國家開放大學(xué)試題國家開放大學(xué)電大?？朴⒄Z閱讀(3)» 2020-2021期末試題及答案(試卷號:2157)Part 【Questions 1一10 are based on Passage L (30 points, 3 points each)Passage 1Searching for Utopia1 While most of the world seems to be motivated by more money better televisions, more powerful cars, the highest-tech computers bigger houses# there are some independent souls who arc tired of "the rat-race" that is. the stressful pressures of working hard to get ahead. Since around 1990. there has been a slow but steady n«c in intcmional communiuesw in the U. S. An intentional community is a group of people who have chosen to live together with a common purpose Although quite diverse in philosophy and lifestyle each of these groups places a high priority on a sense of community, in other wordst the feeling of belonging and mutual support. There were 300 intentional communities listed in the 1990 edition of the Intentional Communities Directory! by 1995. this had grown to 6001 and it is estimated that there are now several thousand, listed and unlisted> in operation. These communities vary in siu but in the 600 listed communities in 1995, total population > including children, was estimated at 24 >000.2 At first glance> the intentional community movement appears quite diverse. It is multi-gcneratioxul u e. with ages ranging from children to seniors. They may choose to live together on a piece of rural land* in a suburban centre» or in an urban neighbourhood. In some communities, individuals own their own land and housei in others these things are shared. There is a wide variety af choices regarding standard o( living some embrace voluntary simplicity while others have full access to the products and services of today's society. Even the purposes vary widely. For example* communities have been formed to create great family neighbourhoodsT to live ecologically sustainable lifestyles> or Mmply to live with others who »harr their values. Some arc secular while others are committed to a common religious belief.3 What unites the intentionftl community movement is its members* proud rejection of mainsiream consumer values Nearly all communities encourage sharing items membersdon" ! need to own pnvntely for cxamplct washing m*chine»t trucks. BwirnnnnK pool. Many communitieR *rrvr a* model environmentAl or teaching centers lor suntAinable agriculture For exjtmplct wThc Ficrm. a large cooperative community in rum! Tennrs»rr d。not reject competitive hgriEii practices but rather, commits to a vinton o( rnvironmentally friendly bunincnAe Members of "The FarmM work in scvernl nnmlUncalr induAtrics including nokr electronicne aolfir car research < and a publishinx company for altrrnntive booK4 An exumplc of an intcntionnl community committed to voluntary Mniplicity in Vn»hon Co liouaing Cornmunity* Itu members choose to live in Bfnnll unpamted wood hounr«> shingled with crdn MUnclr MnrtinH decided to leave New York in 1989 and move Him fnmily to thr Vnhon ( oHouhinH, Hr and hin hmily live on little money dot/1 own n computer and (orbid anythinK with the Diuncy label on it. Rather than playing Mysi on the cnmputrre the family uprndn their evcniHK playing old lanhioned curd Riirncsu or rrnchnK, RcsidcntB live in »cpnratc dwelliriR!i but homcn are connected by dirt rondji. there nrr )3 acres «f rornmunwl Und. nil rcidcntu Attend bimonthly meetings and every month there is a work pnrty in which everybody pitchm in with outdoor chorR.5 Thrte communiticti dre the newcat exprenion of the 300 year-old Anicncnn desire to build n non hierarchical« ar equal community with vuIuck unrorniptrd by thr Inrgcr %ocirtyt It wam thin denirr to form n new. idr«l community which brounHi the Pilgrim* to the U. S. in the early 17th century 300 you,Inter it i still tmpoiisiblc to find n community ihnt Has achieved perfection. I hr prohlerns w< nee out thereH in the mainntrrAm greed, difihonemy eMomnu com|irtiuon« fnctionalmm nil mnnAgc to find thnr way into Alternative cultures too. However > intentional communities have a much lower crime r«te than their tnninwtrcam neighbours nnd claim a more caring and MtinfyinK liimtylr. They nre committed to idcah of ecology< coopcrAtion* nnd family even though they may oftrn fail to rcuch those idcalii perfectly. Their utopian vision provider a 血Ils好 to the pner nnd purpoMc of modern Amcricnn society.Rcud Pa»agt 1 and find the definition! for each of the folloMrlng In the piuaxe. Write your answer* on your answer sheet.L the rut-racei 2. an imentional community i 3. senne of communityimultkgenerationalt 5, "The Fmm Read PaM&agc 1 again and find which the underlined word(t) In each of the following wnlences refer to.6> hy 1995. thin had grown to 600. nnd it is eslimated that there «re now ncvcral thouNinde ee (punucriiph 1)1. in others theftr things nre shnrcd< (pnragrHph 2)&Its members choose to lie in small unpainted wood houses. . (paragraph 4)9. He and his family live on little money (paragraph 4)】0. They are committed to ideas of ecology cooperation, and family. . (paragraph 5) Part 0Questions 1120 arc based on Passage 2. (30 pointst 3 points each)Passage 2The Most Innovative City1 (11) Problems such as poverty t crime, public education> and pollution control plague the majority of the worldFs cities. Each one, it seemst is struggling to avoid urban disaster. But Cuntiba> Brazil9 a city of L 6 million people* is dealing with these problems. This little-known city in southeast Brazil is being rccognued as the place that has solutions to many of the worlds growing urban problems.2 (12) Through this programt more than 70% of its irash is recycled compared with the 25% in Los Ange!es< Christano Pinheiro, a seven-year-old boy shows how it's done. At the start of the school year. Pinheiro traded 8 pounds of recyclable garbage for a packet of new notcboukii. Ench wcck> he nnd his two older broihcrsi exchnngr trash for fresh (ruit or 2 pounds of protein-rich beans. The proxram helps the poorf In 1998. the city exchnnKcd nearly 2 million pounds of food. 348.000 Eaater wgs and 26»OOO ( hrifitman cuks for recyclable trash. Hundreds of quilts for (he needy were stuffed with crunhed atyrofuam« Christiano was one of 25.000 poor children who received these nuppliea, (13t3 (H)_ Old worn out equipment w«5 frequently being replaced with nrw technology and equipment. Like every other city# old. yet unable materials wrre bcmK dumped Nround the city of Curitiba Thin gave engineers And wrchitectn an opportunity to work together to u»e the materiah crcotivcly. Old wooden telephone poles arc now reused in office buildings. hridgcJi find public nquurca. Retired buses hnvr become mobile clasnroornH (or Adult eduouion. MVirtually everything has marc thun one une.w Mid Mayor Rnfnel Green. whernv airy office overlooking n park in nude of old poles and gtais* juKt a matter of figuring out how to reuae things und then tcachinR people how to do it."4 (15) The htca! ttdditian* arc the LiHhthouncA of Learning« biucd on the «reaf liKhthoufie ond hbrnry in AiexAndria. Egypt, one of the ancient worlds cvcn wonders. The first lighthouse was built an an exprnment in 1995 to determine exactly who would uac it. and the effect it would have on the Aurroundirix neighborhood. Within six months of beinw opened. it wan clear thnt it ws popular Soon M(tcrf a lighthounr was built in each of thr city19 ncighborh(x)d»<5 (16) HOnc of the lighthouses is three blocks from my home, so 1 use it for ail myschool projects said Deucina Costa t a high school senior who stops in every couple of weeks. "So do my 10-year-old brother and 12-year-old sisten Mom lets them come because it S safe. " Now. the lighthousrs have become the focil point of neighborhoods nnd have cut crime rates. They each cost about $ 180,000.(17)6 ( 18 Unlike other cities where government buildings arc located in an oftenisolated« high rent area* government offices in Curitiba are accessible to everyone on what is known as Citizen Streets. These Citizen Streets are colorful covered avenues of government offices and shop where residents can pay utility bills* get a marriage licensee have a haircut buy groceries or file a police report. And instead of toning the city into commercial institutional and leisure facilities as most cities do> Curitiba planners have merged them all together so that people can use their time effectively at 8 minimum cost. The Citixcn Streets hwve 600 scat open thentern. sports nrcASt nnd clnsnrooms that offer profeji<iioniil training for $ 1 a cour«e. In one recent computer cIasBi Marta Prnha. m 28-yenr old teacher> Mid she enrolled breaunr w lhe pricr isWith my income# thin is the only route toHclvnnccmcnt."7 (19) Short courneii on how to make better use of the environment arc tailored (arhomemnker!%t contmctorM and merchants, faxi drivers hnvc to take a courne to gel an opcrutar *5 lirrnur By the end c>( 1993 34 environmentally (riendly doyen re centers were up «nd runnings Children Ret n ehnnee to interact nnd lenrn About their environment. The activitic! include miikinx inoks offncing extinction from mngaxine They arcthen »old in a string of xouvrnir hnpst with profits helping lo puy fur the foctlitle In small Harden* out buck, the kid* grow vcgctnblca for their unackx.« MWrf re trying to crente n whole new net of Attifudru and a ncn!»e of invulvemcnt in thit City." Grcoi naid. (20)Skim 2 und then choose from the fallowing list an upprupriate sentence to fill In each of (he blanks In Ihr piuMgc.A. Environmental efforrji wrre only m arnftll pnrt of the plan (or CuritibaB. "To the people ol Curitilm* thia city is the bent human invention there M.(' Cuntinunl migration and lack of city planning hm created an unfriendly environment for many cities in rhe world today.IX Household gnrbagr was not thr only reason to brKin a recycle pmgmm.E "h'li cheaper to build libranct than prisonssaid GrccA.F. The brightly coloured l)ghthou»c!i have 5> 000-volume librAries on the first floor rcAdiriK room* on thr second Hnd n guard in n light tower that trAnnmitM strong benm to provide community necurKy.Like rno»i other overcrowded nnd poor cities in the world Cuntiba had a serious problem until it introduced it» wgArlmgr th砒 it notprogrAm.H. In 1991. Cuntibe built the Free University for the Environment from old telephone poles.L Curitiba is now known as the worlds recycling capitoLi. Cuntiba in also taking governmeni to the people.Part QIRead Passage 3 and decide whether the following statements arc <n>c or false. Write T for true and F for False on your answer &heeL (20 pointst 2 points each)Passage 3The English Character1 The English, rs b race, have the reputation of being very different form all other notionalities. including their closest neighbors* the French> Belgians and Dutch. It is claimed that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it. Whatever the reasons it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed many attitudes and habits which distinguinh him from other nationalities2 Broadly speaking« the Englishman is a quiet < shy> reserved person who is fully relaxed only among people he knows well. When he encounters strangers or foreigners he often seems uneasy even embarrassed> You have only to witness a commuter train nny morning or evening to sec the truth of thi& Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dosing in a corneri no one speaks. In fact* to do so would seem most unusuaL An English wit. pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitors, once suggested< MOn entering a railway compartment shake hands with all the passengers. Needless to sayf he was not being serious. There is an unwntten but clearly understood code of behaviourw which, if broken> makes the person immediately the object of suspicion3 It is a well-known fact that the English have an obsession with their weather and that given half a chance, they will talk about it at length. Some people argue that it is because English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest to everyone This may be so. Certainly Englishmen cannot have much faith in the meteorologicAl experts lhe weathermen who. after promising glorious> sunny weather for the following day. arc often proved wrong when an anti-cyclone over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districts! The num in the street seems to be as accurate or as inaccurate - as the weathermen in his prediction. This helps to explain the seemingly odd sight of an Englishman leaving home on a bright t sunny summer morning with a raincoat slung over his arm and an umbrella in his hand. So variable i% thr weather that by lunchtime there could be thunder and lightnings4 The overseas visitors may be excused for showing surprise at the number of references to weather that the English make to each other in the course of a single day. Very often conventional greetings are replaced by comments on the weather. "Nice day. isn't it?" wBeautifulmay well be heard instead of "Good morning< how are you? Although the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic it is worthwhile pointing out that it could be used to his advantage. If he wants to start a conversation with an Englishman (or woman) but is at a loss to know where to begin. he could c!o well to mention the suite of the weather. It is a safe subject which will encourage even the most reserved of Englishmen to enter info a discussion.5 In many parts of the world it is quite normal to show frank extremes of enthusiasm, emotiont passion 9 etc. . often accompanied by appropriate gestures. The Englishman is somewhat different. Of course an Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationalityt but he tends to display his feelings far less. This is reflected in his use of language. Imagine a man commenting on the great beauty of a young girl. Whereas a man of a more emotional nature might describe her os "a priceless jewel, "diving" or "precious, the Englishman will flatly state "inn, she's all right", An Englishman who has seen a highly successful and enjoyable film recommends it to a friend by commenting! "It's not bad. you know." Or on siccing a breathtaking landscape he might show his pleasure by raying: " Nice, yes. very nice. " The overseas visitor must not be disappointed by this apparent lack of interest and involvement he must realise that "all right, "not bad, and "nice', are very often used as superlfitives with the sense of M first-classM excellentMt H beautifulThis special use of language« particularly common in English> is known as understatement> Questions 2130 urc baed on Passage 321. It is living on an island separated from the rest of Europe thai makes the Englishman very different from all other nationalities.22. Travelling in commuter trains the English people like to read newspapers to rc!ax«23. According to an unwritten rule of behaviour people do not shake hands with each other in railway compartments24. In England if a person doesn't tolk about the weather he immediately hccomeji the object of 5unpicion>25. Englishmen do not have faith in weather (orccashng because the weather in England often changes by houn26. In England the weniher 叩。如曲、prediction is often as inaccurate as the layman9b927. The overseas visitors may be excused if they don * t like to talk about the weaiher.28. Il is surprising fo overseAs visitors (ha! the English mny talk to each other about wexther many times in a Mnle day.29. In England if you feel embarrassed when encountering strangers the best thinK to doto mention the slate of the wcflther>30. The understatement in the English Innguage shows that the English lack deep feehngji.Part |V Read Passaic 4 and answer the following quetionx. Make your answers as short and clear as possible. (20 points t 4 points ench)Piuugc 4Christmas1 December 25 is cclebrntrd as the birthday of Christ. No one is certain why this day wa« chosen. It wax probably because« according to the ralcndur then in U5ef December 25 wa» the time of the year when winter dcys begin to grow longer in the Northern Hemisphere. The sun-worshippers had celebrated this day a% the promise of spring.2 Over the years a number of special cuntoma Associated with Christmas have grown up* Many(>( thene have been introduced from Europe9 while others h«vc their origin in America.3 ChriMmnji music in loved by all who henr nnd «ing it every year. Christmas songs*bellse nnd merry rnuic have been a part of Christmas for centuries< The Christmas tree is the symbol of the spirit of Christmns in many homes. Trees were not used in English homes until a German prince married Queen Victoria. The prince had the firt decorated Christmas tree art up nt Windnor CftMtlr in 184L The Breit ChrijUtnm trees in the New World were imroduccd by Hessianin 1776 . during the Revolutionary Wnr. luiier GermanirnmiKrantB brought the tradition into wider use in the United States4 The custom o( dccoraring a community free (or outdoor dinplay bcuftn in the early 1900、and i» a favourite custom all over America today. Since I933 Rockclcllcr Plflza. in New York City, has put up a giant trcct licnutifuliy decorated with lights. The trccii are nbout 3() mctrcM tnll.5 Some hmilies open their prencni on Christman Evei others wait for the next morning. Some lioys9 Mnd girls' prcwrntN arc placed in AtockinK and hung nt rhe loot of their bcdBi othem find their giftn under the Christmaj* tree<6 Greeting cards began in Englands One of the first artists to design and send a Christ mas card in 1843 wan John C Horsley. The cards were printed in black and white and colored by hand. About 1.000 of them were sold in London chat yean At about the same time> another English anistw William Egley, designed a card and had it printed. He sent it to his fnend with the now familiar nwssagc M A Merry ChristmaN and m Happy New Yean "7 A Germwn immigrant t Louis Prang> designed and sold colored Christmas cards in 187<L In less thnn 10 years his shop was turning out 5.000.00。cards a year.8 Today greeting cards have become a big industry and billions of cards are sent all over the world every Christmas Whatever language the greetings arc written in» the message is the same a wish for peace and goodwill among all peopleQuestions 3135 arc based on P心skr31. Where are most of the Christmas customs from?32. From when were trees used at Christmas time in English homes?33< Since when hns Rockefeller Phy in New York City, put up a giant Christmas tree?34, Where can boy« and gir>5 usually find their Chri»tmas presents?35. Who was the first artist to design and send a Christmas card?試題答案及評分標準(僅供參考)Part I (30 pointst 3 point* each)L the Mrexicful pressurcfi of working hard to get ahead«2. a group of people who have chosen to live together with a common purpog3. the feeling of belonging nnd mutunl support.4. with agen ranging from children to seniors5. a large coo|>crat)ve community in rural fennexsee.6. intentional communities.7. Iund and house8. Vashon Co-1 lousing Communityra.9. Uncle Martin.10« inteniiona! communiticeuPort II (30 point,. 3 points each)It. c12. G】3. 114. D15. A16. F17. E18. J19. H20. HPint 【II (20 point*.2 poinU *h)j21. F22. T23. T24. F25. F26. F27. F28. T29. T30. FPart |V (20 pointsf 4 points coch)31. From Europe and America.32. From the time when a German prince married Queen Victoria.33.1933.34. In stockings hung at the foot of their beds or under the Christmas tree.35> John & Horsley.