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1、第十二講第十二講 主謂一致與數(shù)詞主謂一致與數(shù)詞主謂一致，是指主語和謂語動詞要保持人稱和數(shù)上的一致。主謂一致涉及三個基本原則，即語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。主謂一致涉及的情況比較繁多，考點也比較分散?？蓮膬蓚€方面來把握：1根據(jù)語法一致和就近一致的原則準確辨識作主語的中心詞；2根據(jù)意義一致的原則深刻理解主語表示的數(shù)。主謂一致在高考中一般不會單獨考查，常與時態(tài)、語態(tài)及特殊句式(如倒裝句)等相結合考查。主要考點：名詞作主語時謂語動詞的數(shù)的問題、分數(shù)/百分數(shù)修飾的名詞作主語時謂語動詞的數(shù)的問題、由連詞連接的兩個或多個名詞作主語時謂語動詞的數(shù)的問題等。高考對于數(shù)詞的考查主要傾向于和數(shù)詞有關的

2、一些搭配或句型。如年代、年齡、日期、基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的用法等，其中倍數(shù)的表達法、不定數(shù)量詞更是高考考查的重點。主謂一致原則主語謂語典句示例語法一致原則單數(shù)Mary is a student.復數(shù)復數(shù)Mary and Kelly are alike.原則主語謂語典句示例就近一致原則由or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.等連接與最近的主語在單復數(shù)上保持一致Neither you nor I am fit for the work.Are neither you nor I fit for the work？由there，here引起的主語不止一個

3、時和最鄰近的主語保持一致There is a lake and some hills around it.原則主語謂語典句示例意義一致原則由連詞and連接的并列成分指的是同一概念單數(shù)The worker and writer is from Wuhan.Bread and butter is sold in that shop.no/each/every/many a單數(shù)名詞and(no/each/every/many a)單數(shù)名詞more than one單數(shù)名詞Many a student has been to Beijing.Every man and every woman has

4、a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.More than one person was killed in the accident.原則主語謂語典句示例意義一致原則one/every one/each/either/the number/the varietyof復數(shù)名詞a(n)單數(shù)名詞or two/one and a half等作主語時，雖然表示復數(shù)意義，但謂語動詞多用單數(shù)單數(shù)Each of the students has a book.A student or two has failed the exa

5、m.One and a half days is all I can spare.clothing，furniture，traffic，jewellery，baggage，equipment，luggage等無生命的集體名詞Clothing is badly needed in this flooded area.以s結尾的表示學科、國家、機構、書籍、報刊等名稱的詞。如：news，maths，politics，physics等Physics is one of my favourite subjects.原則主語謂語典句示例意義一致原則表示時間、重量、距離、價格、金錢、體積等復數(shù)名詞表達一個整

6、體概念單數(shù)Ten kilometres is a good distance.Three weeks is a long time to wait for an answer.Twenty years has passed since we left school.由every，any，some，no和one，thing，body等所構成的不定代詞Is everybody here today？原則主語謂語典句示例意義一致原則動詞ing形式、動詞不定式和名詞性從句復數(shù)Persuading him to join us seems really hard.Whatever was left wa

7、s taken away.由and連接的兩個并列成分表示兩個不同的概念Both walking and riding are good exercises.原則主語謂語典句示例意義一致原則people，police，cattle等有生命的集體名詞復數(shù)People read for pleasure during their spare time.一些常用作復數(shù)或只有復數(shù)形式的名詞，如goods，stairs，arms等The goods are sold out.山脈、群島、瀑布、運動會等以s結尾的專有名詞The Olympic Games are held once every four y

8、ears.原則主語謂語典句示例意義一致原則a number of名詞復數(shù)A number of students are from the south.由“kind(form，type，sort，species，series) of”等修飾的主語，其謂語形式常取決于這些詞的單復數(shù)。This new type of buses is now on show.All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.“the形容詞”作主語，如果指一類人，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。如果指抽象概念則用單數(shù)The rich are not always happy.The new

9、 is sure to take the place of the old.原則主語謂語復數(shù)典句示例意義一致原則(large)quantities of修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞一般用復數(shù)；a(large) quantity of作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式取決于后面的名詞是否可數(shù)Large quanlities of food were wasted.There are large quantities of food in the shop.表示成雙的物體作主語時，謂語用復數(shù)。如：glasses，shoes，trousers，shorts(短褲)。這些名詞如用pair修飾

10、時，則以pair的單、復數(shù)來確定The shoes are under the bed.This pair of shoes is under the bed.Two pairs of shoes are under the bed.“half/most/enough/part/the rest/the last/lots/plenty/分數(shù)/百分數(shù)of名詞”作主語，謂語要和of之后的名詞單復數(shù)保持一致A lot of students are coming to the meeting.A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the meetin

11、g.原則主語謂語典句示例意義一致原則集體名詞class，family，army，team，club，population，enemy，party，crowd，crew，audience，public，government，group等強調(diào)整體時謂語用單數(shù)，指個體成員時謂語用復數(shù)單復數(shù)視情況而定The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.The class are doing experiment in the lab.The class has won the honou

12、r.單復數(shù)同形的名詞，如means，works，deer，fish，sheep等Every means has been tried to solve the problem，but none is effective.There are various means of communicating with a stranger.all，none，some，any等不定代詞作主語，根據(jù)其指代的內(nèi)容而定All is going on very well.All are present besides the professor.“half/most/enough/part/the rest/t

13、he last/lots/plenty/分數(shù)/百分數(shù)of名詞”作主語，謂語要和of之后的名詞單復數(shù)保持一致A lot of students are coming to the meeting.A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the meeting.特別提醒：1.what和whatever引導主語從句時謂語動詞的單復數(shù)根據(jù)從句所表達的意義上的數(shù)確定。What he says and does do not agree.他言行不一致。What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行與我無關。2.在定

14、語從句中，關系代詞作主語，其謂語動詞的數(shù)和先行詞保持一致，但“one of復數(shù)名詞”后面的定語從句的謂語動詞用復數(shù)，而在“the(only/very)one of復數(shù)名詞”后面所接的定語從句中，謂語動詞卻用單數(shù)。He is one of the students who have taken part in the activity.他是參加過這個活動的學生之一。He is the only one of the students who has taken part in the activity.他是唯一參加過這個活動的學生。3.當主語后有介詞with，together/along wit

15、h，including，like，but，except，other than，rather than和as well as等時，謂語動詞應和前面的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。The teacher as well as the students was excited at the news.聽到這個消息，老師和學生們都很激動。Nobody except my parents knows anything about it.除了我父母之外，沒有人知道這事。 數(shù)詞數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目多少或先后順序?？煞譃榛鶖?shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。一、基數(shù)詞使用時的注意事項1人的歲數(shù)或年代可用表“幾十”的數(shù)詞的復數(shù)表示。He is

16、in his early thirties.他有三十來歲。This took place in the 1930s/1930s.這件事情發(fā)生在20世紀30年代。2基數(shù)詞常位于another，all之后，such，more之前，last，next，other前后皆可。I need another two students to sweep the floor.我還需要兩名學生打掃地板。I can finish reading two such books in two days.兩天內(nèi)這樣的書我能讀兩本。二、序數(shù)詞1序數(shù)詞前面要加定冠詞the。但也可以在前面用不定冠詞，表示“又一，再一”。Try

17、 a second time and youll succeed.再試一次你就會成功。2基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞連用時，通常是序數(shù)詞在前。the first three pages of the book這本書的前三頁3序數(shù)詞之前已有物主代詞、指示代詞或名詞所有格修飾時，不用定冠詞。his second trip；This book is mine.三、數(shù)詞的用法1表達編號編號可用序數(shù)詞或基數(shù)詞表示，序數(shù)詞位于名詞之前，并加定冠詞，基數(shù)詞位于名詞之后。一般情況下，用基數(shù)詞較常見。第201房間：Room 201，Room No.201或the No.201 Room46路公共汽車：Bus 46，Bus N

18、o.46或the No.46 Bus2表達年、月、日、年齡、時刻2010年11月25日：November 25(th)，2010或25(th)November,2010，讀作November(the)twentyfifth，two thousand and ten。在20世紀90年代：in the 1990s或in the 1990s在7歲時：at the age of seven或at seven上午8點：(at)eight am./(at)8：00 am.3表示分數(shù)、小數(shù)、百分數(shù)46%：fortysix percent04：zero(或naught)point four4“分數(shù)(百分數(shù))of名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的形式根據(jù)名詞確定。Twothirds of the students are from America.三分之二的學生來自美國。One third of the pear is eaten.這個梨的三分之一被吃掉了。5.dozen與score