Part2 考點(diǎn)2Part2 語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)2 名詞名詞 對(duì)名詞的考查在湖南高考中主要出現(xiàn)在完形填空部分。1.主要考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：(1)名詞的詞義辨析(2)可數(shù)名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)變化形式(3)不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)(4)名詞所有格(5)名詞作定語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)：復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)：(1)掌握名詞的準(zhǔn)確意義和近義詞的區(qū)別。(2)掌握可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。(3)掌握不可數(shù)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化的用法。(4)掌握名詞“s”所有格和“of”屬格的用法。(5)掌握名詞作定語(yǔ)的用法。2.如何應(yīng)對(duì)名詞的考查 在應(yīng)對(duì)完形填空對(duì)名詞的考查時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真分析空格前后文章語(yǔ)境，確定是考查名詞的哪種用法，然后比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，判斷出最佳選項(xiàng)。(2010湖南)My dog, Beans, and I walk the trail frequently. Normally, Beans sniffs alongside the trail to follow the smell of a deer track or explore some cause known only to him One morning, we took a different route, which led us to an unfamiliar trail. I was sure this trail would eventually lead us to our familiar _40_. A. driveway B. pathC. crossroad D. highway思路點(diǎn)撥：思路點(diǎn)撥：第40題考查易混淆名詞的辨析。根據(jù)上文My dog, Beans, and I walk the trail frequently.和we took a different route, which led us to an unfamiliar trail.可綜合判斷選B，即“熟悉的小徑”。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思1. 名詞的數(shù)名詞的數(shù) (1) He says that physics is very interesting and he likes it very much. (2) He told me that the furniture in that house is new. (3) She said it was interesting to play with the chickens on his uncles farm last weekend. (4) Lily said that the chicken her mother cooked was very delicious. (5) Im told that they have many cattle on their farms. (6) My family are going with me.(7) The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思(8) How many deer are there in Dafeng now?(9) We are all Chinese, but he is Japanese. (10) Strangely, there were many lookerson there, but none was brave enough to stop the fight. (11) Now you are grownups, so you should help your parents support your family. (12) In the past, most women have many children each. (13) Its said that the Browns are going to come to see us this weekend. (14) Its necessary for a student to have a knowledge of English.歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1: 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞多為學(xué)科名詞， 如：physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States，如：(1)。規(guī)則規(guī)則2: 表示一類(lèi)事物總稱(chēng)的名詞，常作不可數(shù)名詞看待而不能加“s”。如：machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence，如：(2)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則3: 有些名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)不同的意思。如：chicken雞肉 / chickens小雞； fish魚(yú)(尾數(shù))，魚(yú)肉 / fishes 各種魚(yú)； paper紙 / papers試卷； water水 / waters水域；room空間/rooms房間；time 時(shí)間/times時(shí)代；arm手臂/ arms武器等，如：(3)、(4)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則4: 有些名詞形式上雖是單數(shù)，但表示的是復(fù)數(shù)含義。如：people, police, _cattle_， _staff_， _public_， the adj., the 分詞(表示一類(lèi)人)，如：(5)。規(guī)則規(guī)則5：對(duì)于集體名詞，當(dāng)它表示一個(gè)整體時(shí)，視作單數(shù)；當(dāng)它側(cè)重各個(gè)成員，視作復(fù)數(shù)，如：(6)、(7)。規(guī)則規(guī)則6: 有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works，如：(8)、(9)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則7: 由連字符構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞的“數(shù)”，一是合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式通常只將其中的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。如：lookerson 參觀者，sonsinlaw 女婿，editorsinchief主編，shoemakers 鞋匠。二是如果沒(méi)有主體名詞，在最 后 一 個(gè) 詞 上 加 復(fù) 數(shù) ( 詞 尾 ) 。 如 ：gobetweens 中間人，grownups 成人，followups 續(xù)集，goodfornothings 飯桶。三是man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)和被修飾詞都變成復(fù)數(shù)。如：men workers，women teachers，gentlemen officials，如(10)、(11)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則8：不規(guī)則名詞的“數(shù)”： 常用改變?cè)糇帜富蛟~尾加en等方法構(gòu)成， woman women, child children, ox oxen, tooth teeth, goose geese, foot feet, mouse mice, phenomenon phenomena, analysis analyses，如：(12)。規(guī)則規(guī)則9：專(zhuān)有名詞的“數(shù)”：在姓氏名詞上加“s”變成復(fù)數(shù)，如：史密斯一家人(the Smiths)，兩個(gè)瑪麗 _two_Marys_，如：(13)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則10：有些物質(zhì)名詞表示不同種類(lèi)或表示“一種，一杯/罐/瓶”等數(shù)量意義時(shí)，可用作可數(shù)名詞。抽象名詞表示具體或特定事物時(shí)，可具體化，其前面須有不定冠詞。如：a pleasure / pity / surprise / success / failure / shame, an honor /a bright future / a strong character / a great help / a waste of time，如：(14)。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思2. 名詞所有格名詞所有格 (1) Its ten minutes drive from here to my school. (2) Childrens book should be simple with interesting pictures. (3) Students uniforms should be clear and lovely. (4) Beijing is the capital of China. (5) Marys and Joans coats are different. (6) Mary and Jacks house is very large and beautiful.(7) Alice told me that she would go to the chemists, for her father didnt feel himself. (8) He said that he learnt it from a friend of his brothers. 歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1：英語(yǔ)中表示有生命名詞的所有格時(shí)，在詞尾加“s”，如：the boys bag，mens room。此外，表示時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、重量、價(jià)格、世界、國(guó)家等無(wú)生命名詞的所有格也可在詞尾加“s”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，意為：“ 的”，如：a teachers book，a twenty minutes walk, ten miles journey，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth，如：(1)、(2)。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s，只加“”，如：the workers struggle，如：(3)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則3：of 屬格：無(wú)生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers，如：(4)。規(guī)則規(guī)則4：如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，若分別有加“s”，則表示“分別有”；若只有后一個(gè)名詞加“s”，則表示兩個(gè)“共有”。如：Johns and Marys rooms(兩間)；John and Marys room(一間)，如：(5)、(6)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則5：省略格：在表示店鋪或教堂，診所的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常省略它所修飾的名詞，如：在診所at the doctors；在我姐家at my sisters，如：(7)。規(guī)則規(guī)則6：雙重格：of 名詞“s”結(jié)構(gòu)， 如 a friend of my fathers, works of Lu Xuns，如：(8)。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思3. 名詞作定語(yǔ)名詞作定語(yǔ) 用括號(hào)中所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空(1) Theres a _stone_ (stone) bridge over the river. (2) Her daughter works in a _shoe_(shoe) shop. (3) There are three _women_ (woman) _doctors_ (doctor) in that clinic. (4) We hold a _sports_(sport) meeting each term. 歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié) 名詞可以用作定語(yǔ)修飾后面的名詞，表示類(lèi)別、處所、材料、身份、性別、功能、用途等。規(guī)則規(guī)則1：名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常用名詞的單數(shù)形式。如： a shoe shop(鞋店), street lamps(路燈), a book case(書(shū)柜)等等，如：(1)、(2)。 規(guī)則規(guī)則2：man和woman作定語(yǔ)時(shí)， 常用“單單 (a woman doctor)”、“復(fù)復(fù) (two women doctors)” 式，如：(3)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則3：名詞clothes, sports, parents, sales, arms等用復(fù)數(shù)形式作定語(yǔ)。如：arms control (武器控制), sports meeting (運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)), clothes shop (服裝店), customs officer (海關(guān)人員), sales manager (銷(xiāo)售經(jīng)理)等，如：(4)。