第一篇語言知識及應用第一篇語言知識及應用第四節(jié)智用常識推斷法第四節(jié)智用常識推斷法所謂常識推斷法，指的是解題時將文段意思所謂常識推斷法，指的是解題時將文段意思和我們原有的生活經(jīng)驗、文化背景知識以及科普和我們原有的生活經(jīng)驗、文化背景知識以及科普常識等結(jié)合起來，常識等結(jié)合起來， 進行簡單推理，進行簡單推理， 從而得出正確從而得出正確答案的方法。事實上，這種技巧與答案的方法。事實上，這種技巧與“邏輯推理法邏輯推理法”常常交織在一起。常常交織在一起。一、考查生活經(jīng)驗常識的運用一、考查生活經(jīng)驗常識的運用例例1Whether a person receives help depends in part on the“worth”of the case.For example，shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone money to buy milk rather than to buy cookies，probably because milk is thought more essential for_1_than cookies.Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be _2_ rather than drunk.1A.shoppers BResearch Cchildren Dhealth2A.talkative BHandsome Ccalm Dsick1解析：解析：根據(jù)常識可知根據(jù)常識可知，對于健康對于健康(health)，牛奶要比餅干更重要。牛奶要比餅干更重要。答案：答案：D2解析：解析：根據(jù)常識可知根據(jù)常識可知，比起因醉酒倒比起因醉酒倒地的人來說地的人來說，人們會更愿意幫助一個因生病人們會更愿意幫助一個因生病(sick)而倒地的人。而倒地的人。答案：答案：D例例2 There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere.We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the way home from work in the evenings.A man will be reading the newspaper，and seconds later it appears as if he is trying to _1_it.A more embarrassing(尷尷尬尬)situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and the weight of the head pushes the arm off the desk，and the movement carries the rest of the body along.The student wakes up on the floor with no _2_of getting there.1A.open BEat Cfind Dfinish2A.memory BReason Cquestion Dpurpose1解析：解析：根據(jù)常識可知根據(jù)常識可知，因為坐車打瞌睡會不斷地因為坐車打瞌睡會不斷地點頭點頭，又因為頭部靠近報紙又因為頭部靠近報紙，所以看起來像是要吃所以看起來像是要吃(eat)報報紙一樣。紙一樣。答案：答案：B2解析：解析：根據(jù)常識可知根據(jù)常識可知，當一個人睡著了，他就不，當一個人睡著了，他就不記得記得(memory)睡覺時發(fā)生的事情。睡覺時發(fā)生的事情。答案：答案：A二、考查學科常識的運用二、考查學科常識的運用例例1 For the student who is not adjusting well at school，calls to home will probably be made more frequently.This circumstance can bring a challenging period for both parent and child.For the parents at home，it can be terribly disturbing to sense their child is unhappy.It is difficult to judge how we should react to this challenge：as_，we want to bring our children home to the safety of our nest；in our parentteacher role，we want to cut the ties and allow our child the opportunity to make it on his/her own.Aprotectors BremindersCinspectors Dindividuals 根據(jù)法律常識可知根據(jù)法律常識可知，父母當然是自己孩父母當然是自己孩子的監(jiān)護人子的監(jiān)護人(protectors)。解析：解析：答案：答案：A例例1 .some insist that stealing is always wrong，but others think that one does not need to feel so_when stealing some food to eat，if he lives in a really poor area and he is starving.Anervous BanxiousCafraid Dguilty 根據(jù)法律常識可知根據(jù)法律常識可知，偷東西是違法行為偷東西是違法行為，會讓人感到有罪的會讓人感到有罪的(guilty)。解析：解析：答案：答案：D例例1 I was growing up in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s，when children from different races and religions played and studied together in harmony.At that time my family lived a stones _from Ismails.And no one was bothered that Ismail was a Malay Muslim and I was an Indian Hindu.Adrop BthrowCmove Droll三、考查文化背景知識的運用三、考查文化背景知識的運用解析：解析：答案：答案：B 根據(jù)英語文化常識可知根據(jù)英語文化常識可知，a stones throw是固定習語是固定習語，意為意為“在附近；離在附近；離一箭一箭之遠之遠”。句意：那時候。句意：那時候，我家離我家離Ismail的家很的家很近。近。例例2 To make sure that he was remembered with love and respect，Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to _1_the Nobel prizes，which would be awarded to people who made great _2_to the causes of peace，literature，and the sciences.So basically，Nobel had to die before he realized what his life was really about.1A.establish BformCdevelop Dpromote2A.additions BsacrificesCchanges Dcontributions1解析：解析：根據(jù)常識可知根據(jù)常識可知，諾貝爾獎是由諾諾貝爾獎是由諾貝爾的大部分遺產(chǎn)建立貝爾的大部分遺產(chǎn)建立(establish)起來的。起來的。答案：答案：A2解析：解析：根據(jù)常識可知根據(jù)常識可知，諾貝爾獎是獎勵諾貝爾獎是獎勵那些為和平、文學、科學作出巨大貢獻那些為和平、文學、科學作出巨大貢獻(contribution)的人。的人。答案：答案：D利用常識推斷法完成下列各題。利用常識推斷法完成下列各題。1A major French newspaper mistook his brother for him and carried an article_the death of Alfred Nobel.“The merchant of death is dead.” the article read.Aintroducing BannouncingCimplying Dadvertisingu即學即即學即練練解析：解析：由常識可知由常識可知，報社應是報社應是“發(fā)布發(fā)布”消息消息，故選故選B。答案：答案：B2(Immediately)the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to the_hospital.Aanimal BbiggestCplant Dnearest解析：解析：根據(jù)常識根據(jù)常識，在這樣緊急的情況下在這樣緊急的情況下，人們的人們的第一反應是到最近的醫(yī)院就醫(yī)第一反應是到最近的醫(yī)院就醫(yī)，故選故選D。答案：答案：D解析：解析：根據(jù)常識根據(jù)常識，沙漠地區(qū)屬于干旱地帶沙漠地區(qū)屬于干旱地帶，故選故選A。答案：答案：A3The amount of usable water has always been of great interest in the world.Owning springs and streams sometimes means control, particularly in the_areas like the desert.Adry BdistantCdeserted Dwild 4It had been a year since Susan became blind.As the result of an accident, she was suddenly thrown into a world of_Aweakness BsicknessCdarkness Dsadness解析：解析：根據(jù)常識根據(jù)常識，一個人既然盲了一個人既然盲了，她的世界她的世界自然是黑暗的自然是黑暗的，故選故選C。答案：答案：C 5This statue is, of course, the Statue of Liberty.The Statue of Liberty is a woman who holds a_up high.Acane BcandleCtorch Dlamp解析：解析：根據(jù)文化背景和常識根據(jù)文化背景和常識，自由女神像手自由女神像手里拿著的是火炬里拿著的是火炬(torch)，故選故選C。答案：答案：C 6.the girl was able to lead her birds to run across the grass, but she could not teach them to_Afly BraceCswim Dsing解析：解析：根據(jù)常識根據(jù)常識，人類可以人類可以race、swim或或sing，但是不會直接像鳥一樣振翅飛翔但是不會直接像鳥一樣振翅飛翔，因此小女孩不能因此小女孩不能教給鳥兒飛翔教給鳥兒飛翔，故選故選A。 答案：答案：A 7Everywhere, there were the paper remains of used fireworks lying on the ground.Little boys lit more and covered their ears as they waited_for the explosions.Apatiently BcalmlyCworriedly Dexcitedly 解析：解析：語境中的語境中的“Everywhere, there were the paper remains of used fireworks lying on the ground”和和“covered their ears”使我們聯(lián)想起節(jié)日放鞭炮或使我們聯(lián)想起節(jié)日放鞭炮或觀看別人放鞭炮的情景觀看別人放鞭炮的情景，即點上鞭炮后興奮地跑開即點上鞭炮后興奮地跑開，捂著耳朵等著爆炸捂著耳朵等著爆炸，故選故選D。 答案：答案：D8Fire stations are strangely exciting places.In the normal course of events the great doors are shut, and behind them, the fireengines wait peacefully, brightly cleaned and lovingly cared for.But the moment the fire alarm sounds, the huge doors open immediately and the firemen come_Afleeing BlaughingCjumping Drushing解析：解析：根據(jù)生活常識根據(jù)生活常識，每當有火警的時候消每當有火警的時候消防隊員都是快速出動防隊員都是快速出動，此處用此處用rushing表示方式表示方式，修飾修飾come，故選故選D。答案：答案：D9Every morning she would give him breakfast in bed and bring him the papers to_Acheck BreadCkeep Dsign 解析：解析：根據(jù)文化背景知識根據(jù)文化背景知識，外國人有早上讀報外國人有早上讀報的習慣的習慣，句中句中papers即報紙即報紙(newspapers)，故選故選B。答案：答案：B10Sometimes I really doubt whether there is love between my parents.They are very busy working to support the family.They dont act in the romantic ways that I read in books or I see on TV._flowers to each other on Valentines Day is even more out of the question.ATaking BPassingCBuying DSending解析：解析：根據(jù)文化背景知識根據(jù)文化背景知識，Valentines Day為西方國家的情人節(jié)為西方國家的情人節(jié)，這一天情人之間、夫妻之這一天情人之間、夫妻之間一般是要互送鮮花來慶祝的。故選間一般是要互送鮮花來慶祝的。故選D。答案：答案：D11Roberta appeared on the stage.She took a deep breath and began to speak.Now she was Portia, a strongwilled_in Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice.The theatre was filled with people.She was speaking with a power she had never experienced before, the words flowing smoothly from her.Amember BactressCplayer Dcharacter解析：解析：本題考查文化背景知識。莎士比亞為本題考查文化背景知識。莎士比亞為英國文學巨匠英國文學巨匠，威尼斯商人威尼斯商人是其廣為人知的是其廣為人知的作品。機智、漂亮的作品。機智、漂亮的Portia(鮑西婭鮑西婭)是其中是其中character(角色角色)之一之一，故選故選D。答案：答案：D12It was a busy morning，about 8：30，when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital.I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for appointment(約會約會)at 9：30.The nurse had him take a seat in the waiting area，telling him it would be at least 40 minutes before someone would be able to see him.I saw him_his watch and decided.Ataking off BfixingClooking at Dwinding解析：解析：根據(jù)上文根據(jù)上文“I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for appointment at 9：30”，再根據(jù)常識可知再根據(jù)常識可知，當一個人與他人有約會當一個人與他人有約會時時，會擔心誤了時間會擔心誤了時間 ，所以會時不時地看，所以會時不時地看(looking at)手表。手表。答案：答案：C