會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1無(wú)機(jī)非金屬材料工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)無(wú)機(jī)非金屬材料工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 第1頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第2頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第3頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第4頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第5頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)VocabularyContemporary 當(dāng)代當(dāng)代Stimulus 激勵(lì)，刺激激勵(lì)，刺激Opaque 不透明不透明 Translucent 半透明半透明Transparent 透明透明Deep-seated 根深蒂固的，深層的根深蒂固的，深層的Existence 存在存在, 實(shí)在實(shí)在, 生活生活, 存在物存在物, 實(shí)在物實(shí)在物Sophisticated 復(fù)雜的復(fù)雜的Forerunner 先驅(qū)先驅(qū)(者者), 傳令官傳令官, 預(yù)兆預(yù)兆Intimately 密切地密切地第6頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第7頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第8頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第9頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)1.1 Historical perspective (觀察，透視觀察，透視) Materials are probably more deep-seated (根深蒂固的根深蒂固的, 深層的深層的) in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation（娛樂(lè)）, and food productionvirtually（事實(shí)上） every segment （方面）of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another（不同程度地） by materials. 第10頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第11頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Stone ageiron ageSteel ageAdvanced materials agebronze age第12頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第13頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第14頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered （使能夠） them to fashion(shape ), to a large degree（非常）, the characteristics of materials. 第15頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第16頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)The ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance, but do you know the bowl is the ancestor of the cup if trace back to 7000 years ago?porcelainceramics第17頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第18頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)what are called semi-conducting （半導(dǎo)體的）materials.第19頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Materials scientists and engineers seek （try, investigate尋求）尋求）to understand and control the basic structure of materials in order to make the products stronger, lighter, brighter, safer, faster and better suited (adapt, fit )to (適合適合) human needs. Every part in your car and every piece of your computer are carefully selected to optimize (優(yōu)化優(yōu)化) performance and cost effectiveness.3.Task for Materials scientists and engineers第20頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)4.Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) discipline The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structureproperty correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined (預(yù)定的) set of properties. Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships between material properties and structural elements.第21頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第22頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第23頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第24頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第25頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第26頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第27頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第28頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第29頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)For example, the development of steels permitted the building of skyscrapers and suspension bridges; advances in silicon based technology provided the foundation for electronics and computers,New biomaterials have resulted in medical breakthroughs that save and improve lives. Materials scientists and engineers focus on the manipulation of atomic scale structure to change materials properties第30頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)This focus has pushed our discipline to the forefront（最前沿）（最前沿） of developing and applying new tools to observe and manipulate matter at the smallest scales. These advances continue to play an important part in the emergence of fields such as nanotechnology at the beginning of the 21st century. 第31頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)5 The future of humanity depends on our wise use of materialsMost of the technological innovations that we associate with contemporary（現(xiàn)代）（現(xiàn)代） life have involved some major advance in materials processing or application. 第32頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Automobiles, satellites, televisions, computers and DVD players all would not be possible without advances in polymers, ceramics, metals and semiconductors. New advances are being pioneered in our laboratories. 第33頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)pThe direct threat of global warming and dwindling(縮小縮小)fossil fuel resources have made the efficient use of energy a priority(優(yōu)先優(yōu)先). pMSE faculty and students work actively to make light-weight engine components out of aluminum and magnesium in order to boost(促進(jìn)促進(jìn),增強(qiáng)增強(qiáng)) fuel efficiency. pThey also pioneer improved high-temperature materials that are important for efficient jet engines and electricity generation. 第34頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)To restore hearing to deaf people and sight to blind people prosthetic devices must make contact between the brain and a microphone or camera. MSE faculty and students work to find ways to Interface（ 界面）界面）silicon technology to neural tissue（神經(jīng)組織）（神經(jīng)組織）. This requires the development of coatings that are biocompatible (生物相容的生物相容的) and electrically conducting.第35頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Moores law states that the number of transistors（晶體管）（晶體管） on the latest computer chip doubles approximately every 18 months. This translates into more memory and faster, cheaper computers. But there is a limit to the density of transistors that can be placed on a computer chip using current technology. 第36頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)MSE faculty and students develop methods to spontaneously（自發(fā)）（自發(fā)）generate structures a few tens to hundreds of atoms across to form the basis for quantum （量子）（量子）computers. These next generation computers will exploit the physics of quantum confinement （量子陷阱）（量子陷阱） that dominate at that tiny scale. 第37頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Making components out of new materials often involves an extensive cycle of design, creation, testing and redesign. This process is costly and time consuming. MSE faculty and students develop computer simulation techniques to predict material behavior such as resistance to failure, stability, and high temperature formability. These computing advances speed the way toward the introduction of new materials in a safe and cost-effective manner. 第38頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Building on a solid foundation and bridging many fields第39頁(yè)/共55頁(yè) Course work in the MSE department emphasizes the relationship between how a material is processed, its structure and the resulting properties and is built on a firm grounding in physics and chemistry. Hands-on learning and access to sophisticated instrumentation allow students to gain valuable experience in characterizing materials structure and properties.（you can be a police using SEM or TEM） 第40頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Because materials enable new products and technologies, it is nearly impossible to find an engineering discipline that does not interface in some way with Materials Science and Engineering. This is especially true for mechanical, aerospace, electrical, chemical and biomedical engineering where dual majors are often pursued. 第41頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)1.2 Materials science and engineering1. Terms of definition Materials Science: investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.Materials Engineering: on the basis of structure property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.第42頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Structure: A nebulous(模糊）模糊） term; In brief, the arrangement of its internal componentsSubatomic structure-involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nucleiAt atomic level-structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another.microscopic (顯微顯微)a large group of atoms agglomerated together.Macroscopic (宏觀宏觀) where the structure elements might be viewed by naked eye. 第43頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)property: 1.a material trait (特性特性) in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus。Examples:A loaded steel bar will be deformedA heated plastic plate will be softened A polished metal surface will reflect light第44頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)1.Mechanical2.electrical 3.thermal 4. Magnetic5.optical 6.deteriorative(變質(zhì)，化學(xué)變質(zhì)，化學(xué)) a elastic modulusb. index of refractionc. strengthd. reflectivitye. thermal conductivityf. heat capacityg. electrical conductivityh. plasticityI. electromagneticj. light radiationk.chemical reactivityl.Dielectric constantVirtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different property:第45頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)In addition to structure and properties, processing and performance are another two important components for MSE. Four components that are involved in the design, production and utilization of materialsprocessing structure properties performance第46頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Three thin aluminum disk specimens placed over printed matter, from left to right they are transparent, translucent and opaque, why? Because they are processed differently , then have different structure; different structure leads to different properties and if they are put into use, the performance must be different too.第47頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)1.3 Why study Materials science and engineering? Many an applied scientist or engineer will at one time or another，whether mechanical, civil (土木), chemical, or electrical, be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear (傳動(dòng)齒輪), the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery (煉油廠) component, or an integrated circuit chip (集成電路板). Of course, materials scientists and engineers are such specialist who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials. For them try to selection proper materials to fulfill specific purpose is not easy. 第48頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Three criteria that are important in the materials selection purpose:1. In-service conditions must be characterized2. Any deterioration of material properties that may be occur during service operation3. Overriding(最重要最重要) consideration is that of economics第49頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)1.4 Classification(分類分類) of materialsSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. 第50頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第51頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Metals: lustrous(有光澤）appearance, good conductors of electricity and heat, not transparent to visible light.Ceramics: compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements, insulative (絕緣的) to the passage of electricity and heat, including clay(陶土), cement(水泥) and glass.Polymers: organic compounds, large molecular structures, low densities and may be extremely flexible第52頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)第53頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)Solar energy change to electricityElevated temperature materials: space flight, rocketEnvironmental quality: magnesium alloy1.5 Advanced materials第54頁(yè)/共55頁(yè)