閱讀與理解(11)家庭、朋友和周圍的人 人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)上生活，家庭、朋友和周圍的人與我們的關(guān)系最為密切，對(duì)我們的影響也最大，此話題是新課標(biāo)的重點(diǎn)話題，也是高考的重點(diǎn)話題。美文賞析With both the mum and dad working in a family, has a childs view of his father changed？Have fathers lost the position of being No.1？Unlike earlier days in most of the families，both husband and wife are working.So the fathers are forced to do some of the jobs only mothers did in the past，which has caused a series of changes.It is really helping to improve the interaction between fathers and their children.It has paved way for direct interaction with the children and the children also feel free to discuss with their fathers.On the one hand，this gives the children a chance to know more about their father and they look up to their fathers as friends.There was a time the children were scared to interact with their father and if at all they wanted to communicate they tried through their mother.On the other hand，since there is a daytoday interaction with the children the fathers are also getting a chance to understand their children.It was in the past that the fathers were smart enough to take the credit of all achievements and they were quick enough to blame the mothers for all wrongdoings.Now with the fathers increased involvement they are forced to share the ownership. This is also helping to improve the relationship between husband and wife.It plays a major role in molding their children.Fathers role is very important in giving discipline to children.Fathers know how to keep a distance with their children.It is important for any father to draw a line in their relationship with their children till a certain age so that children can be guided well.Children expect their fathers to be a role model.So fathers today have lost the position of being the enforcers(強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行人)in a family.Children now view their fathers more as a friend than as a leading figure and it has become easier for fathers to bring up their children.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，父親在家庭中的地位和角色也在不斷地發(fā)生著變化，由此也帶來(lái)了一系列對(duì)家庭有利的方面。一、閱讀與積累1攻克疑難詞匯interaction n互動(dòng)look up to 尊敬，尊重Ive always looked up to Bill for his courage and determination.我一直很敬重比爾，他既勇敢又果斷。involvement n參與mold v塑造bring up撫養(yǎng)2攻克疑難句It was in the past that the fathers were smart enough to take the credit of all achievements and they were quick enough to blame the mothers for all wrongdoings.結(jié)構(gòu)分析整句話是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in the past；句中還含有兩處“beadj.enoughto do”結(jié)構(gòu)；句中短語(yǔ)take the credit of.的意思是“把歸功于”。嘗試翻譯就是在過(guò)去，父親們很瀟灑地將所有的功勞據(jù)為己有，并且他們會(huì)因各種各樣的錯(cuò)誤而很快地去指責(zé)母親們。二、理解與嘗試命題1理解文章主旨The passage mainly tells us the changes the role that the father plays in molding his children.2閱讀理解嘗試命題請(qǐng)根據(jù)閱讀理解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題的特點(diǎn)，試著給下面試題寫出干擾項(xiàng)，然后叫你同桌試做一下。 Which of the following shows the organization of the passage? A. B_ C_ D_ CP：Central PointP：PointSP：Subpoint(次要點(diǎn))C：Conclusion參考答案 3解題技法點(diǎn)撥閱讀理解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題解題技巧：理清文章脈絡(luò)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題既可考查對(duì)各節(jié)敘述特點(diǎn)的判斷(如總述分述總述；以時(shí)間推移為線索；以地點(diǎn)變換為線索；以列舉并列內(nèi)容為線索；以對(duì)比角度為線索)，又可考查對(duì)各節(jié)功能特點(diǎn)的判斷(如論點(diǎn)、論證、結(jié)論)，還可考查對(duì)各節(jié)邏輯特點(diǎn)的判斷(如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、結(jié)果、原因、轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、并列)。解題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析各節(jié)內(nèi)容與文章主旨之間的關(guān)系，分析各節(jié)通過(guò)什么手段服務(wù)主旨，相互之間是什么關(guān)系，從而對(duì)文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確判斷。 真 題 典 例(2013陜西卷C)According to sociologists(社會(huì)學(xué)家)，every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(階層)Class，power and status are important in deciding peoples rank in society.Class means a persons economic position in society.A commonly used classification is lower class，middle class and upper class.While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined，they do describe societies like the United States quite well.One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class，and 1% the upper class.Interestingly，a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people.Obviously，people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使) big power，but people who take orders from others have less power.Power and class do not always go hand in hand，however.For example，the governor of a state has great power，but he or she may not belong to a corresponding(相應(yīng)的) economic class.Generally，however，there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge，there arent too many people who arent millionaires in the US.Senate!Status is the honor or respect attached to a persons position in society.It can also be affected by power and class，but not necessarily so.For example，a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text? (P：Paragraph) 答案A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。文章第一段總述了三個(gè)方面(class，power，status)在定義階層中的作用，第二段(class)、第三段(power)和第四段(status)分別敘述了它們的作用，文章結(jié)構(gòu)為總分式，所以選擇A項(xiàng)。 學(xué) 以 致 用Wilderness(2012北京卷閱讀理解D篇)“In wilderness(荒野)is the preservation of the world.”This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism.The frequency with which it is bo r r o w e d m i rro rs a h e a t e d d e ba t e o n environmental protection：whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out，there is a strong appeal in images of the wild，the untouched；more than anything else，they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly.The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong，and the danger exploitation (開(kāi)發(fā))brings to such landscapes(景觀)is real.Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans needthe rainforests，for example，store carbon in vast quantities.To Mr.Sauven，these“ecosystem services”far outweigh the gains from exploitation.Lee Lane，a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute，takes the opposing view.He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services，such as water conservation.But that is not，he argues，a reason to avoid all human presence，or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation.There are ever more people on the Earth，and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives，rather than merely struggle for survival.While the ways of using resources have improved，there is still a growing need for raw materials，and some wildernesses contain them in abundance.If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide，the argument goes，there is no further reason not to do so.Being untouched is not，in itself，a characteristic worth valuing above all others.I look forward to seeing these views taken further，and to their being challenged by the other participants.One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly.And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings，but also the guidance of reason.What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?CP：Central PointP：PointSp：Subpoint(次要點(diǎn))C：Conclusion答案D文章第一段提出中心論點(diǎn)；第二、三兩段分別闡述了兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)；第四段是作者自己的觀點(diǎn)；最后一段是文章的結(jié)論。