Unit 20 New Frontiers基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)梳理基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)梳理F詞匯梳理1. _ n. 細(xì)菌2. _ n. 全體機(jī)組人員3. _ vt. 幫助；協(xié)助_ n. 幫助_ n. 助手4. _ adj. 技術(shù)上的5. _ n. 消遣；娛樂6. _ n. 事業(yè)；企業(yè)7. _ adj. 方便使用的8. _ vt. 下載9. _ vt. 更新10. _ n. 饑餓_ v. 挨餓11. _ n. 歧視；差別對(duì)待12. _ n. 爭(zhēng)執(zhí)；沖突13. _ n. 平等_ adj. 平等的14. _ n. 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)；資料庫(kù)15. _ adj. 電子的16 _ n. 專家17. _ vt. 呈現(xiàn)；介紹_ n. 呈現(xiàn)；介紹；引薦18. _ n. 電子程序編制員19. _ vt. 拯救；救援20. _ adj. 起初的；最早的21. _ adj. 操作中的；即可使用的22. _ n. 指導(dǎo)者；教練_ v. 指導(dǎo)；教授23. _ n. 困境；進(jìn)退兩難的窘境24. _ vi. 通信25. _ adv. 同時(shí)26. _ vi. 分開；分離27. _ adj. 直言的；坦率的28. _ n. 后果；結(jié)果29. _ vi. 努力解決；摔跤；搏斗30. _ n. 界限；邊界31. _ n. 現(xiàn)象_ pl. 現(xiàn)象32. _ adj. 原始的33. _ adj. 長(zhǎng)久的；永久的_ adj. 暫時(shí)的；臨時(shí)的34. _ vt. 允許；準(zhǔn)許_ n. 允許35. _ vi. 打噴嚏36. _ v. 嗅；聞37. _ vi. (使)成熟38. _ vt. 按；壓39. _ n. 小伙子；電動(dòng)剃須刀40. _ adj. 有毒的_ n. 毒藥41. _ vt. 宣告；宣布自我校對(duì)1.bacteria 2.crew 3.assist； assistance； assistant 4.technical 5.recreation 6.enterprise 7.handy 8.download 9.update 10.starvation； starve 11.discrimination 12.conflict 13.equality； equal 14.database 15.electronic 16.specialist 17.present； presentation 18.programmer 19.rescue 20.original 21.operational 22.instructor; instruct 23.dilemma 24.correspond 25.meanwhile 26.split 27.outspoken 28.outcome 29.wrestle 30.boundary 31.phenomenon； phenomena 32.primitive 33.permanent； temporary 34.permit； permission 35.sneeze 36.sniff 37.ripen 38.press 39.shaver 40.poisonous； poison 41.declare F短語(yǔ)梳理1. _ 預(yù)先 2. _ 泄露(秘密)3. _ 接收；接管4. _ 以防萬(wàn)一5. _ 彌補(bǔ)自我校對(duì)1.in advance 2.give away 3.take over 4.in case 5.make up for重點(diǎn)知識(shí)探究重點(diǎn)知識(shí)探究F重點(diǎn)單詞1. mass n. 質(zhì)量；大量；大多數(shù)；群眾There were masses of people in the shops yesterday.昨天商店里人如潮涌。The masses have boundless creative power.群眾有無限的創(chuàng)造力。知識(shí)梳理a mass of / masses of 大量的in the mass 總體上；總的來說點(diǎn)津提示a mass of / masses of表示“大量的；許多的”之意；后面既可以接可數(shù)名詞也可以接不可數(shù)名詞。探究練習(xí)The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _ pictures of them.A. many ofB. masses ofC. the number of D. a large amount of 【解析】 B 考查了masses of表示“大量的”之意的用法。many直接修飾名詞；C項(xiàng)應(yīng)改為a number of； a large amount of修飾不可數(shù)名詞。2. assist vt. 幫助；協(xié)助I was employed to assist the manager with his duties.我受雇協(xié)助經(jīng)理工作。They had no maps to assist them.他們沒有地圖，很不方便。發(fā)散思維assistant n. 助手assistance n. 幫助求同存異assist， help， aid 含有接受幫助者因?yàn)槿跣《枰獛椭囊馑糰id和另外兩個(gè)詞的差別在于，help 含有比較強(qiáng)的“目的”意義?？梢灾妇唧w或抽象意義上的“幫助”help從詞源學(xué)角度講，是“站在旁邊”的意思，它清楚地包含著這種幫助只起著次要的作用；受協(xié)助的人自己做主要的一部分工作assist用法比較知識(shí)梳理assist sb. with sth.assist sb. to do sth.assist sb. in doing sth. give assistance to sb. 給某人以幫助come to ones assistance 幫助某人幫助某人做某事探究練習(xí)He has been _ me for a long time and I am grateful to him for his kindness.A. assisted B. assisting C. assisting with D. assisted to 【解析】 B assist是及物動(dòng)詞，后面直接接賓語(yǔ)。故選擇B項(xiàng)。句意:他好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以來一直幫助我，我很感激他的善意。3.present vt. 呈現(xiàn)；介紹；出現(xiàn)；頒發(fā)；授予The company has decided it must present a more modern image.公司已經(jīng)決定，必須展現(xiàn)出更加現(xiàn)代的形象。May I present my husband to you?請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我向您介紹我的丈夫?On his retirement, colleagues presented him with a set of golf clubs.在他退休之際，同事們贈(zèng)給他一套高爾夫球桿。知識(shí)拓展present n. 禮物；現(xiàn)在；目前 adj. 現(xiàn)在的；當(dāng)前的；出席的；到場(chǎng)的What can I get him for a birthday present?我給他送點(diǎn)什么生日禮物呢？Im sorry he is out at present.我很抱歉他這會(huì)兒不在。We do not have any more information at the present time.目前，我們沒有進(jìn)一步的消息。知識(shí)梳理present sb. with sth.=present sth. to sb.把某物交給某人；向某人頒發(fā)某物present sb. to sb. 向某人介紹某人；引薦某人at present 目前be present at 出席探究練習(xí)He intended to _ himself better at the interview but actually he behaved worse than expected.A. present B. express C. show off D. explain 【解析】 A 由后句語(yǔ)境behave“表現(xiàn)；舉止”可知，此處應(yīng)用present表示“表現(xiàn)；呈現(xiàn)”之意的用法。句意：他原打算面試時(shí)表現(xiàn)得好一點(diǎn)，但事實(shí)上是他表現(xiàn)地比期望的要差一些。4. rescue vt. (從危險(xiǎn)等中)救出；營(yíng)救 n. 拯救；救援The reporter rescued a child from drowning.那個(gè)記者挽救了溺水的小孩。Many volunteers came to the rescue after the earthquake.地震后很多志愿者都來幫助救援。There were three rescues from danger in one afternoon.在一個(gè)下午三人獲救脫離危險(xiǎn)。求同存異rescue， save是普通用詞，指“使避免傷害；危險(xiǎn)或損失”之意；其賓語(yǔ)既可以是人，也可以是物save二者均可以表示“援救”之意；均為及物動(dòng)詞是指“不失時(shí)機(jī)地以強(qiáng)有力的措施進(jìn)行援救”，其賓語(yǔ)多為人rescue相同點(diǎn)相異點(diǎn)比較知識(shí)梳理rescue sb. from doing sth.=save sb. from doing sth.救某人免于come / go to the rescue of sb. / ones rescue援救某人探究練習(xí)用rescue和save的適當(dāng)?shù)男问教羁铡?1)He sacrificed his life to _ another.(2)I once _ some animals from the flood.【答案】 (1)rescue (2)saved高考體驗(yàn)(2011上海)After getting lost in a storm， a member of the navy team _ four days later.A. rescued B. was rescuedC. has rescued D. had been rescued【解析】 B 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意：海軍小組的一名成員在暴風(fēng)雨中迷失四天后獲救了。member和rescue之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，排除A和C兩項(xiàng)； rescue并非發(fā)生于迷失之前，不是“過去的過去”，排除D項(xiàng)，故選B項(xiàng)。句子只是在陳述過去發(fā)生的事情，所以用一般過去時(shí)。5. meanwhile adv. 同時(shí)；在此期間The doctor will see you again next week. Meanwhile, you must rest as much as possible.醫(yī)生下周還會(huì)來給你看病。在此期間，你一定要盡可能多休息。I had to wait an extra hour so I wrote letters meanwhile.我必須再等一個(gè)小時(shí)所以在此期間我寫了一些信。點(diǎn)津提示meanwhile相當(dāng)于in the meanwhile或in the meantime等；meanwhile不能用作連詞，不能引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。探究練習(xí)She has spent four months in America， and _， she has practiced her oral English.A. meanwhile B. in timeC. otherwise D. moreover【解析】 A 句意：她在美國(guó)呆了四個(gè)月，在此期間，她練習(xí)了自己的口語(yǔ)?？疾榱薽eanwhile表示“在此期間；同時(shí)”之意的用法，符合語(yǔ)境；而in time是“及時(shí)；遲早”； otherwise是“否則”； moreover是“而且”，均為干擾項(xiàng)。高考體驗(yàn)(2009浙江)The incomes of skilled workers went up. _， unskilled workers saw their earnings fall.A. Moreover B. ThereforeC. Meanwile D. Otherwise【解析】 C 考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：熟練工人的收入提高了，且同時(shí)非熟練工人的收入下降了。moreover“而且；除此以外”；therefore“因此”；meanwhile“與此同時(shí)；另一方面”；otherwise“否則；不然”。6. split vi. & vt. (使)裂開；(使)破裂；(使)分離n. C分歧；分裂；分離；裂口；劈叉 split up a hill to let the water through劈山引水split a job among four persons把一件事分給四個(gè)人做the years following his bitter split with his wife.他和妻子分開后的那些年a 50 50 split in the profit利潤(rùn)對(duì)半分知識(shí)梳理split away off 脫落下來；分裂(出去)；分離split up (into) (使)分裂；(使)分離；分享；分擔(dān)split (up)with sb. 俚和某人鬧翻點(diǎn)津提示split的過去式和過去分詞均為split；而其現(xiàn)在分詞是splitting。探究練習(xí)The task is too heavy for one person to finish so we decided to _ between us.A. split it up B. separate itC. split up it D. none of the above【解析】 A 考查了split up表示“分開”之意的用法。句意：這項(xiàng)任務(wù)工程巨大，一個(gè)人完不成，我們不得不分開做。代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)必須放在split和up之間，故選A。7. cure vt. 治愈；治療；改正 n. 治愈；治療；治療法Parents try to cure their children of bad habits.父母試圖改掉孩子的惡習(xí)。The doctor cant guarantee a cure.醫(yī)生不能保證治愈。Aspirin is a wonderful cure for colds.阿斯匹林是治感冒的妙藥。知識(shí)梳理(1)cure sb. of sth. 治好某人的??；消除某人的憂慮(2)a cure for sth. 問題的解決辦法；疾病的治療方法求同存異常指?jìng)谟蟞eal康復(fù)；恢復(fù)recover普通用語(yǔ)，指醫(yī)治、治療，常跟人作賓語(yǔ)，與for搭配，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作treat意為“治愈；治好”，可直接跟人或疾病作賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)用來指突然地、出乎意料地痊愈；也用于引申指人的生活習(xí)慣的糾正、矯正等，與介詞of搭配，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果cure探究練習(xí)用cure和treat的適當(dāng)?shù)男问教羁铡?1)The doctor has _ his illness completely.(2)He was being _ in the hospital. 【答案】 (1) cured (2)treated8. fade vi.逐漸變?nèi)?；褪色；消失Will the colour in this material fade?這種料子褪色嗎? His voice faded to a whisper.他的聲音越來越小，變成了耳語(yǔ)。The laughter faded away.笑聲逐漸消逝。知識(shí)梳理fade away 消失；逐漸減弱；褪色fade out 淡出(指電影、電視中的畫面)；漸隱；漸弱(指電影、電視中的聲音)fade up 漸強(qiáng)(指電視、廣播中的聲音)探究練習(xí)The color is too dark and it will look better if it _ a little.A. fades B. fallsC. disappears D. decreases【解析】 A 考查了fade表示“減弱；褪色”之意的用法。句意：這種顏色太深，如果稍微褪點(diǎn)顏色可能會(huì)更好看些。其余選擇項(xiàng)均為干擾項(xiàng)。9. permit vt. 允許；準(zhǔn)許 n. 許可證；執(zhí)照；營(yíng)業(yè)證I would like to do it with you， but I am not sure whether my parents permit.我愿意和你一起做，但不知我父母是否允許。She permitted me to borrow the book.她允許我借那本書。I havent got a driving permit.我還沒有得到駕駛執(zhí)照。知識(shí)梳理permit sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事permit doing sth. 允許做某事permit of 容許permission n. 允許；許可ask for permission 請(qǐng)求允許without permission 未經(jīng)許可with ones permission 征得某人許可點(diǎn)津提示permit作名詞時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞，意為“許可證；執(zhí)照”，permission是不可數(shù)名詞，意為“許可”。求同存異表示“允許、默許或聽任”之意，含有消極不反對(duì)的意思allow(1)表示“允許”(2)均可以用于allow / permitdoing或allow / permit sb. to do 的結(jié)構(gòu)中比allow要正式，語(yǔ)意最強(qiáng)，多表示具有權(quán)威性的“批準(zhǔn)、允許或認(rèn)可”之意permit相同點(diǎn)相異點(diǎn)比較探究練習(xí)Would you _ me _ some advice on the matter?A. allow； offering B. permit； to offerC. allow； offer D. permit； to offering【解析】 B 考查了permit sb. to do sth.表示“允許某人干某事”之意的用法。相當(dāng)于allow sb. to do sth.，其余選擇項(xiàng)均不符合語(yǔ)法。高考體驗(yàn)(2011天津)Passengers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.A. to carry B. carryingC. to be carried D. being carried【解析】 A 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：乘客只允許攜帶一個(gè)手提行李包登機(jī)。本句用的結(jié)構(gòu)是sb. be permitted to do sth.，故選A項(xiàng)。10. declare vt. 宣布；宣告He declared that the meeting has been postponed.他宣布會(huì)議已延期了。He declared (that) he was right.他力陳他是對(duì)的。求同存異declare， announce更接近于漢語(yǔ)“公布”“告知”的意思，它所涉及的是一件對(duì)方原來不知道的事announce含有莊嚴(yán)宣告或交代清楚的意思，它所涉及的事不一定是對(duì)方所不知道的declare相異點(diǎn)比較知識(shí)梳理declare for / against 聲明支持/反對(duì)某物declare war against / on . 對(duì)宣戰(zhàn)declare oneself 發(fā)表意見declare sb. / sth. (to be) . 聲稱某人/某物為探究練習(xí)Hearing the club _， all the people present at the ceremony burst into cheers.A. declared to open B. declaring to openC. declared open D. declaring open【解析】 C 考查了declare sth. +adj.，表示“宣布某物處于的狀態(tài)中”之意； hear sth. done“聽到某事被”。其余選擇項(xiàng)均不符合語(yǔ)法。F重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)1. give away泄漏；贈(zèng)送His accent gave him away.他的口音暴露了他的身份。He gave away most of his money to charity.他把他的大部分的錢都捐給了慈善事業(yè)。知識(shí)拓展與give有關(guān)的其他短語(yǔ)：give about 分布；傳播(謠言) give away 背棄；出賣；泄露(秘密)；贈(zèng)送give back 歸還；送回give forth 發(fā)(放)出(聲音；氣味等) give in 屈服；投降； 退讓(to)；交(呈)上give off (散)發(fā)出(蒸氣)；發(fā)散(光線) give out 用完；用盡；散(分)發(fā)；精疲力竭give over 中止；停止做give up 放棄；停(中)止探究練習(xí)用與give有關(guān)的短語(yǔ)填空。(1)Check out the prices of our pizza weve virtually _ them _.(2)The rebels were forced to _ finally.(3)She didnt _ the hope of finding her lost child.(4)After a month their food supplies _.(5)The flowers _ a fragrant perfume.(6)Could you _ me _ my pen please?【答案】 (1)given； away (2)give in (3)give up (4)gave out (5)gave off (6)give； back2. take over接管；接替When she fell ill， her daughter took over the business from her.她患病期間，她的女兒接管她的生意。I am afraid its not possible for you to take over the job.我恐怕你不可以接管這種工作。知識(shí)拓展與take有關(guān)的其他短語(yǔ)：take after sb.外貌或行為像；追趕take apart打?。粐?yán)厲抨擊；拆開；拆卸take away from減少；減弱；貶低take sth. back退回；收回；理解；領(lǐng)會(huì)；記住take in 吸收；攝??；包含；包括；接受；接待；收容；領(lǐng)會(huì)；理解；欺騙take off起飛；匆匆離去；突然大受歡迎；迅速流行；脫下；摘掉take on聘用；雇傭；呈現(xiàn)；具有特征；決定做；承擔(dān)take over from sth.占上風(fēng)；取而代之take over 接管；接替；控制take to sth.開始沉迷于；養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣；對(duì)產(chǎn)生好感take up 開始從事；著手處理；接下去；拿起；舉起；帶(某人)去；占據(jù)；消耗；采納；接受探究練習(xí)用與take有關(guān)的短語(yǔ)填空。(1)She was _ as a trainee.(2)The table _ too much space of the room.(3)The plane is _ in ten minutes.(4)Who has _ my dictionary?(5)The old man was _ by the evil man.【答案】 (1)taken on (2)takes up (3)taking off (4)taken away (5)taken inF重點(diǎn)句型1. By the year 2015， the clothing industry will have produced new types of material that will remain stainless no matter what you spill on them.到2015年， 服裝業(yè)將生產(chǎn)出一種新型布料，無論你將什么東西灑在上面都不會(huì)留下污漬。no matter what在句中引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“無論什么”；相當(dāng)于whatever。No matter what / Whatever you do， you should try all your best.無論你做什么，你都得盡全力。點(diǎn)津提示(1)no matter what / which / who只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；而whatever / whichever / whoever是既可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句也可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句；引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，相當(dāng)于no matter what / which / who；引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，分別相當(dāng)于“名詞/代詞+that / which / who”。(2)whenever / wherever / however相當(dāng)于no matter when / where / how，只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。探究練習(xí) I dont know how to deal with my son. He always refuses _ advice I give him. He just wants to show he has grown up， maybe.A. no matter what B. whateverC. no matter which D. whichever【解析】 B 第一句句意：我不知道如何對(duì)付我的兒子，他總是拒絕我給他提出的任何建議。whatever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句作refuse的賓語(yǔ)；同時(shí)，whatever在從句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾advice，是“任何的”之意。2. The International Space Station is now being built in the Earths orbit and soon will be working as a permanent manned scientific base， so as to research life in space and provide a stepping stone in case future manned flights are sent out.現(xiàn)在在地球軌道上正建國(guó)際空間站，不久它將是永久性的人造科學(xué)基地。建空間站為的是研究太空生命并為將來發(fā)送載人客機(jī)提供落腳基地。so as to do是“為了”之意，表示目的；相當(dāng)于in order to do.。We have sent up man-made satellites so as to explore space.為了探索太空，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)射了幾顆人造衛(wèi)星。發(fā)散思維so . as to . 如此以至于so that為了in order to do 為了in order that 為了求同存異so as to do / in order to doin order to do只能夠表示目的，位于句首或句中均可；而so as to do既可以表示目的也可以表示結(jié)果，只能夠位于句中；其否定形式分別為 in order not to do和so as not to do。探究練習(xí)_ be late for the meeting， she got up earlier than usual _ catch up with the early bus.A. In order to； so as to B. In order not to； so as to C. So as not to； in order to D. So as to； in order to【解析】 B so as to do 不能位于句首；in order to do的否定式為in order not to do. 故選擇B項(xiàng)。句意：為了開會(huì)不遲到，她比往常起得早一些以趕上早班車。隨堂基礎(chǔ)闖關(guān)隨堂基礎(chǔ)闖關(guān). 單項(xiàng)填空1. Jim went to answer the phone. _， Harry started to prepare lunch.A. However B. Nevertheless C. Besides D. Meanwhile答案 D解析 考查副詞用法。句意：吉姆去接電話，與此同時(shí)，哈里開始準(zhǔn)備午餐。前后兩個(gè)句子是相同的語(yǔ)意關(guān)系，在時(shí)間上表示同時(shí)，所以用meanwhile。2. In dealing with public relations， we should make every effort to prevent the _ in personality.A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict答案 D解析 句意：在處理公眾關(guān)系中，我們應(yīng)竭盡全力來阻止個(gè)性之間的沖突。 conflict“爭(zhēng)執(zhí)；沖突”； contact“接觸；聯(lián)系”； connection“聯(lián)系”； contrast“對(duì)照；對(duì)比”。3. In many places of the world people often gather to laugh wildly just to _ stress in life.A. rescue B. restore C. replace D. relieve答案 D解析 句意：在世界上的很多地方，人們經(jīng)常聚集到一起大笑來減輕生活的壓力。 rescue“營(yíng)救”； restore“使恢復(fù)；歸還”； replace“替換”； relieve“減輕；解除”。4. If most breadwinners _ a days pay to the Hope Project， then it will be hopeful.A. gift B. donate C. present D. give答案 B解析 句意：如果大多數(shù)有能力掙錢的人給希望工程捐上一日的薪水的話，希望工程就很有希望了。 gift“賦予”；donate“捐贈(zèng)”； present“呈現(xiàn)”； give“給予”。此處應(yīng)是捐贈(zèng)。. 短語(yǔ)應(yīng)用1. The teacher thought his students needed more practice and learning skills _ much homework.A. other than B. rather than C. more than D. in place of答案 B解析 句意：老師認(rèn)為他的學(xué)生需要更多的實(shí)踐和學(xué)習(xí)技巧而不是太多的作業(yè)。 other than“除了”； rather than“而不是”； more than“多于”； in place of“代替”。2. The students puzzled look suggested that she failed to _ what I said.A. take out B. pick out C. figure out D. find out答案 C解析 考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。句意：那個(gè)學(xué)生迷惑的表情表明她沒能理解我所說的。take out“拿出”； pick out“挑選”； find out“查明”均不符合語(yǔ)境。figure out“理解；想出”正確。. 單詞拼寫1. Two men are _ (協(xié)助) the police with their enquirers.2. Many people died of _ (饑餓) in the past.3. She found herself in _ (分歧) with her parents over her future career.4. Crowds burst through the _ (屏障) and ran onto the pitch.5. You are not p _ access to confidential files. 6. The use of certain chemicals has now been _ (宣布) illegal.7. Tom is a _ (同事) of mine at the bank.8. Hundreds of people are still in the water， waiting to be r_.9. There is a fire _ (出口) on each floor of the building， for people to escape in case of fire.10. We are anxiously awaiting the o _ of the negotiations.答案 1. assisting 2. starvation 3. conflict 4. barriers 5. permitted 6. declared 7. colleague 8. rescued 9. exit 10. outcome. 用括號(hào)中所給出的短語(yǔ)補(bǔ)全下列句子as long as; make great contributions to; in terms of; out of the ordinary; make a great breakthrough; in conclusion; in advance; take control; on ones own; look into1. Computers will be more powerful than the human brain _ intelligence.2. Hubbe was _ in exploring the space.3. He was about to throw it away when he noticed something _.4. The two brothers _ the development of aircraft.5. _， space exploration is still in its initial stage.6. We will keep exploring the space _ people remain curious.7. He did the experiment _.8. They are _ the cause of the accident.9. In the future， small computers will _ of most of the things instead of people.10. We should prepare for the party _.答案 1. in terms of 2. making a great breakthrough 3. out of the ordinary 4. made great contributions to 5. In conclusion 6. as long as 7. on his own 8. looking into 9. take control 10. in advance