Part1 M4.Unit12Unit12Unit12Culture ShockCulture ShockModule41、owe vt. 欠某人某物 owe sth. to sb./owe sb. sth. You owe me a favour!你還欠我一個(gè)人情呢！ We owe $5, 000 to the bank. We owe the bank $5, 000. 我們欠銀行5, 000美元。 歸功于， 歸因于 I owe my success to hard work. 我把成功歸功于勤奮工作。 應(yīng)當(dāng)給予I think were owed an apology. 我認(rèn)為得有人向我們道歉。 感激 I owe you a lot for all you did for me when I was young. 我十分感激你在我年幼時(shí)為我做的一切。owing to (doing) sth. “由于”；在句中作狀語。Owing to the shower, the baseball game was broken off. 由于驟雨突至， 那場棒球賽被迫中止了。完成句子。1. 買這些雜貨我得給你多少錢？How much do I owe you for the groceries? 2. 與下屬坦誠相待，這是你對他們應(yīng)有的態(tài)度。You owe it to your staff to be honest with them. 3. 我的一切都?xì)w功于他。I owe everything to him. 2、absorb vt. 吸收(液體， 氣體等)Plants absorb carbon dioxide. 植物吸收二氧化碳。 吸取， 掌握(知識(shí)等) I havent really had time to absorb everything that he said. 事實(shí)上我還沒有時(shí)間弄懂他說的一切。 吸引(注意力等)absorb ones attention 吸引某人的注意力be absorbed in專心于， 全神貫注于 完成句子。1. 作家全神貫注地寫作， 以至于忘了彈去雪茄的煙灰。 The writer was so absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar. 2. 這項(xiàng)工作已使他沉迷了好幾年。 This work has absorbed him for several years. 3、afford v. 買得起；承擔(dān)得起(后果)，有能力做，搭配： afford to do sth.Can we afford a new car? 我們買得起一輛新車嗎？He says he really cant afford to wait another day. 他說他確實(shí)一天也等不了啦。 給予， 使得到The tree afforded us shelter from the rain. 樹給我們遮雨。完成句子。1. 我倒想去度假， 可是抽不出時(shí)間來。Id love to go on a holiday but I cant afford the time. 2. 與你共餐將是我的一大樂事。It will afford me great pleasure to have dinner with you. 3. 要我離崗3周是不行的。I cant afford three weeks away from work. 4. 你的來信使我很高興。Your letter has afforded me much pleasure . 4、exchange vt. 交換， 交流， 兌換 n. 交換(物), 兌換；交易所 exchange A for B以A換B You can exchange your currency for dollars in the hotel. 你可以在賓館把你的錢兌換成美元。 exchange sth. with sb. 與某人交換某物 in exchange (for) 作為交換， 和交換exchangeable adj. 可交換的， 可更換的change vt. 改變；變化；常與for, into和from等連用。完成句子。1. 你愿意和我交換座位嗎？ Will you exchange seats with me?2. 他教她中文。作為交換，她教他英文。 Hes teaching her Chinese in exchange for teaching him English. 3. 這些禮券只能用來兌取光盤。These tokens are exchangeable for CDs only. 4. 我正在考慮換輛大車。Im thinking of changing my car for a bigger one. 5. 在一個(gè)童話故事里， 巫婆把王子變成了青蛙。In a fairy tale, the witch changed the prince into a frog. 5、consider vt.&vi. 考慮consider sth.consider doing sth.consider wh to do vt. 認(rèn)為；把視為(其后常接that從句或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))I consider that it was a very good film. 我認(rèn)為這是一部很好的影片。considerable adj. 值得考慮的；重要的；相當(dāng)大/多的considerate adj. 考慮周到的；為他人著想的consideration n. 考慮；體貼；關(guān)心considering prep.&conj. 就而論， 考慮到be under consideration正在考慮之中g(shù)ive consideration to考慮all things considered從各方面考慮起來takeinto consideration/account 把考慮在內(nèi)完成句子。1. 我們正在考慮去北京。We are considering going to Beijing. 2. 我們考慮下一步怎么辦。We considered what to do next. 3我認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)聰明的人。I consider him to be a clever fellow. 漢譯英。4. 我考慮這個(gè)周末去看看我的叔叔。 Im considering paying a visit to my uncle this weekend. 5. Jean認(rèn)為自己很幸運(yùn)。 Jean considered herself (to be) very lucky.6、manner n. 禮貌；風(fēng)格；方式；習(xí)慣；舉止I thought I noticed a certain coldness in his manner.我想我覺察到他的態(tài)度有些冷淡。 in amanner 以方式/方法She answered in a businesslike manner. 她回答時(shí)顯出一副公事公辦的樣子。 all manner of 各種各樣的；形形色色的 in a manner of speaking 不妨說；從某種意義上說漢譯英。1. 他經(jīng)常以這種古怪的方式講話。 He often speaks in such a strange manner. 2. 他們問了我各種各樣的問題。 They asked me all manner of questions. 7、insist v. 堅(jiān)持 insist on堅(jiān)決要求， 堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為。是對要求、看法、意見或主張的“堅(jiān)持”， on是介詞， 后面接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語。 She insisted on her opinion at the meeting. 她在會(huì)上堅(jiān)持自己的意見。insist接that從句， 有兩種情況表示“堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為(主張)”， 從句用陳述語氣。 Though all his friends criticized him, he insisted he had done nothing wrong. 盡管所有的朋友都指責(zé)他， 但他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為自己沒有做錯(cuò)事。表示“堅(jiān)決要， 堅(jiān)決要求”， 這時(shí)從句謂語常用虛擬語氣。He insists that she (should) go.他堅(jiān)決要她去。完成句子。1. 他堅(jiān)持說他是無罪的。 He insisted on his innocence. 2. 他堅(jiān)持要邀請她參加我們的聚會(huì)。 He insists she should be invited to our party. 3. 她堅(jiān)持要他穿西裝。 She insisted on his/him wearing a suit. 8、belong “屬于”；后面與to搭配，只用于主動(dòng)語態(tài)， 不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)；只用于一般時(shí)態(tài)， 不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。I dont know to whom the bike belongs. 我不知道這輛自行車是誰的。漢譯英。1. 那本詞典是湯姆的。 That dictionary belongs to Tom. 2. 你是哪個(gè)俱樂部的？ Which club do you belong to?3. 中國是個(gè)發(fā)展中國家， 屬于第三世界。 China is a developing country, belonging to the Third World. 9、I kept_saying that I knew the way myself, but it just did not work. (P40) 我重復(fù)著說我自己知道路，但是這不起作用。 keep (on) doing sth. 繼續(xù)做某事， 重復(fù)做某事 We kept (on) working in the field in spite of the rain. 盡管下雨， 我們還是堅(jiān)持在地里干活。 keep doing與keep on doing重復(fù)性較強(qiáng)的時(shí)候， 多用keep doing (sth.)。 She kept coughing all night. 她整夜咳嗽。keep on后接行為動(dòng)詞， 不能接sitting, standing, lying, sleeping等表示靜態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。如不能說：He k e p t o n s i t t i n g . 但 可 以 說 ： k e e p lying/standing/sitting there。 keep的幾個(gè)常用短語： keep watch守望，值班；放哨 keep back 隱瞞；保留，扣除 keep in touch 保持聯(lián)系 keep my promise/word 履行諾言 keep up (vi.)使繼續(xù)；不落后；使不下降；跟上(with) keep off 防止，避開；使免受影響 keep out阻止進(jìn)入；不卷入，避開(of) 漢譯英。1. 我父母總是反復(fù)叮囑我應(yīng)當(dāng)努力學(xué)習(xí)。 My parents always keep (on) saying to me that I should study hard. 2. 希望你別老打斷我！ I wish you wouldnt keep on interrupting me! 10、In Melbourne, the_only_place we ever see kangaroos is on the menu in a restaurant.(P42) 在墨爾本，我們能看到袋鼠的唯一地方是在餐廳的菜單上。 當(dāng)“the only名詞(單數(shù))”作主語時(shí)， 其謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)用單數(shù)。 He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years. 他是唯一一個(gè)3年來都獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的學(xué)生。 漢譯英。1. 她是受到老師表揚(yáng)的女生之一。 She is one of the girls who are praised by the teacher. 2. 她是唯一受到老師表揚(yáng)的女生。 She is the only one of the girls who is praised by the teacher. 11、The government is trying to improve things, but it seems a_bit late.(P42) 政府嘗試做些改進(jìn)，但似乎有點(diǎn)晚了。a bit“一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)， 有點(diǎn)”，可用來修飾形容詞、副詞或它們的比較級；若修飾名詞需加介詞of。My foot is better but it still hurts a bit. 我的腳好一些了， 但還是有點(diǎn)痛。 not a bitnot at all; not in the least 一點(diǎn)也不not a littlevery much非常 漢譯英。1. 他懂一點(diǎn)法語。 He knows a bit of French. 2. 一點(diǎn)也不冷。 Its not a bit cold. 3. 你的兒子有點(diǎn)膽小。Your son is a bit of a coward. 4. 他一點(diǎn)也不在乎。 He doesnt care a bit. ()(2010湖北卷) It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money _ favors to them.A. in preference to B. in place ofC. in agreement with D. in exchange for Din preference to 優(yōu)先于； in exchange for 交換；in place of 代替； in agreement with 同意，與一致。 its really easy to exchange travellers cheques at banks or hotels(P36)段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 在學(xué)會(huì)寫句的基礎(chǔ)上，就可以開始學(xué)習(xí)如何將句子有序地連貫起來，這就組成了段落。段落是構(gòu)成語篇的基礎(chǔ)。1. 段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 段落(Paragraph)是由闡述同一主題緊密相關(guān)的若干句子組成，是一則語意完整、和諧統(tǒng)一的語篇。一般說來，一個(gè)段落由3部分組成：主題句、擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)論句。主題句提出論述的主題，擴(kuò)展句利用必要的細(xì)節(jié)對主題加以論證說明，結(jié)論句總結(jié)全文，在論證的基礎(chǔ)上得出結(jié)論。三者相輔相成，按邏輯順序安排句子，并通過一些過渡句，構(gòu)成一完整短文。On Safety Accidents are todays most frequent cause of death in Children. Accidents occur to children in all sorts of places at home, on the street, at school, on public playgrounds, at places to swim, and on camping trips. There are now many more chances for accidents than there used to be. Automobiles, power tools, electric wiring, and easy ways of starting fire are some examples. Most accidents are caused by carelessness. A great deal of effort should be taken to let children know the importance of safety. Safety is everyones business. 分析：在這一段落中，句即為主題句，闡述段落的中心思想；句，和為發(fā)展句，列舉原因、例子等來豐富和闡明中心思想；句為結(jié)尾句，與主題句相呼應(yīng)，概括該段落的真正含義。 2. 段落的主題句 主題句(Topic sentence)概括段落的主要內(nèi)容，交代下文欲加以說明、解釋、論證的觀點(diǎn)，限制著主題在段落中討論的范圍、文章發(fā)展的模式，是整個(gè)段落的綱領(lǐng)。3. 段落的擴(kuò)展句 擴(kuò)展句(Supporting sentence)的作用是豐富、支持、擴(kuò)展主題句的內(nèi)涵。擴(kuò)展部分的闡述要透徹，證明要充分，舉例有條理，符合思想邏輯。擴(kuò)展句的表達(dá)形式多種多樣，可以按時(shí)間或空間順序，從整體到局部或從局部到整體的方法進(jìn)行敘述、描寫、說明或議論，也可用比較、對比、比喻、推導(dǎo)、歸納、演繹等手段來展現(xiàn)。擴(kuò)展句須服從主題表達(dá)的需要，不應(yīng)該涉及與主題無關(guān)或關(guān)系較遠(yuǎn)的內(nèi)容。4. 段落的結(jié)論句 結(jié)論句(Concluding sentence)也稱總結(jié)句，它標(biāo)志著段落的結(jié)束，自然應(yīng)位于一段的結(jié)尾。結(jié)論句可用來重述主題、提供問題的解決方式，對未來進(jìn)行預(yù)測，提出問題讓讀者思考，或?qū)θ蝺?nèi)容加以概述。結(jié)論之前常會(huì)出現(xiàn)in short, in a word, therefore等詞語。但并非所有的段落都需要結(jié)論句，有的也可采用自然結(jié)束的方式。 結(jié)論句在注意總結(jié)與呼應(yīng)主題句的基礎(chǔ)上，用一個(gè)短短的感嘆句、問句、概括句、比喻句、挑戰(zhàn)性的話或一句名言將全段“拔高”一下，效果會(huì)更好。參閱下面主題句與結(jié)論句呼應(yīng)的例子：主題句： Only a mothers love is selfless love! 結(jié)尾句： What great love this is!主題句：Life is limited, but knowledge is boundless. 結(jié)尾句： How important it is to read good books! 從以上的例子，我們可以清楚地看出主題句和結(jié)論句的關(guān)系，結(jié)論句在意思上和主題句保持一致，與主題句緊密呼應(yīng)，但又不是簡單的重復(fù)。例運(yùn)用感嘆句，能起到強(qiáng)化主題思想的作用，給讀者留下較深的印象。結(jié)論句并非必不可少，但它能起到以下的作用：(1)表示段落的結(jié)束；(2)總結(jié)要點(diǎn)，與主題句相呼應(yīng)；(3)使讀者就本段落的主要內(nèi)容和見解有一個(gè)深刻的印象或進(jìn)行思考。