UNIT 3 LANGUAGE IN USELook at the following sentences and tell us why certain words are highlighted. I know (that) foreigners find China very different from their own countries. I dont know who will come. Ive heard that you played in the school orchestra. I asked your secretary whether she could come or not. Do you know if Sally Maxwell is here yet? Can you tell me where youre from? Object Clause一、一、賓語從句的定義：賓語從句的定義： 賓語從句是英語中用來充當(dāng)賓語的賓語從句是英語中用來充當(dāng)賓語的句子句子。帶有賓語從句的那個(gè)句子叫帶有賓語從句的那個(gè)句子叫主句賓語從句主句賓語從句。一般由一般由“引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞主語謂語其它主語謂語其它”構(gòu)成，其語序構(gòu)成，其語序是陳述句語序是陳述句語序。二、哪些詞后面常接二、哪些詞后面常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句引導(dǎo)的賓語從句? 主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是say, think, tell, know, hear, see, feel, mean, hope, wish, remember, forget等時(shí)等時(shí), 或主句的謂語或主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是由形容詞動(dòng)詞是由形容詞afraid, glad, sure, sorry等作表語的系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)等作表語的系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 后面常后面常接接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 能跟賓語從句的形容詞還有：能跟賓語從句的形容詞還有：afraid, glad, sad, excited, certain, proud, sure, unhappy, frightened, pleased, sorry, surprised等。等。e.g. He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster. 他說他想和校長(zhǎng)說話。他說他想和校長(zhǎng)說話。 I think that we need to buy some meat for the party. 我認(rèn)為我們需要為聚會(huì)買些肉。我認(rèn)為我們需要為聚會(huì)買些肉。 Im sorry (that) he isnt here right now. 對(duì)不起對(duì)不起, 此刻他不在。此刻他不在。三三、that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句用來陳述事實(shí)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句用來陳述事實(shí), that本身無詞義本身無詞義, 在從句中不作任何在從句中不作任何成分成分, 在口語中常常省略。在口語中常常省略。e.g. I guess somebody else has borrowed it.我猜是別的人把它借走了。我猜是別的人把它借走了。 Im afraid youll have to wait. 恐怕你得等一下?？峙履愕玫纫幌?。 四、賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)四、賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài) 主句中謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主句中謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), 從句中從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不受限制謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不受限制, 可根據(jù)具體情況可根據(jù)具體情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)；主句中謂語動(dòng)詞是一般選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)；主句中謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)過去時(shí), 從句中也必須要用某種過去時(shí)態(tài)從句中也必須要用某種過去時(shí)態(tài), 以保持時(shí)態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng)。注意當(dāng)賓語從句以保持時(shí)態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng)。注意當(dāng)賓語從句表示的是客觀真理、科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象、表示的是客觀真理、科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象、名言時(shí)名言時(shí), 則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), 不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制。限制。五、五、特殊疑問句變賓語從句特殊疑問句變賓語從句 I. 賓語從句可由連接代詞賓語從句可由連接代詞what, who, whom, whose, which等引導(dǎo)等引導(dǎo), 它們?cè)谫e語從句中它們?cè)谫e語從句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語等可作主語、賓語、表語和定語等, 因此不因此不能省略。能省略。如：如： Do you know who will come this afternoon? 你知道今天下午誰來嗎你知道今天下午誰來嗎？(作主語作主語) Did you hear what she said? 你聽見她說的話了嗎？你聽見她說的話了嗎？(作賓語作賓語) I dont know whose that is. 我不知道那是誰的。我不知道那是誰的。(作表語作表語) Could you tell me which gate we have to go to? 請(qǐng)問我們得走哪個(gè)門請(qǐng)問我們得走哪個(gè)門? (作作gate的定語的定語) II. 賓語從句可由連接副詞賓語從句可由連接副詞when, where, how, why等引導(dǎo)，它們?cè)谫e語從句中等引導(dǎo)，它們?cè)谫e語從句中作狀語，不可省略。作狀語，不可省略。如：如： We didnt know when she would come back. 我們不知道她什么時(shí)候回來。我們不知道她什么時(shí)候回來。 Can you tell me how I get to the post office? 你能告訴我到郵局怎么走嗎？你能告訴我到郵局怎么走嗎？ 說明說明: 含含how的詞組也可引導(dǎo)賓語從句。的詞組也可引導(dǎo)賓語從句。主要有主要有how old, how many, how much, how long, how often, how far等。等。 e.g. Do you know how old he is？ 注意注意: 以上兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中以上兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中, 連接代詞和連接連接代詞和連接副詞起引導(dǎo)賓語從句的作用副詞起引導(dǎo)賓語從句的作用, 不要不要再重復(fù)使用連接詞再重復(fù)使用連接詞, 造成不必要的造成不必要的錯(cuò)誤。錯(cuò)誤。e.g. I cant see that what is over there. 此句中應(yīng)去掉此句中應(yīng)去掉that。 III. 可用連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓可用連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞有語從句的動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞有 see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, show, remember, choose等。等。e.g. We cant decide who should go to Beijing first. 我們不能決定誰應(yīng)該先去北京。我們不能決定誰應(yīng)該先去北京。 Read the story below and find out who Santa Claus is.讀下面的故事，弄清楚圣誕老人是誰。讀下面的故事，弄清楚圣誕老人是誰。六、六、特殊疑問句變賓語從句五注意特殊疑問句變賓語從句五注意 1. 在引導(dǎo)詞上，要將疑問代詞或疑問副在引導(dǎo)詞上，要將疑問代詞或疑問副詞變?yōu)檫B接代詞或連接副詞，引導(dǎo)賓詞變?yōu)檫B接代詞或連接副詞，引導(dǎo)賓語從句。語從句。e.g. Whose bike is this? Does anybody know? Does anybody know whose bike this is?2. 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。保持一致。 e.g. When the train will arrive? He asked me. He asked me when the train would arrive.3. 在語序上在語序上, 要將疑問句語序改要將疑問句語序改為陳述句語序。為陳述句語序。 e.g. Which one do you like best? She asked me. She asked me which one I liked best. 【 注意注意】疑問句中主語之前的助動(dòng)詞若是疑問句中主語之前的助動(dòng)詞若是 dodoes did, 變?yōu)橘e語從句時(shí)變?yōu)橘e語從句時(shí), 要先將其去掉要先將其去掉, 謂語動(dòng)詞再根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞再根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的變化。時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的變化。 4. 特殊疑問詞在句中作主語，變?yōu)橘e語特殊疑問詞在句中作主語，變?yōu)橘e語從句時(shí)語序不變從句時(shí)語序不變 (時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化)。e.g. Who can answer the question? The teacher asked. The teacher asked who could answer the question. 5. 特殊疑問句變?yōu)橘e語從句后特殊疑問句變?yōu)橘e語從句后, 用問號(hào)還用問號(hào)還是用句號(hào)完全取決于主句的句式是用句號(hào)完全取決于主句的句式。如如主句為陳述句、祈使句主句為陳述句、祈使句, 句末就用句號(hào)句末就用句號(hào); 如主句是疑問句如主句是疑問句, 句末就用問號(hào)。句末就用問號(hào)。 e.g. I dont know when we shall start tomorrow. Do you know when we shall start tomorrow?Look at the sentences in Activity 1, and make up as many sentences as you can.For example:I think (that) Mary is a good friend./ Tom is looking for a book in the library./ they will go to the concert./ Activity 2Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.Answers:1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _ 6. _ 7. _ 8. _9. _ 10. _ifhowwhetheroldwherewhowhenwhywhenthatActivity 3Match the questions with the reasons for asking.Answers:1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _abcdaComplete the conversation with the correct form of the words and expressions.Answers:1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _ 6. _ 7. _ 8. _classmatespersonalworryfeel likelonelyforeignermissparentsActivity 4Work in pairsPractice the conversation with your partner. When you have done it once, you can change roles and do it again.Complete the conversations.Answers:1. _ 2. _ 3. _4. _ 5. _ 6. _7. _Activity 5bcgdfeaListen and answer.1. What is the problem the speaker is describing? “My long friendship with someone is coming to an end.”Activity 62. Do you have the same problem with the speaker?3. What will you do if you have such a problem with your friends?Listen and number the advice in the order that you heard it.a. _ b. _ c. _ d. _Activity 74312Around the world: Pen friendsmake friends by writing lettersjoin a clubinvite their pen friends to visit them任務(wù)一任務(wù)一: 請(qǐng)根據(jù)英文提示寫出所對(duì)應(yīng)的單請(qǐng)根據(jù)英文提示寫出所對(duì)應(yīng)的單詞或短語。詞或短語。1. _: become a member of . 2. _: not old; in the early part of life 3. _: to bring several things together 4. _: ask someone to come somewhere, or to do somethinginvite 閱讀閱讀Around the world, 完成下列任務(wù)。完成下列任務(wù)。joinyoungcollect任務(wù)二：請(qǐng)進(jìn)行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。任務(wù)二：請(qǐng)進(jìn)行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。5. International Pen Friends started in 1967. International Pen Friends _ open _ more than forty years. has beenfor6. Stamp collectors, for example, write to people in different countries so that they can collect the stamps they receive. _比如比如, 集郵的人給不同國(guó)家的人寫信集郵的人給不同國(guó)家的人寫信, 這樣他們就可以通過收信件來達(dá)到集這樣他們就可以通過收信件來達(dá)到集郵的目的。郵的目的。任務(wù)三：請(qǐng)將下面的句子翻譯成漢語。任務(wù)三：請(qǐng)將下面的句子翻譯成漢語。任務(wù)四任務(wù)四: 回答下面問題?；卮鹣旅鎲栴}。Why do people write to pen friends?They write to pen friends to find out about other countries/ to practise their English/ to enjoy their hobbies.Making a poster about friendship. Choose three important things about friendship. Discuss your ideas with your group member. Write down your ideas and make poster. Present it to us.Write about a friend. 1. Describe your friend. How did your friendship start?2. What made your friend so special?3. What did you do together to have fun?4. How did your friendship end? Or, if you are still friends, do you think your friendship will be the same in future? What could change things?Possible example:I met Peter in primary school. We found ourselves sitting next to each other. At first we were just friends at school, but as we grew older, we started doing other things together. We would spend time at each others houses at the weekend, andour parents took us away on holiday together. We were like brothers almost.But then we went to different junior high schools and we didnt see each other very often. But then one evening when I joineda new football club, I found Peter in the club. So we started practising together twice a week, and later playing in the team. In fact, we build a great goal-scoring partnership, probably because we knew each other so well. I think well still be close friends in the future.EXERCISES1. I didnt go to the cinema yesterday. _, I didnt go anywhere. 2. She tried to help but found she could do nothing _.at that moment請(qǐng)用所給詞語的正確形式填空。請(qǐng)用所給詞語的正確形式填空。at that moment, find out, make friends with, in fact, at firstIn fact3. I thought Mike was very strange _ . But when I learnt more about him, day by day I began to like him. 4. How is your school? Have you _ your classmates? 5. Please _ what the truth is.find out at firstmade friends with請(qǐng)按照示例完成下列句子，注意賓語從請(qǐng)按照示例完成下列句子，注意賓語從句的用法。句的用法。示例示例: Who is that boy? (I want to know .) I want to know who that boy is.1. Does her aunt live in London? (She doesnt know.) She doesnt know if / whether her aunt lives in London.2. Is Mr Zhang at home or not? (I asked .) 3. Why didnt he come here? (Can you tell me .?) I asked whether Mr Zhang was at home or not.Can you tell me why he didnt come here?4. How many eggs have you bought? (Please let me know.) 5. What did Ted say about it? (She asked me .) Please let me know how many eggs you have bought.She asked me what Ted said about it. 請(qǐng)補(bǔ)上下列各題賓語從句中所缺的連詞請(qǐng)補(bǔ)上下列各題賓語從句中所缺的連詞(引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞)。1. They said _ they would all leave if John stayed. 2. I wonder _ we can meet when I am in Beijing. thatif/whether 3. She asked _ or not she could work in Xinjiang. 4. The teacher didnt know _ broke the window. 5. Mr. Green went out to see _ was happening. who whatwhether6. Please tell me _ your father is. 7. I really dont know _ I should do with these letters.8. Did you ask him _ we would leave?whatwhatwhen 9. Do you know _ the lady lives? 10. Can you tell us _ you are late for class? 11. Could you tell us _ I can get to the zoo? 12. Jenny wondered _ wallet it was. wherewhyhowwhose13. I cant decide _ coat I should choose. 14. They asked me _ the book cost.15. Could you tell me _ students there are in your class? how muchhow manywhich中中 考考 鏈鏈 接接1. In the bookshop, a reader asked the shop keeper _ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book. (北京市東城區(qū)北京市東城區(qū)) A. that B. how C. what D. if 2. I dont know _ Mr. Green will come to see us. He will help us with our English. (杭州市杭州市) A. why B. when C. how D. where 3. We never know _ the old man is. They say he is a teacher. (鄂州市鄂州市) A. what B. who C. which D. where4. I was told _ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. (重慶市重慶市) A. that how B. how that C. when that D. that when 5. Do you know _? Im going to see him. Sorry, I dont know. (北京市海淀區(qū)北京市海淀區(qū)) A. where does Mr. Li live B. where did Mr. Li live C. where Mr. Li lives D. where Mr. Li lived 6. Where do you think _ he _ the computer? Sorry, I have no idea. (南京市南京市) A.；bought B. has；bought C. did；buy D. does；buy 7. I dont feel very well. Mum asked me _ this morning. (重慶市重慶市) A. what the matter is B. what is wrong C. what the matter was D. what wrong was 8. Where is Jack? He is away to spend his holiday. Hes gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan, but Im not sure _.（南昌市）（南昌市） A. that B. which C. where D. there