閱讀與理解(2)主旨大意題(讀首段(句)抓大意)學(xué)校生活學(xué)校生活是人一生中最珍貴的，在此期間有成長的煩惱，也有成功的喜悅。此話題是學(xué)生最熟悉的話題之一，也是高考中最?？嫉脑掝}之一，如2013浙江卷完形填空，2013陜西卷閱讀理解D篇，2013天津卷閱讀理解A篇。美文賞析Harvard is a worldclass university.Some famous leaders，including American President Barack Obama，graduated from the Ivy League school.It is a college that claims to teach students“integrity”，which is why a recent cheating scandal surrounding it has come as a surprise.Last month，during a takehome exam,125 students from one course were accused of sharing answers.Suspected cheating was found in half of the exam papers handed in.Exam rules stated that students should not discuss answers but could use the Internet and textbooks.However，a lot of answers were practically identical，leading teachers to think something was wrong.Harvard responded to the cheating in two ways.They have launched an inquiry into what happened but also asked professors to be clearer about what counts as“group work”Some academic experts think cheating has become more common and the message about what is OK and what isnt is no longer clear.Donald LMcCabe，a professor at the Rutgers University Business School in the US and leading researcher on cheating，told The New York Times that the Internet has made cheating easier.Howard Gardner，a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education，said that he studied academic integrity over 20 years and that“the ethical muscles have atrophied(萎縮)”because nowadays people want success but do not care how they get itwhether it is through honest or dishonest means.Universities around the world have strict policies on copying work.After a survey in 2008 said that nearly half of Cambridge University students had cheated，the university said that“we regard deliberate acts of cheating as serious offences which can lead to failure to obtain，or withdrawal of a degree.”Peking University will tell off a student or issue him or her with a written notice to go with their personal record.In more severe cases students will not be allowed to complete their degrees.At Yale，a suspected cheater will be interviewed before the matter is referred to a committee to check.If they are found guilty，a letter will be issued saying how bad the offence is and what the next steps will be.The results of Harvards inquiry are to be announced soon.But the news of students dishonesty has left people wondering where the“integrity”that Harvard has prided itself on for so long has gone.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇新聞報道，介紹了哈佛大學(xué)學(xué)生被懷疑考試作弊一事引起了人們的懷疑，同時介紹了其他大學(xué)對類似事情的處罰。一、閱讀與積累1攻克疑難詞匯integrity n完整， 完善， 正直， 誠實(shí)You can trust him；he is a man of complete integrity.你可以相信他，他是一個剛正不阿的人。scandal n丑聞The scandal caused tempests in the newspaper.那件丑聞在報紙上引起了軒然大波。identical adj.同一的， 相同的launch vt.發(fā)起， 推出(新產(chǎn)品)，發(fā)射， 使(船)下水The manager decided to launch a sales drive.經(jīng)理決定展開一次促銷活動。ethical adj.倫理的， 道德的withdrawal n撤退， 退回，取消tell off訓(xùn)斥；斥責(zé)The director told off Jim for being late for work again.吉姆又一次遲到了，受到主任的訓(xùn)斥。issue vt.發(fā)表， 公布，正式發(fā)給The office will be issuing permits on Tuesday and Thursday mornings.辦公室將會在星期二和星期四早晨發(fā)許可證。2攻克疑難句But the news of studentsdishonesty has left people wondering where the“integrity”that Harvard has prided itself on for so long has gone.結(jié)構(gòu)分析left是謂語動詞，people是賓語，wondering是現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，構(gòu)成“l(fā)eave sb doing”句式，意為“使某人處于某種狀態(tài)”；where引導(dǎo)賓語從句，其中又含有一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。嘗試翻譯但是學(xué)生不誠實(shí)的這個消息使人們納悶，哈佛大學(xué)那么長時間曾引以為豪的“誠實(shí)”已消失了。二、理解與嘗試命題1理解文章主旨What does this passage mainly discuss？_.答案This passage mainly discusses universities punishments on cheating.2自主嘗試命題請你依據(jù)閱讀理解主旨大意題型的特點(diǎn)，給下面試題寫出干擾項(xiàng)，然后叫你的同桌試做一下。The passage is meant to_.A_B_Ctell us of the suspected students cheating in Harvard UniversityD_參考答案Atell us the“integrity”that Harvard has prided itself on for so long has goneBtell us why students cheat in the examDtell us Harvard has taken measures to look into the case of students cheating3解題技巧點(diǎn)撥閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技法之一：讀首段(句)抓大意有些文章或段落的主題句居首，即常常出現(xiàn)在文章或段落的開頭，開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來解釋，支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想，在說明文、議論文、科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報道中多采用這種格式。因此，要尋找這類文章的主旨大意就需要研究文章的首句和首段。同樣，尋找段落的主旨大意則要研究段落的首句。真 題 典 例(2014合肥模擬)Some supermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakery counters.Sometimes they spray a“cake smell”into the air.At other times they spray the fresh smell of baking bread.These smells are enough to make peoples mouths water.The customers then race madly to the counter to buy cake，bread，rolls，and other baked goods!The main idea of the paragraph is_.Awhat cake smells likeB.why bakeries make moneyChow people are attracted to bakery countersDwhat bakery counters in supermarkets sell答案C本文的首句交待“有些超市有一個讓顧客來面包柜買面包”方法，下面便介紹這個方法。所以C項(xiàng)是最佳選項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)指蛋糕的味道，這是具體的信息。B項(xiàng)文章沒有提及，D項(xiàng)側(cè)重所賣的內(nèi)容而不是賣的方法，所以也不是本段的主題。