English GrammarEdited and PublishedFor Your Reference Only第四講 動詞的時態(tài)概念（時間與時態(tài)）時態(tài)是一種語言的手段，因語言的不同而有區(qū)別。英語時態(tài)以動詞形式變化表示句中談到的動作、狀態(tài)的時間關(guān)系和說話的時間。（十一種）P79表格1 一般現(xiàn)在時的用法一般現(xiàn)在時的用法 1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。 時間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。 注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時?，F(xiàn)在進行時 4.2.1現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法：現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法：a. 表示現(xiàn)在表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時指說話人說話時) 正在發(fā)生的事情。正在發(fā)生的事情。 We are waiting for you.b. 習(xí)慣進行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。習(xí)慣進行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c. 表示漸變的動詞有：表示漸變的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。等。 The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer.d. 與與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。 You are always changing your mind.典型例題典型例題 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進行時，由于沒有找到，其影響仍前句是一個仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進行時，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時，瞬間動詞用于否定式時可用于完成時。然存在，應(yīng)用完成時，瞬間動詞用于否定式時可用于完成時。2.不用進行時的動詞不用進行時的動詞 1) 事實狀態(tài)的動詞事實狀態(tài)的動詞have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2) 心理狀態(tài)的動詞心理狀態(tài)的動詞Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.3 ) 瞬間動詞瞬間動詞 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.4) 系動詞系動詞seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired.4.3一般過去時 1）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。 時間狀語有：時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。等。 Where did you go just now?2）表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。）表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型：）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth 到到時間了時間了 該該了了 It is time sb. did sth. 時間已遲了時間已遲了 早該早該了了 It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。你該睡覺了。 It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。你早該睡覺了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示表示寧愿某人做某事寧愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。我以為你想要一些。比較：比較：一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christine was an invalid all her life. (含義：她已不在人間。含義：她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去) 注意：注意： 用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。1）動詞）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情態(tài)動詞）情態(tài)動詞 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?4.4過去進行時（P108 略）4.5現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時1現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系?，F(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過去分詞。過去分詞。(2)用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。這是我看過的最好的電影。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。這是我第一次聽他唱歌。典型例題典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時，故選后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時，故選B。 2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時。 注意：非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時間的狀語連用。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯）I have received his letter for a month.（對）I havent received his letter for almost a month.3比較過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時比較過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時 1）過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。 2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不確定的時間狀語3）現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例： I saw this film yesterday.（強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。） I have seen this film. （強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（強調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper?（強調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來了。 He has been in the League for three years.(在團內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years.(是團員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。 （錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.4比較比較since和和for Since 用來說明動作起始時間，用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度。度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有注意：并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時。作為時間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作?，F(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。) 小竅門：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時+一段時間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動詞在完成時中的誤使。1)(對) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(錯) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然，第二句不對，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.5.延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞 1) 用于完成時的區(qū)別用于完成時的區(qū)別延續(xù)動詞表示經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)歷；延續(xù)動詞表示經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結(jié)瞬間動詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。能與表示段的時間狀語連用。 He has completed the work.他已完成了那項工作。他已完成了那項工作。 (表結(jié)果表結(jié)果) Ive known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。我從那時起就認識他了。(表經(jīng)歷表經(jīng)歷)2)用于用于till / until從句的差異從句的差異 延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句，表示延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句，表示“做做直到直到” 瞬間動詞用瞬間動詞用于否定句，表示于否定句，表示“到到，才，才” He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到他到10 點才回來。點才回來。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到他一直睡到10點。點。4.5 將來一般時將來一般時1.用法用法1)shall用于第一人稱，常被用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭求意見時常用于第二人稱。在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭求意見時常用于第二人稱。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +不定式，表示將來。不定式，表示將來。 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。主語的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：注意：be about to 不能與不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。語連用。 2.be going to / will 用于條件句時， be going to表將來 will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 3.be to和和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)4.6過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時 1） 概念：表示過去的過去-|-|-|-其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。那時以前 那時現(xiàn)在 2） 用法a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.b. 狀語從句 在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3)過去完成時的時間狀語過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例題典型例題 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has left C. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left 答案答案D. 把書忘在辦公室把書忘在辦公室發(fā)生在發(fā)生在去取書去取書這一過去的動作之前，因此這一過去的動作之前，因此忘了書忘了書這一動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中這一動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的表示的是時間的一點，表示在是時間的一點，表示在同學(xué)們正忙于同學(xué)們正忙于這一背景下，這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的所引導(dǎo)的動作發(fā)生。因此動作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進行時。前一句應(yīng)用過去進行時。注意：注意：had no when還沒等還沒等 就就had no sooner than剛剛 就就 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 4.7時態(tài)一致時態(tài)一致 1) 如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實，則永遠用現(xiàn)在時。At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.He told me last week that he is eighteen. 2) 賓語從句中的助動詞ought, need, must, dare 時態(tài)是不變的。He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 4.8 時態(tài)與時間狀語時態(tài)與時間狀語 時間狀語時間狀語一般現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)在時every , sometimes,at , on Sunday, 一般過去時一般過去時yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now一般將來時一般將來時next, tomorrow, in+時間時間, 現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently過去完成時過去完成時before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as過去進行時過去進行時this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while將來進行時將來進行時soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening