非謂語動詞非謂語動詞 非謂語動詞是語法填空的必考考點(diǎn)，非謂語動詞是語法填空的必考考點(diǎn)，每年高考至少有每年高考至少有1道題。不僅如此，掌道題。不僅如此，掌握非謂語動詞的基本用法，對增強(qiáng)書面握非謂語動詞的基本用法，對增強(qiáng)書面表達(dá)的文采和提高閱讀理解能力都有明表達(dá)的文采和提高閱讀理解能力都有明顯的作用。顯的作用。首先，我們回顧一下非謂語動詞的語首先，我們回顧一下非謂語動詞的語法功能法功能(在句中充當(dāng)何種成分在句中充當(dāng)何種成分)：主語主語賓語賓語表語表語定語定語狀語狀語賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)動動名名詞詞不不定定式式分分詞詞現(xiàn)在，我們簡要回顧其主要考點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在，我們簡要回顧其主要考點(diǎn)：考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)1：作主語：作主語表示一般的、泛指的或習(xí)慣性的行為用表示一般的、泛指的或習(xí)慣性的行為用-ing形形式；表示具體的、一次性的或?qū)淼膭幼饔貌欢ㄊ剑槐硎揪唧w的、一次性的或?qū)淼膭幼饔貌欢ㄊ?。式。考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)2：作表語：作表語(1) 動名詞和不定式作表語說明主語的具體內(nèi)容。動名詞和不定式作表語說明主語的具體內(nèi)容。(2)分詞作表語則說明主語的性質(zhì)，像分詞作表語則說明主語的性質(zhì)，像puzzling, surprising, exciting等等-ing分詞表示分詞表示“令人令人的的(事物事物)”；像；像puzzled, surprised, excited等等-ed分詞分詞表示表示“(人人)感到感到的的”。 考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)3：作賓語：作賓語(1)有些動詞只能用不定式作賓語。有些動詞只能用不定式作賓語。如如refuse, expect, promise, decide, offer, pretend等。等。(類類似動詞和短語動詞還有哪些？請補(bǔ)上似動詞和短語動詞還有哪些？請補(bǔ)上)(2)有些動詞只能用動名詞作賓語。有些動詞只能用動名詞作賓語。如：如：keep, allow, finish, enjoy, mind, practice, avoid, admit, advise, consider, imagine, appreciate, escape, suggest等。等。(類似動詞和短語動詞還有類似動詞和短語動詞還有哪些？請補(bǔ)上哪些？請補(bǔ)上)(3) 在表示在表示“需要需要”的的need, want和和require等等后用后用-ing形式的主動形式表示被動意義，也可形式的主動形式表示被動意義，也可用不定式的被動式。用不定式的被動式。 (4)在在forget, remember, regret, mean, try等動詞等動詞后既可接動名詞，也可接不定式，但意義差別后既可接動名詞，也可接不定式，但意義差別較大。較大。(5)在介詞之后用動名詞作賓語。在介詞之后用動名詞作賓語。注意注意to是介詞是介詞的短語，如的短語，如be /get used to, be accustomed to(習(xí)習(xí)慣于慣于), contribute to , devote oneself to /be devoted to, get down to, look forward to等。等。(6)含介詞的固定句式：含介詞的固定句式：prevent /stop /keep sb. /sth. from doing 阻阻止止做做spend /waste time or money in doing 在做在做方面花費(fèi)方面花費(fèi)/浪費(fèi)時(shí)間或金錢浪費(fèi)時(shí)間或金錢have some difficulty/trouble in doing 在在做做方面有些困難方面有些困難have a hard time in doing sth.做某事很艱難做某事很艱難there is no sense in doing做做是沒有理由是沒有理由/道理的道理的(7)介詞后一般只能接動名詞，但在表示介詞后一般只能接動名詞，但在表示“除除外外”的介詞的介詞but和和except后，有時(shí)可接后，有時(shí)可接不定式；當(dāng)前面有行為動詞不定式；當(dāng)前面有行為動詞do時(shí)，不定式不帶時(shí)，不定式不帶to；前面沒有行為動詞；前面沒有行為動詞do時(shí)，要帶時(shí)，要帶to?？键c(diǎn)考點(diǎn)4：作賓補(bǔ)：作賓補(bǔ)當(dāng)賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的動詞在邏輯上是主動關(guān)當(dāng)賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的動詞在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系時(shí)，用不定式系時(shí)，用不定式(未來或全過程未來或全過程)或或-ing形式形式(正在進(jìn)行或一直處于某種狀態(tài)正在進(jìn)行或一直處于某種狀態(tài))；當(dāng)賓語與；當(dāng)賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的動詞在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系時(shí)，用作賓補(bǔ)的動詞在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系時(shí)，用-ed形式。另外，請注意復(fù)習(xí)以下形式。另外，請注意復(fù)習(xí)以下6點(diǎn)：點(diǎn)：(1)在在ask, invite, encourage, advise, forbid, remind等動詞后，用帶等動詞后，用帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。(2)在在help后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式帶不帶后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式帶不帶to均可。均可。(3)在在make, let, have等使役動詞和等使役動詞和feel, smell, hear, see, watch等感官動詞后，一般用不帶等感官動詞后，一般用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，但在其被動式后作主語補(bǔ)足的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，但在其被動式后作主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，要加上語時(shí)，要加上to。(4)在在with的賓語后，若用的賓語后，若用-ed形式，表示賓語形式，表示賓語與與-ed形式在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系，且意味著該動形式在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系，且意味著該動作已經(jīng)完成；若用作已經(jīng)完成；若用-ing形式，表示賓語與形式，表示賓語與-ing形形式在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系，且表示動作持續(xù)進(jìn)行。式在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系，且表示動作持續(xù)進(jìn)行。(5)get sb. to do sth. =have sb. do sth.使某人做某使某人做某事事(主動、將來主動、將來); get/havedoing使使處于某一處于某一狀態(tài)中狀態(tài)中(主動、持續(xù)主動、持續(xù)); getdone=have sth. done請請人做人做/遭受遭受(被動被動)。(6) make oneself 后常用后常用understood, heard, seen, known等作賓補(bǔ)，表示讓別人明白自己的意思等作賓補(bǔ)，表示讓別人明白自己的意思/讓讓自己講的話被別人聽到自己講的話被別人聽到/讓自己被別人看到讓自己被別人看到/讓自讓自己被別人認(rèn)識。己被別人認(rèn)識。考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)5：作狀語：作狀語(1)在表示時(shí)間、讓步、方式或伴隨情況時(shí)在表示時(shí)間、讓步、方式或伴隨情況時(shí)，非謂語動，非謂語動詞若與句子主語在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系，用詞若與句子主語在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系，用-ing形式，若形式，若與句子主語在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系，用與句子主語在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系，用-ed形式。形式。(2)不定式作狀語不定式作狀語只能放在句末，且不用逗號，多用于只能放在句末，且不用逗號，多用于表示情緒或情感反應(yīng)的動詞、形容詞表示情緒或情感反應(yīng)的動詞、形容詞(如如glad, sorry, surprised, frightened, delighted)之后，表示原因。之后，表示原因。(3)不定式表結(jié)果，不定式表結(jié)果，其動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后，往往其動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后，往往表示未曾預(yù)料到的或令人不快的，前面常加表示未曾預(yù)料到的或令人不快的，前面常加only；也還；也還用于用于tooto, enough to, so/suchas to等固定結(jié)構(gòu)中。等固定結(jié)構(gòu)中。-ing形式表示的結(jié)果，是伴隨謂語動詞的發(fā)生而產(chǎn)生的自形式表示的結(jié)果，是伴隨謂語動詞的發(fā)生而產(chǎn)生的自然結(jié)果（同時(shí)發(fā)生），謂語動詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的動作是因然結(jié)果（同時(shí)發(fā)生），謂語動詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的動作是因果關(guān)系。果關(guān)系。(4)在作表語的形容詞后或者作賓補(bǔ)在作表語的形容詞后或者作賓補(bǔ)的形容詞后作狀語，一般只用不定式。的形容詞后作狀語，一般只用不定式。(5)表示目的時(shí)只能用不定式，此時(shí)表示目的時(shí)只能用不定式，此時(shí)的不定式可以放在句首。的不定式可以放在句首。(6) 在在“連詞連詞(如如when, while, if, though等等)+分詞分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)分詞與結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)分詞與主句主語是主動關(guān)系時(shí)用主句主語是主動關(guān)系時(shí)用-ing形式，形式，是被動關(guān)系時(shí)用是被動關(guān)系時(shí)用-ed形式。形式?？键c(diǎn)考點(diǎn)6：作定語：作定語(1)動詞不定式作定語：常放在所修飾的名詞動詞不定式作定語：常放在所修飾的名詞之后，表示一個將來的動作，多用來修飾之后，表示一個將來的動作，多用來修飾have、there be、with之后的名詞，表示之后的名詞，表示“有有要要”；或修飾；或修飾“the+序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞”。(2)分詞作定語：被修飾的名詞與分詞是主動分詞作定語：被修飾的名詞與分詞是主動關(guān)系，用關(guān)系，用-ing形式，是被動關(guān)系時(shí)用形式，是被動關(guān)系時(shí)用-ed形式。形式。考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)7：特殊句式：特殊句式Why not do sth.? =Why dont you do sth.?何何不做某事呢？不做某事呢？had better (not) do sth.最好最好(不不)做某事做某事would rather (not) do sth.寧愿寧愿(不不)做某事做某事would do A rather than do B = would rather do A than do B = prefer to do A rather than do B = prefer doing A to doing B 寧做寧做A事不做事不做B事事考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)8：獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(1) -ing形式的獨(dú)立成分：形式的獨(dú)立成分：judging by /from(根根據(jù)據(jù)判斷判斷), generally speaking(一般說來一般說來)，strictly speaking(嚴(yán)格說來嚴(yán)格說來), frankly speaking(坦坦率地說率地說)等。等。(2)不定式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：不定式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：to tell you the truth(和和你說實(shí)話吧你說實(shí)話吧), to make things worse(情況更糟的情況更糟的是是)等。等。(3)用作介詞或連詞的用作介詞或連詞的considering(考慮到，考慮到，就就而言而言)和和given(考慮到考慮到)后接名詞或后接名詞或that從句。從句。解答語法填空時(shí)，首先分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，解答語法填空時(shí)，首先分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，若句子已有謂語動詞且不是并謂語時(shí)，所給若句子已有謂語動詞且不是并謂語時(shí)，所給動詞必定用非謂語動詞；然后分析該非謂語動詞必定用非謂語動詞；然后分析該非謂語動詞在句中作什么句子成分，初定作該成分動詞在句中作什么句子成分，初定作該成分的應(yīng)是哪一種或幾種非謂語動詞形式；最后的應(yīng)是哪一種或幾種非謂語動詞形式；最后再根據(jù)非謂語動詞各自的特點(diǎn)和用法，同時(shí)再根據(jù)非謂語動詞各自的特點(diǎn)和用法，同時(shí)看謂語動詞有沒有特別的要求，再結(jié)合與邏看謂語動詞有沒有特別的要求，再結(jié)合與邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定該填哪種形式。輯主語的關(guān)系，確定該填哪種形式。另外，在確定用另外，在確定用-ing形式還是用形式還是用-ed形式，用形式，用to do還是用還是用to be done時(shí)，都是由該非謂語動詞與邏輯時(shí)，都是由該非謂語動詞與邏輯主語是主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系來確定的。那么，主語是主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系來確定的。那么，如何找出非謂語動詞的邏輯主語？這與非謂語動如何找出非謂語動詞的邏輯主語？這與非謂語動詞在句中作何種成分有關(guān)，詳見下表：詞在句中作何種成分有關(guān)，詳見下表：充當(dāng)句充當(dāng)句子成分子成分賓語賓語 表語表語狀語狀語定語定語賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)邏輯邏輯主語主語句子的主語句子的主語所修飾所修飾的詞的詞句子的句子的賓語賓語例例1the proverb, “plucking up a crop 32 (help) it grow”, is based on the following story. (2008年廣東年廣東)思路分析：因句中已有謂語思路分析：因句中已有謂語is based，而，而“plucking up a crop 32 (help) it grow”是是the proverb的同位語，是一個名詞短語而非同的同位語，是一個名詞短語而非同位語從句，因此，位語從句，因此，help應(yīng)是謂語動詞；應(yīng)是謂語動詞；“幫助幫助禾苗長禾苗長”是是“將禾苗撥起來將禾苗撥起來”的目的，作目的的目的，作目的狀語，用動詞不定式，故填狀語，用動詞不定式，故填to help。例例2While she was getting me _34_ (settle) into a tiny but clean room(2007年廣東年廣東)思路分析：因句中已有謂語思路分析：因句中已有謂語was getting，所以，所以settle應(yīng)是非謂語動詞；又由應(yīng)是非謂語動詞；又由settle sb. into/in/on(使某人舒服地處于某處使某人舒服地處于某處)可知，可知，me與與settle是被動關(guān)系，要用過去分詞用賓補(bǔ)，是被動關(guān)系，要用過去分詞用賓補(bǔ)，故填故填settled。考點(diǎn)擊破考點(diǎn)擊破一、單句填空：一、單句填空：用括號中所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填用括號中所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。空。1. _ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old. (全國全國)2. Eugenes never willing to alter any of his opinions. Its no use _(argue) with him. (上海上海)3. Please remain _(seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon. (遼寧遼寧)4. Can I smoke here? Sorry. We dont allow _(smoke) here. (江蘇江蘇) Walking arguing seated smoking 5. It is difficult to imagine his _(accept) the decision without any consideration. (陜西陜西)6. I cant stand _(work) with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _(stop) talking while she works. (北京北京)7. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need _ (repair). (陜西陜西)8. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _ (live) alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home. (湖南湖南)accepting to stop workingto be repaired living 9. Robert is indeed a wise man. Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _(not take) his advice! (安徽安徽)10. If you think that treating a woman well means always _ (get) her permission for things, think again. (湖南湖南)11. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _(open and close) could be heard outside the classroom. (全國全國)12. They are quiet, arent they? Yes. They are accustomed to _ (not talk) at meals. (江蘇江蘇)not taking getting being opened and closed not talking 13. Isnt it time you got down to _(mark) the papers? (重慶重慶)14. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ (set) up some schools for poor children. (上海上海)15. She looks forward every spring to _ (walk) in the flower-lined garden. (上海上海)16. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _ (pass) the exam. (福建福建)marking setting walking passing 17. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week _ (watch) TV. (上海上海)18. I believe thats the best way to prevent such a thing from _ (happen) again. (全國全國)19. Did you have trouble in_ (find) the post office? (全國全國)20. Sandy could do nothing but _ (admit) to his teacher that he was wrong. (上海上海)watching happening finding admit 21. I smell something _ (burn) in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? (全國全國)22. Dont leave the water _ (run) while you brush your teeth. (天津天津)23. It was so cold that they kept the fire _ (burn) all night. (全國全國)24. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ (carry) out the next year. (全國全國)burning running burning carried out 25. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ (speak) as much as we can. (江蘇江蘇)26. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _(interest) in his lectures. (江蘇江蘇)27. Energy drinks are not allowed _(make) in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. (上海上海) 28. My advisor encouraged me _(take) a summer course to improve my writing skills. (北京北京) spoken interested to be made to take 29. My parents have always made me _(feel) good about myself, even when I was twelve. (江蘇江蘇)30. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ (grow) up from childhood. (全國全國)31. The mother felt herself _ (grow) cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield. (上海上海)32. Paul doesnt have to be made _ (learn). He always works hard. (全國全國) feel grow grow to learn 33. Come on, please give me some ideas about the project. Sorry. With so much work _ (fill) my mind, I almost break down. (福建福建)34. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _ (finish), he gladly accepted it. (安徽安徽)35. With a lot of difficult problems _ (set), the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (上海上海)36. The director had her assistant _(pick) up some hot dogs for the meeting. (全國全國)filling finished to settle pick 37. Did Peter fix the computer himself? He had it _(fix), because he doesnt know much about computers. (安徽安徽)38. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _ (improve) in a short period. (福建福建)39. Helen had to shout to make herself _ (hear) above the sound of the music. (廣西廣西)40. Peter received a letter just now _(say) his grandma would come to see him soon. (四川四川)fixed improved heard saying 41. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _ (move), and asked myself what I was going to do. (湖南湖南)42. _(walk) in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. (安安徽徽)43. _ (wait) in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. (福建福建)44. _ (blame) for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (福建福建)moving Walking Having waited Blamed 45. He hurried to the booking office only _ (tell) that all the tickets had been sold out. (陜西陜西)46. European football is played in 80 countries, _ (make) it the most popular sport in the world. (全國全國)47. You were silly not _(lock) your car. (湖南湖南)48. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _(breathe). (寧夏寧夏) to be told making to have locked to breathe 49. _ (complete) the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day. (湖南湖南)50. When _ (ask) why he went there, he said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight. (江西江西)51. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _(water) every day. (四川四川)52. When _(compare) different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (浙江浙江)To complete asked watered comparing 53. The last one _(arrive) pays the meal. Agree! (全國全國)54. The trees _(blow) in the storm have been moved off the road. (湖南湖南)55. Can those _ (seat) at the back of the classroom hear me? (福建福建)56. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ (form) in your mind instead of before your eyes. (廣西廣西)to arrive blown seated forming 57. Its a long time since I saw my sister. (全全國國)Why not _(visit) her this weekend?58. _ (search) the website of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about firefighting. (湖南湖南)59. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _(finish) for the day. (重慶重慶)60. _ (give) the general state of health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (北京北京)visit Search finished Given 二、語篇填空二、語篇填空 用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。Freud was one of the first scientists 1_（make）serious research of the mind. The mind is the collection of activities 2_（base） in the brain that involve how we act, think, feel and reason. to make based He used long talks with patients and the study of dreams 3_（search） for the causes of mental and emotional problems. He also tried hypnosis. He wanted to see if 4_（put）patients into a sleep-like condition would help ease 5_（trouble） minds. In most cases he found the effects only temporary. to search putting troubled Freud worked hard, although what he did might sound easy. His method involved 6_ (sit) with his patients and 7_（listen）to them talk. He had them 8_（talk）about whatever they were thinking. All ideas, thoughts and anything that entered their mind had to 9_（express）. There could be no10_（hold）back because of fear or guilt. sitting listening talk be expressed holding goodbye