詩(shī) ) 采用了隱喻手法 　　3、Alliteration

2、押頭韻（） 　　例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved, 　　To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 　　二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 　　Canto 詩(shī)章 　　1、romance 傳奇文學(xué) 　　2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (爵士和騎士) 是一首押頭韻的長(zhǎng)詩(shī) 　　三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.喬叟 時(shí)期 　　1、the father of English poetr

3、y 英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父 　　2、heroic couplet ：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韻) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚(yáng)格) 　　3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 的故事 (的開(kāi)端) 　　大致內(nèi)容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 　　都是來(lái)自英國(guó)的各地的人,代表著社會(huì)的各個(gè)不同階層和 　　小說(shuō)特點(diǎn)

4、：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 　　這些敘述者以自己特色的方式講述自己的故事，無(wú)形中表明了各自的觀點(diǎn)，展示了各自的性格。 　　小說(shuō)觀點(diǎn)：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命運(yùn)).

5、 　　他希望人們能從迷信和對(duì)命運(yùn)的盲從中解脫出來(lái)。 　　4、Popular Ballads 大眾民謠 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(筆記) 　　Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(書上). 　　歌謠是匿名敘事歌曲,一直保存著口頭傳播的方式 　　代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy .帕希主教 　　代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-

6、Dale 和阿林代爾 　　四、The Renaissance () 　?。℅reek and Roman） 戲劇 drama 詩(shī)章 canto 　　The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences. 　　文藝復(fù)興最初是指經(jīng)典藝術(shù)和科學(xué)在英國(guó)的復(fù)興。 　　The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama 　　的英國(guó)戲劇也得到了迅速的發(fā)展。 　

7、　1、key work: humanism ： admire human beauty and human achievement 　　2、代表人物： 　　1)、Thomas More . Utopia 　　2)、Francis Bacon .培根 第一個(gè)(essayist) 　　3)、Thomas Wyatt .懷亞特 引入的第一人 　　sonnet()： form of poetry intricately rhymed(間隔押韻) in 14 lines iambic pentameter 　　4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯賓塞 poet’s poet(詩(shī)人中的詩(shī)人)

8、The Fairy Queen《》(epic poem 史詩(shī)) 　　5)、Christopher Marlowe . 　　blank verse(無(wú)韻體：不押韻的五步抑揚(yáng)格) 是十六世紀(jì)英國(guó)戲劇的主要表現(xiàn)形式。 　　6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亞 戲劇 drama 　　四大悲?。篐amlet()，Othello()，King Lear()，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麥克白) 　　五、the period of Revolution and Restoration () 與復(fù)辟 　　prose 散文 　　1、文學(xué)特點(diǎn)：the Puritans(

9、) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 　　崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕和、與舊思想脫離。 　　2、代表人物： 　　1)、John Donne 約翰. “metaphysical”poets (派詩(shī)人) 的代表人物 　　sonnet 十四行詩(shī) 《Death be not proud》(筆記) 　　作品特點(diǎn)：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and pene

10、trating realism.(坦誠(chéng)的態(tài)度和現(xiàn)實(shí)描繪) 　?、?novelty of subject matter and point(新穎的題材和視角) 　?、?novelty of its form.(新穎的形式) 　　2)、John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 a great poet 詩(shī)人 （ poem 詩(shī)歌 blank verse ） 　　《Defense for the English People》為英國(guó)人辯護(hù) 　　《》 “Satan is not a villain”不是壞人 　　《Paradise Regained》 　　)、John Bunyan 約翰.拜揚(yáng) a grea

11、t prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)” 　　Pilgrim’s Progress》 prose 散文 　　該書采用的“written in the old-fashioned(舊體形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream” 　　六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世紀(jì)) 　　prose 散文 　　1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or v

12、erse like Pope. 　　強(qiáng)調(diào)正確的格式和寫作規(guī)范，像生一樣創(chuàng)作散文，和蒲柏一樣創(chuàng)作詩(shī)歌。 　　The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. 　　實(shí)際上是當(dāng)時(shí)先進(jìn)的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)同落后的斗爭(zhēng)的一種形式。 　　The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove

13、 that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment. 　　啟蒙主義者顛覆了宗教所宣揚(yáng)的人類本惡的觀點(diǎn)；論證了人生誠(chéng)實(shí)而友善，而腐化墮落則是后天腐敗的社會(huì)環(huán)境所致。 　　Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and th

14、erefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. 　　無(wú)論怎樣講究理性，社會(huì)不平等現(xiàn)象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明顯不足。因此呼吁把情感的訴求作為一種謀求幸福和社會(huì)公平的手段。 　　2、18th century 文學(xué)的三個(gè)方面： 　　Classicism()、revival of romantic poetry(新興的浪漫主義詩(shī)歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(剛啟萌的現(xiàn)代派小說(shuō)) 　　3、代表人物： 　　1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.

15、笛福 realistic novel 　　Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》魯賓遜漂流記 《Jonathan Wild》.威爾德 《Moll Flanders》摩爾.斯 　　2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁 father of modern fiction(之父) 　　《Joseph Andrews》. 受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的啟發(fā) 　　作家之間的不同：Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默，，說(shuō)教 　　Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and co

16、arse to the point of vulgarity，full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 語(yǔ)言直接、生動(dòng)、歡快、粗糙，甚至有點(diǎn)俗,精神煥發(fā)，講述的故事。 　　《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》棄嬰湯姆.的故事 the best novel of him 　　3)、Jonathan Swift .斯威夫特 　　《Gulliver’s Travels》 novel 反諷 　　作品特點(diǎn)：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the

17、 voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him. 　　努不動(dòng)顏，罵不揚(yáng)聲，語(yǔ)調(diào)冷酷，鋒芒暗藏，諷刺辛辣，僅在諷喻之情難以抑制時(shí)才偶露揶揄之態(tài)。 　　《A Modest Proposal》一個(gè)溫和的建議 　　4)、Samuel Richardson .理查森 　　《Pamela》帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis

18、 心理分析的方法 　　In the form of letters 書信體小說(shuō) 　　5)、Richard B. Sheridan .B.謝爾丹 　　《School for Scandal》造謠學(xué)校，喜劇 comedy 　　6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s .哥爾德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist 　　《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克的牧師，小說(shuō) novel 　　《She Stoops to Conquer》，歡樂(lè)喜劇 rollicking comedy 　　《The Deserted Village》，詩(shī)歌 poems 　　4、Sentimentalism 感傷

19、主義 no belief 沒(méi)有信仰 　　The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. 　　感傷主義的代表人物在繼續(xù)反對(duì)的同時(shí)又模糊的感覺(jué)到資本主義進(jìn)程中出現(xiàn)的種種矛盾，感覺(jué)到對(duì)人性的奴役和破壞。 　　代表人物：T

20、homas Gray 托馬斯.格雷 《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓園 　　七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主義 　　散文 prose 　　1、漫主義代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布萊克 詩(shī)人 poet 　　Robert Burns 羅伯特.彭斯 蘇格蘭詩(shī)人 poet 　　Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution 　　漫主義極大地影響了和。 　　2、

21、教育意義Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博愛(ài) 　　3、開(kāi)始的標(biāo)志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》 　　從威廉.華茲華斯發(fā)表的"抒情歌謠"開(kāi)始4、lake poets(湖畔詩(shī)人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.華茲華斯 poet-laureate (詩(shī)人) 　　《The Prelude》 自傳性詩(shī)歌Autobiographi

22、cal poetry 　　With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”. 與s.t.coleridge一起,聯(lián)合發(fā)表了“抒情民謠” 　　作品特點(diǎn)：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry 　　簡(jiǎn)單而純潔的語(yǔ)言,反傳統(tǒng)形式的18世紀(jì)詩(shī)歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜倫 《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查爾德?游記 canto

23、s 詩(shī)章 成名作 《Don Juan》 poem 詩(shī) satiric masterpiece 諷刺的杰作 《Hours of Idleness》閑散時(shí)刻 poem 詩(shī) the first volume of poem 首卷詩(shī) 3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 《Prometheus Unbound》解放的 drama 戲劇 《Ode to the West Wind》 poem 詩(shī) 4)、John Keats poet 詩(shī)人 《The Eve of St. Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜 poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希臘古甕頌 poem 《To a Night

24、ingale》致 poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美學(xué)原則 5)、Walter Scott . He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是創(chuàng)造者和大師 6)、Jane Austen 簡(jiǎn).奧斯丁 女 《Pride and Prejudice》 《Sense and Sensibility》 《Emma》 寫作特點(diǎn)：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued

25、 by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是小說(shuō)的。 7)、Charles Lamb .蘭伯 essayist6、十九世紀(jì)散文的特點(diǎn)：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought i

26、t into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的開(kāi)始，生和斯蒂爾的社會(huì)散文把散文帶入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。 Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世紀(jì)前期，散文變得對(duì)自我的表達(dá)越來(lái)越肯定 　　八、Critical Realism ，Victorian Period 時(shí)期 humanism 　　1、意義：Char

27、tism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英國(guó)的歷史中，憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)是偉大的無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治運(yùn)動(dòng)。2、代表人物： 1)、Charles Dickens 《Hard Times》艱難時(shí)刻 《Pickwick Papers》 《Oliver Twist》 《A Tale of Two Cities》(描述了French Revolution)特點(diǎn)：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦難和苦難的

28、群眾。 2)、Charlotte Bronte .勃郎特 女 《Shirley》雪利 《Jane Eyre》簡(jiǎn).愛(ài) Emily Bronte .勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》（主人公：Mr. Heathcliff） 特點(diǎn)：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone. 3)、Mrs. Gaskell 《Mary Barto

29、n, North and South》瑪麗.巴頓，北方和南方 4)、William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》 — this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小說(shuō)中描繪了廣闊的社會(huì)生活

30、，無(wú)情抨擊了殘酷和的 人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在中，完美的獲取財(cái)富和地位的手段。 特點(diǎn)： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小說(shuō)是一個(gè)含有諷刺意味的寫照。 5)、George Eliot 喬治. 女 《

31、Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the floss》《Middlemarch》 Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最認(rèn)真考慮的是個(gè)人的道德立場(chǎng)，但是她的心洞察了個(gè)性的發(fā)展。 特點(diǎn)：the significance of G. Eliot’s w

32、ork lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 寫作的意義在于瑣碎的描繪和英國(guó)生活的停滯。3、詩(shī)人(poet-laureate)：1)、Alfred Tennyson 2)、Robert Browning 《My last duchess》已故的 Jealousy(嫉妒) Stingy(小氣) 貢獻(xiàn)：Dramatic monologues 戲劇 dramatic lyrics 戲劇 dramatic romances 戲劇傳奇 　　九、The transition from

33、 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)的過(guò)渡期 　　1、Aestheticism “art for art’s sake” 為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù) 2、代表人物。1)、Thomas Hardy 者 Pessimists 《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》 苔絲 《Jude the obscure》裘德 novel 特點(diǎn)：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他

34、的生涯就是他的小說(shuō)和他的后詩(shī)歌之間的尖銳分歧。2)、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù) 3)、George Bernard Shaw (playwright) 《Mrs. Warren’s profession》華萊夫人的職業(yè)4)、D. H. Lawrence 《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》 《The Rainbow》彩虹 《Sons and lovers》3、 “stream of consciousness”代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》 《A Room of One’s Own

35、》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重視婦女的地位 2)、James Joyce 《Ulysses》 　　* Graveyard School / Poets”: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness t

36、o profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s “Elegy written in a country churchyard”. The writing of graveyard poems spread from England to Continental literature in the second part of the century and also influenced some American poets. 　　42. In

37、the latter half of the 18th century, Pre-Romanticism; representative: William Blake and Robert Burns. 　　Robert Burns偉大的蘇格蘭民族詩(shī)人, A Red Red Rose, Scots Wha Hae, Auld Lang Syne等名詩(shī)，寫作特點(diǎn): Scottish dialect; a poet of peasant and Scottish people; plain language; influence fromScottish folk songs and ballads; musical quality of his poems. 專心---專注---專業(yè)