第三講第三講 介詞和介詞短語介詞和介詞短語考點(diǎn)精講考點(diǎn)精講【考點(diǎn)【考點(diǎn)1】介詞】介詞1表示方位的表示方位的at，in，on，to，beside/by和和near 介詞用法例句at一般指在較小的地方I met him at the shop.in一般指在較大的地方，或在某一范圍內(nèi)They arrived in Beijing yesterday.Shandong Province lies in the east of China.on一般指在物體的表面，或相鄰并接壤的兩個(gè)地域The picture is hanging on the wall.Mongolia is on the north of China.to表示某范圍外接壤或不接壤的兩位置Shandong Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province.beside/by“在的旁邊”She was standing beside her mother.There is a small house by the river.near“接近；靠近”There is a supermarket near my home.2.表示方位的表示方位的between和和among介詞用法例句between在兩者或每兩者之間I sat down between Sue and Jane.among在三者或三者以上之間The teacher was standing among the students.3.表示方位的表示方位的across，through，over和和past介詞用法例句across從的表面穿過He walked across the square to meet us.through從的內(nèi)部穿過The guide led us through the forest.over從的上面跨過The thief jumped over the fence and fled away.past從的旁邊經(jīng)過She walked past the shop.4.表示時(shí)間的介詞表示時(shí)間的介詞(1)表示表示“在在”的的at，in，onat表示在某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)、時(shí)刻或重大節(jié)日。表示在某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)、時(shí)刻或重大節(jié)日。at 9：00；at noon；at daybreak；at Christmasin表示在某個(gè)較長的時(shí)間內(nèi)，世紀(jì)、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、表示在某個(gè)較長的時(shí)間內(nèi)，世紀(jì)、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚。下午、傍晚。in the 21st century；in September：in the morningon表示在具體的日子或具體某一天的上午、下午、晚上。表示在具體的日子或具體某一天的上午、下午、晚上。on 2nd，September；on the morning of 1st，May(2)表示表示“在在之后之后”的的after，in“after一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間”在過去時(shí)句子中作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于在過去時(shí)句子中作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于“一段時(shí)一段時(shí)間間later”；“in一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間”在將來時(shí)句子中作時(shí)間狀語，指離在將來時(shí)句子中作時(shí)間狀語，指離說話時(shí)多長時(shí)間以后。說話時(shí)多長時(shí)間以后。He returned home after a week(a week later)They will come to visit us in a week.注意：注意：“after時(shí)間點(diǎn)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”可在將來時(shí)態(tài)的句子中作時(shí)間狀語；可在將來時(shí)態(tài)的句子中作時(shí)間狀語；“in時(shí)間段時(shí)間段”表示表示“在在長時(shí)間之內(nèi)長時(shí)間之內(nèi)”時(shí)，可用于完成時(shí)或過時(shí)，可用于完成時(shí)或過去時(shí)的句子中。去時(shí)的句子中。I will attend a meeting after two oclock.In the last 10 years，great changes have taken place in this village.(3)表示時(shí)間段的表示時(shí)間段的for，since“for時(shí)間段時(shí)間段”意為意為“多長時(shí)間多長時(shí)間”，表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間長短，表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間長短，一般作完成時(shí)態(tài)或過去時(shí)態(tài)句子的時(shí)間狀語。一般作完成時(shí)態(tài)或過去時(shí)態(tài)句子的時(shí)間狀語。He has lived in the small village for five years.I studied in Shandong University for 4 years.“since時(shí)間點(diǎn)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”意為意為“自從自從”，作完成時(shí)態(tài)句子的時(shí)間狀，作完成時(shí)態(tài)句子的時(shí)間狀語。語。I havent heard from him since three years ago.He has been waiting here since 2 oclock.5其他介詞其他介詞(1)表示交通方式的表示交通方式的by，in，on“by名詞名詞”表示交通方式時(shí)，名詞前不加冠詞；但是表示交通方式時(shí)，名詞前不加冠詞；但是in，on后的后的名詞必須有冠詞或代詞等修飾。名詞必須有冠詞或代詞等修飾。He goes to work by car every day.He goes to work in his car every day.(2)表示表示“用用”的的by，in，withby側(cè)重方式、方法，多用于表示無形的工具或手段的名詞前；側(cè)重方式、方法，多用于表示無形的工具或手段的名詞前；in多用于表示語言、材料的名詞前；多用于表示語言、材料的名詞前；with多用于表示有形的工具、多用于表示有形的工具、表示身體器官的名詞前。表示身體器官的名詞前。He earned his living by selling newspapers.Please write the answer in ink.They are digging with spades.(3)表示表示“除除外外”的的except，except for，besidesexcept表示表示“除除之外之外(其他的都其他的都)”，其后的賓語是被排除在外，其后的賓語是被排除在外的，側(cè)重同類事物的排除；的，側(cè)重同類事物的排除；except for后被排除的內(nèi)容與主語往往后被排除的內(nèi)容與主語往往不是同一類的；不是同一類的；besides表示表示“除除之外之外(其他的也其他的也)”，其后的賓，其后的賓語是被包括在內(nèi)的。語是被包括在內(nèi)的。All my friends took part in the party except John.His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.He has learned German，F(xiàn)rench besides English.【考點(diǎn)【考點(diǎn)2】介詞短語】介詞短語介詞可以和名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞等構(gòu)成固定搭配。常考的有：介詞可以和名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞等構(gòu)成固定搭配。?？嫉挠校篴t dawnat daybreakin case (of)at table far from free fromby the way be fond of be tired ofbe proud of answer/key to next tobe similar to due to thanks tobe popular with apart from instead ofregardless of in detail in generalon purpose above all in allafter all in terms of in need ofin favor of in return in shortin place of in search of for fear ofin exchange for in addition to in spite ofin vain beyond reach beyond descriptionon account of in a way in particularin charge of as a result of真題再現(xiàn)真題再現(xiàn)1(2016浙江卷，浙江卷，6)That young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help._short，hes reliable.【解析【解析】句意：那個(gè)年輕人誠實(shí)且有合作精神，當(dāng)你需要他幫句意：那個(gè)年輕人誠實(shí)且有合作精神，當(dāng)你需要他幫忙的時(shí)候，他總是在那兒。簡言之，他是值得信賴的。忙的時(shí)候，他總是在那兒。簡言之，他是值得信賴的。in short簡簡言之。言之?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縄n2(2016浙江卷，浙江卷，7)The study suggests that the cultures we grow up_influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.【解析【解析】句意：這項(xiàng)研究表明我們成長的文化環(huán)境影響我們看句意：這項(xiàng)研究表明我們成長的文化環(huán)境影響我們看待周圍世界的基本環(huán)節(jié)。本句采用定語從句的形式考查介詞。待周圍世界的基本環(huán)節(jié)。本句采用定語從句的形式考查介詞?！皐e grow up_”為定語從句，先行詞為為定語從句，先行詞為the cultures，將先，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：行詞代入定語從句后為：We grow up in the cultures.故設(shè)空處填介故設(shè)空處填介詞詞in?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縤n3(2015浙江卷，浙江卷，3)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes _ animals both on land and sea?【解析【解析】句意：你聽說過是海陸兩棲動(dòng)物棲息地的樹嗎？句意：你聽說過是海陸兩棲動(dòng)物棲息地的樹嗎？be home to為固定搭配，意為為固定搭配，意為“是是的棲息地的棲息地”?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縯o4(2015重慶卷，重慶卷，10)Last year was the warmest year on record，with global temperature 0.68 _ the average.【解析【解析】句意：去年是有史以來最溫暖的一年，全球氣溫超過句意：去年是有史以來最溫暖的一年，全球氣溫超過了平均氣溫了平均氣溫0.68攝氏度。根據(jù)語境可知此處表示攝氏度。根據(jù)語境可知此處表示“在在之上，高之上，高于于”，所以要用介詞，所以要用介詞above?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縜bove5(2015江蘇卷，江蘇卷，34)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but _ Thomas Edison.【解析【解析】句意：要不是托馬斯句意：要不是托馬斯愛迪生，現(xiàn)在讓我們獲益的許多愛迪生，現(xiàn)在讓我們獲益的許多東西都不會(huì)存在。根據(jù)句意和該句中的虛擬語氣可知答案為東西都不會(huì)存在。根據(jù)句意和該句中的虛擬語氣可知答案為for。but for要不是。要不是?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縡or6(2015安徽卷，安徽卷，33)They believe that there are transport developments _ the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better.【解析【解析】句意：他們相信交通的發(fā)展就要到來了，這將會(huì)帶來句意：他們相信交通的發(fā)展就要到來了，這將會(huì)帶來很多更好的變化。很多更好的變化。around the corner就要到來。就要到來?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縜round7(2015福建卷，福建卷，22)A common memory they all have _ their school days is the school uniform.【解析【解析】句意：他們對(duì)于他們學(xué)生時(shí)代的共同記憶是校服。本句意：他們對(duì)于他們學(xué)生時(shí)代的共同記憶是校服。本句包含一個(gè)定語從句句包含一個(gè)定語從句“they all have _ their school days”，將先行詞將先行詞memory代入定語從句后為：代入定語從句后為：They all have a common memory _ their school days.由此可見設(shè)空處填由此可見設(shè)空處填of。of可用可用于說明動(dòng)作的名詞之后，表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。于說明動(dòng)作的名詞之后，表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。【答案【答案】of 8(2015福建卷，32)Human life is regarded as part of nature and，as such，the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony _ nature. 【解析】句意：人類生活被認(rèn)為是大自然的一部分，同樣，我們生存的唯一方式是與大自然和睦相處。in harmony with與協(xié)調(diào)。 【答案】with 9(2015湖北卷，30)This meeting room is a nonsmoking area.I would like to warn you _ advance that if you smoked here you would be fined. 【解析】句意：這間會(huì)議室是無煙區(qū)。我想事先提醒你，如果你在這兒吸煙，就會(huì)被罰款。in advance提前，事先。 【答案】in 10(2015陜西卷，12)The little pupil took his grandma _ the arm and walked her across the street. 【解析】句意：那個(gè)小學(xué)生攙著奶奶的手臂送她過了馬路。take sb.by the arm攙著某人的手臂。此處的by表示“抓著(物體或身體的某個(gè)部位)”。 【答案】by