第 5 講 閱讀理解閱讀理解是任何一種英語考試中所占分值最大的部分，由此可見，閱讀理解部分的成績是直接關系到考生能否通過考試或取得優(yōu)異成績的關鍵。因此，如何提高閱讀理解水平，尤其是掌握閱讀理解的應試技巧，就成為考生非常關注的問題。閱讀理解中的文章內(nèi)容主要涉及兩大類：一類是科技方面的，如有關醫(yī)學、動植物、海洋、地質、遺傳、語言、天文、空間技術等；另一類是社會方面的，如有關歷史、文化、家庭、婚姻、教育、倫理、犯罪、娛樂、交通、住房、環(huán)境、能源等。體裁多樣化，包括記敘文、說明文、議論文等，但從實際情況看，用作閱讀理解的文章基本上以后兩種體裁為主，即載有一定信息量的說明文和有作者觀點的議論文。說明文、議論文會對一些社會、自然、思維等現(xiàn)象和問題進行解釋、闡述和論證，它們的特點是信息量大且比較復雜，邏輯性強，主要由抽象思維如概括、判斷、推理等組成的。這類文章理解的障礙主要來自于句子的復雜結構和長句，其中句子的平均長度和復雜程度都高于其他一般的語言材料。一、選擇型閱讀理解題(一)考查內(nèi)容1考查考生掌握閱讀材料的主旨和大意的能力。此類考題多針對段落或短文的主題和標題設計。主要提問方式有：(1)Which can be the best title of the passage?(2)Whats the main idea of the passage?(3)This passage mainly talks about _.2考查考生把握文章事實和細節(jié)的能力。此類考題一般在文章中都能找到相對應的答案。主要提問方式有：(1)Which of the following is TRUE (NOT true)?(2)Which of the following is not mentioned?(3)From the first (second/third.) paragraph we know that _.3考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義或句意的能力。此類考題要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞、短語或句子的準確含義。主要提問方式有：(1)The word “.” in the passage (most probably) means _.(2)The underlined word in the passage (the first/second/third.paragraph) refers to _.4考查考生依據(jù)圖表、短文內(nèi)容及常識進行推理和判斷的能力。此類考題要求考生在理解和掌握全文的基礎上進行推理和判斷。主要提問方式有：(1)What can we know according to the passage?(2)We can guess the writer of the passage may be _.(3)From the text we can know that _.5考查考生推斷文章來源的能力。主要提問方式有：(1)This text is most probably taken from _.(2)Where can we see this passage?(二)解題技巧1通篇略讀法通篇略讀法有三個目的：(1)對文章有一個總的概括和印象；(2)了解文章的中心思想和作者的基本觀點與立場；(3)記住文章的信息方位。它要求考生多注意文章的主題句(一般在段落的首尾處)和關鍵詞，可略過具體的論述、細節(jié)、數(shù)字等。這種方法較適合于敘述性的故事或說明文。2照題閱讀法照題閱讀法用于以下兩種情況：(1)在通篇略讀之后，遇到非細節(jié)的、較難解決的問題時；(2)在做圖片或表格閱讀題(也就是 A 篇閱讀)時。照題閱讀法的步驟為：(1)先讀問題，根據(jù)問題提供的線索，在文章中找到相對應的地方；(2)仔細閱讀和問題有關的前后句子；(3)再回到試題，仔細比較四個選擇項，確定正確答案。一般來說，照題閱讀法對于細節(jié)題和猜測詞義題效果較好。3運用大局觀點，分析選項，確定正確答案當面對形式和內(nèi)容極為相似的選項，一定要有大局的觀點，保持清醒的頭腦。此時有兩種方法：一是對比排除法，即通過聯(lián)系全文，或者運用常識，將最不可能的答案一一排除，剩下最可能的答案；二是漢語思維，即在閱讀較難的文章或較復雜的句子時，把較難的句子在頭腦里翻譯出來，轉換成用漢語來思維，這種方法有時候可以事半功倍。二、配對型閱讀理解題配對閱讀一般有兩種形式：一種是五個小題涉及的是完全不同的主題，這類題目相對容易，只要抓住每個小題的關鍵詞，在選項中尋找相同的關鍵詞即可；另一種是五個小題涉及的是基本一樣的主題，這類題目難度較大，在抓住每個小題的關鍵詞的同時，還要細讀題目，認真比較才能選出正確答案。做配對閱讀題可以采用掃讀法，即先了解題干包含的信息，然后針對性地對各個選項進行掃讀或跳讀，再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比，排除干擾項，選出正確答案。(一)2011 年廣東省初中畢業(yè)生學業(yè)考試ALCF ClubsWelcome to LCF Language Clubs and Music & Gym ClubsLearn with songs, stories and games in Fun French or SpanishClubsAffordable after-school careFun music & gym clubs for young childrenLearn with stories, games, movement and rhymes inJazz-MatazPhone：02392 370863Email：JThese can be taught online, at a school club or at a local LCFcenter.You can do it after school or lunchtime.There are alsochances to teach in-school.Many schools now need LCF teachersbecause they know LCF provides excellent training and suppliesLCF teachers with the best resources (資源)Come on and try it yourself at our local club near your home！( )56.We can _ in Fun French or Spanish Clubs.A.have a partyB.play chessC.make friendsD.watch movies( )57.In LCF clubs, children can _.A.join fun painting and gym clubsB.get education at school clubs onlyC.learn with songs, games and cookingD.learn with stories, games and movementCD( )58.Jazz-Mataz is for children who can speak _.A.SpanishB.EnglishC.ChineseD.French( )59.If you want to join an LCF club, youd better NOT_.A.post a letterC.go to the local clubB.send an emailD.make a phone call( )60.From the passage above, we can know _.A.LCF is a language and science school in CanadaB.LCF has language clubs and music & gym clubsC.LCF music & gym clubs can be found just onlineD.LCF provides excellent training, teachers and doctorsBABBMany of us dont pay much attention to the importance of eyecare.It is said that if you take care of your body, then you can surelybe healthy.That is why our eyes should be given a lot ofcare.Natural eye care should be put in a number one place.There are several causes leading to poor eyesight like notenough food, genes ( 基 因 ) and aging ( 老 化 ) . Televisions,computers and reading are also the causes of having pooreyesight.If you happen to work in front of the computer, it is best totake a break every once in a while.Something dirty can causeredness and they will make you feel uncomfortable.It is bad foryour eyes, too.If this happens, the best way is to clean your eyes byusing cold water.You must also try your best to protect your eyesfrom harmful things.For example, sunglasses are not just forfashion but they can also serve as a great way to protect youreyesight from UV rays.Eating healthy foods will do good to your eyesight.Rememberthat vitamins A, C and E are good for eyes.Try to eat food groupsthat have these vitamins.And you should do eye exercises becauseexercise protects your eyesight, too.If a person exercises regularly( 定 期 地 ) and eats the right kind of food, his eyes will stay ingood condition for a long time.All above are natural ways of eye care that help us keephealthy eyes.Being happy all the time can be helpful to a personseyesight, too.In a word, eye care is very important, no matter howold a person is.( )61._ is the most important way to protect oureyes.A.Natural eye careB.Taking medicineC.Seeing the doctorD.Being happy all the timeA( )62.All the following causes can lead to bad eyesightexcept _.A.ageC.readingB.heightD.computers( )63.What should you do if you have to work in front of thecomputer?A.Eat healthy foods.B.Clean the eyes by using cold water.C.Wear a pair of sunglasses.D.Have a rest after working for a while.BD( )64.What do the underlined words “UV rays” mean?A.沙塵B.閃電C.紫外線D.超聲波( )65.Which is the best title of the passage?A.Ways of Eye CareB.Ways of Eye ExercisesC.Ways of Being HappyD.Ways of Being HealthyCAC配對閱讀左欄是五個人的興趣描述，右欄是七個網(wǎng)站的簡介。請將這五個人與他們感興趣的網(wǎng)站配對。( )66.George lovesdogs very much.Heregards dogs as hisfriends.Now he keepstwo in his house.He isinformation and newsabout them.A.http：/Classical Chinese novels can be foundhere, such as Journey to the West,Legend of White Snake and ThreeKingdoms.You can know somethinginterested in all kinds of about Chinese history by reading thelong stories.They are good for you toread online.E( )67.Amy is a schoolgirl.Reading short storiesis her hobby.Every night,she would like to readone after fini-shing herhomework.( )68.Judy likeslistening to popsongs.She would like todownload (下載) someto her MP4 so that shecan enjoy them wherevershe is.B.http：/Do you want to search for the perfectgift suggestions? We have many foryou, from expensive gifts to specialand new ones.You will be pleased withour advice.Click our website now.C.http：/www.ez-The latest and the greatest songs of alltimes and today like Katy Perrys IKissed a Girl with EZ-Tracks can befound here.You can listen online ordownload some for future listening.DC( )69.Henry is a veryactive boy.He likesplaying ball games aswell as watchingthem.He is alsointerested in searchingnews about games andsports stars.the internet forideas.Mothers Day isD.http：/This website is good for those who areinterested in reading stories andpoems.You can experience the joy byreading such fine short works.We hopethey will excite people again intodiscovering the happiness that theexcellent e-books bring.( )70.Kate likes surfingGBE.http：/You can get animal pictures, photos,coming.She wants to dosomething different tothank her mother thisyear.videos, facts, photo galleries and morein our web.It tells you a lot aboutliving styles of animals, the animalstructure and the food they eat.You canalso read news about them here.F.http：/Watch and listen to different kinds ofmusic videos online, such as classicalmusic, pop music, country music, rockand roll, etc.Get the latest musicvideos, news, interviews and more.G.http：/The best sports around the worldinclude football, basketball, golf,rugby, WWE, boxing, tennis andmore.Get the latest sports scores,professional players, team news,videos, schedules and fantasy games.(二)2010 年廣東省初中畢業(yè)生學業(yè)考試AFree Activities This Weekend( )56.There are _ activities that people can do indoors.A.twoB.threeC.fourD.five( )57.People can taste food from different countries _.A.at Yunhai SquareB.in the City Library HallC.in the City MuseumD.in front of the City Hall( )58.Those who want to find a right job should _.A.listen to the lectureC.bring food and drinkB.buy presentsD.go to the fashion showBDA( )59.Mr.Lee wants to take two skirts for his wife after thefashion show.He needs to pay _.A.more than 200 yuanC.less than 200 yuanB.at least 300 yuanD.nothing at all( )60.If people want to get some information about someforeign countries, they can _.A.see the moviesB.go to the pop concertC.see the fashion showD.go to the library lectureCABClothes are important and necessary to us, but do you knowhow to choose suitable clothes in a correct way? Here are someideas for you.When you go shopping and want to buy some clothes, youshould think about which kind of clothes you really need anddecide how much money you can spend on them.Then look at thelabels that are inside the new clothes.They tell you how to take careof the clothes.The label for a shirt may tell you to wash it in warmwater.A sweater label may tell you to wash it in cold water.Thelabel on a coat may say “dry clean only” and cleaning in water mayruin ( 損 壞 ) this coat.If you do as the directions say on the label,you can keep your clothes looking their best.Many clothes today must be dry-cleaned.Dry cleaning isexpensive.When buying new clothes you had better check if theyneed to be dry-cleaned.You can save money if you buy clothes thatcan be washed or that are well made.Well-made clothes lastlonger.They look good even after they have been washed manytimes.Clothes that cost more money dont always mean they arebetter made.They may not fit you, either.On the other hand, lessexpensive clothes may sometimes look better and fit you well.( )61.The first thing for you to do before you buy clothes is_.A.to know how to wash themB.to look for well-made clothesC.to read the directions inside themD.to see which kind of clothes you need( )62.According to the passage, a sweater may be _.A.washed in cold waterB.washed once a weekC.washed in hot waterD.dry-cleaned onlyDA( )63.What does the underlined word “l(fā)abel” mean?A.品牌B.標簽C.價格D.尺寸( )64._ look good even after they have been washeda lot of times.A.Cheap clothesC.Dry-cleaned clothesB.Expensive clothesD.Well-made clothes( )65.The main idea for the passage is _.A.buying less expensive clothesB.washing clothes in a right wayC.being a clever clothes shopperD.choosing the well-made clothesBDCC配對閱讀左欄是五個人的情況簡介，右欄是澳大利亞廣fan.He loves to get thenews about the latestmovies.His favoriteAustralian actor isNicole Kidman.播公司(ABC)的七個電視節(jié)目。請將這五個人與他們感興趣的節(jié)目配對。( )66.John is a movie A.Trip to the PlanetsIts a documentary about planets.It hassix episodes (集) and each one lasts 55minutes.After watching it, you willknow more about the space.F( )67.Alice is ahousewife who hascooking and wants tolearn to cook differentkinds of food for herfamily.( )68.Jenny is amiddle schoolstudent.In her spareB.I RockThe daily 30-minute comedy tells a storythree children.She loves about a rock band called Boy Crazy.Theband is trying to become famous in theworld.Enjoy the funny comedy and therock music as well.C.Media WatchAustralias leading talk show about TV,radio, newspaper and Internet.It focuseson those who make the news and deliverthe world to our home, such as thetime, she usually listens reporters, editors, and photographers.GBto rock music andwatches TV.Herfavorite TV shows arecomedies but she cantstand documentaries atall.( )69.Jimmy lovestalk shows.He wants tobe a reporter and workin a TV station in theD.The Changes of AustraliaShare your stories about life in Australiafrom 1945.You can have your ownphotos or videos.They can be funny orsad, big events or the small things ofeveryday life.E.Big IdeasA talk show about everything that is themost interesting and challenging, andeverywhere from cities to thecountryside and from the south to thefuture.So he would like north across Australia.Cfrom the talk show.old now.He moved toAustralia in1950.Today he is stillmissing the life inAustralia in the 1950sand often mentions it.to learn more about TV F.At the MoviesIts a talk show about movies.It goes into( )70.Sam is 80 years the world of cinema every week and tellsyou whats new on the big screen.And ithas interviews with the famous directorsor actors.G.Pans KitchenIt used to be called Master Chef, now ithas a new name because of the lady whois called Pan Ling.She can cook Chinesefood and Western food.D(三)2009 年廣東省初中畢業(yè)生學業(yè)考試A( )56.The animals in Tongjiang Zoo are from _.A.YunnanC.Northeast ChinaB.South ChinaD.different places( )57.Mr and Mrs Green are going to the zoo with theirfive-year-old son.They have to pay _ for the tickets.A.fifteen yuanC.forty-five yuanB.thirty yuanD.sixty yuan( )58.The zoo closes at _ on weekends.A.5:30 p.m.C.9:00 a.m.B.4:30 p.m.D.8:00 a.m.DDA( )59.Visitors _ in the zoo.A.mustnt take photos with all animalsB.mustnt go close to the dangerous animalsC.can give food to the animalsD.can throw your things around( )60.Which of the following is NOT true?A.The zoo has a history of more than twenty years.B.You can see many rare (珍貴的) animals in the zoo.C.You can see 2,000 kinds of different animals in the zoo.D.You can get some basic knowledge of the animals in thezoo.BCBThe first robots were invented in the 1920s.Robots haveappeared in many American films.In some films, they are stronger,faster and cleverer than people.In real life, robots are mainly used in factories.They do somedangerous and difficult jobs for humans.Robots also help disabled people, for example, blindpeople.Today many blind people have a guide ( 向導) dog to helpthem.In the future, guide dogs might be robot dogs.One kind of robot guide dog has wheels.It moves in front ofthe owner.It is very clever.It knows the speed of its ownerswalk.The owner wears a special belt ( 帶 子 ) This belt sendsinstructions to the owner from the dog, such as “Stop here”， “Turnleft” or “Turn right”In the United States, another kind of robot helps disabledpeople to take care of themselves in their daily life.The robot hearsthe sound of the owners voice.It follows instructions such as “Turnthe page” or “Make a cup of coffee”Robots are also used in American hospitals.They can dosimple jobs.At one hospital, for example, a robot takes meals fromkitchen to patients rooms.It never gets lost because this robot has amap of the hospital in its computer memory.Though robots can help people in many different ways, theywill never take the place of humans.( )61.From the passage, we know robots cannot be _.A.dangerous animalsB.factory workersC.guide dogsDhospital helpers( )62.A robot guide dog _.A.goes in front of blind peopleB.walks side by side with blind peopleC.has a map in its headD.helps patients with their mealsAA( )63.The underlined word “disabled” means _.A.不能的C.失靈的B.有害的D.殘疾的( )64.Some disabled people need robots help to _.A.take care of themselvesB.talk to other peopleC.become scientistsD.do dangerous jobsDA( )65.In the passage, the writer wants to tell us that _.A.robots are stronger and cleverer than humansB.disabled people cannot look after themselves without therobotsC.robots will take the place of humans some day in the futureD.robots can help humans in many different waysDsummer holidays at somebeautiful seaside.They likegood wine and shopping.( )67.Chen Hui and Lito travel on very little money,C請閱讀以下左欄人員的相關信息，然后與右欄的廣告相匹配。( )66.Liang and Wang, both A.Seven Days on Jinshateachers, are going to take their IslandSeven-day holidays on JinshaIsland, lovely beach withgolden sands and deep bluesea.Sailing and some otherHong, university students, want water sports as well as dancingto local music.DGand would like to get to knowlocal (當?shù)氐? people for twoweeks.busy manager, needs a holidayto relax.He would like to gosomewhere warm and sunny,where he can swim in the sea,and he enjoys sports anddancing.B.East China in Comfortthe country by working with the Comfortable coach toursaround five cities in EastChina.Six days out of normalholiday season, seeing local( )68.Mr.Zhang, a young and culture.C.A Four-day Holiday inGuilinRelax yourselves for a four-dayholiday in Guilin.Stay inLijiang Hotel.Taste deliciousGuilin rice noodle.A tour onLijiang River by boat.A( )69.Mr Lee and his wife,who have recently retired (退休), wants to see places ofMrs Lee hates flying.( )70.Ling Xia, a nurse in aspend her 21st birthday in thenorth and skate on real ice.D.Holiday Homes in SanyaHoliday flats in Sanya insummer season by the sea, yetcultural and historic interest, but near shops and restaurants.E.One Day Travel inGuangzhouhospital in Guangzhou, hopes to Climb Mt.Baiyun in themorning, visit Yuexiu Park andother sceneries after lunch.Anight time boat trip on PearlRiver at 8：00.BFF.One Week on Sun Island,HarbinOne-week holiday in the FullMoon Hotel.Beautiful flats withsights of Sun Lake.Skating,skiing and other winter sports.G.Farm Holidays in GuizhouWorking holidays on a farm inGuizhou for one to threemonths, if prepared to workwith the farmers.Rooms, food,and trips all provided freeyouonly pay for the low cost traffic.