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外文原文 Introduction to Industrial Robots Industrial robets became a reality in the early 1960’s when Joseph Engelberger and George Devol teamed up to form a robotics company they called “Unimation”. Engelberger and Devol were not the first to dream of machines that could perform the unskilled, repetitive jobs in manufacturing. The first use of the word “robots” was by the Czechoslovakian philosopher and playwright Karel Capek in his play R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robot). The word “robot” in Czech means “worker” or “slave.” The play was written in 1922. In Capek’s play , Rossum and his son discover the chemical formula for artificial protoplasm. Protoplasm forms the very basis of life.With their compound,Rossum and his son set out to make a robot. Rossum and his son spend 20 years forming the protoplasm into a robot. After 20 years the Rossums look at what they have created and say, “It’s absurd to spend twenty years making a man if we can’t make him quicker than nature, you might as well shut up shop.” The young Rossum goes back to work eliminating organs he considers unnecessary for the ideal worker. The young Rossum says, “A man is something that feels happy , plays piano ,likes going for a walk, and in fact wants to do a whole lot of things that are unnecessary … but a working machine must not play piano, must not feel happy, must not do a whole lot of other things. Everything that doesn’t contribute directly to the progress of work should be eliminated.” A half century later, engineers began building Rossum’s robot, not out of artificial protoplasm, but of silicon, hydraulics, pneumatics, and electric motors. Robots that were dreamed of by Capek in 1922, that work but do not feel, that perform unhuman or subhuman, jobs in manufacturing plants, are available and are in operation around the world. The modern robot lacks feeling and emotions just as Rossum’s son thought it should. It can only respond to simple “yes/no” questions. The moderrn robot is normally bolted to the floor. It has one arm and one hand. It is deaf, blind, and dumb. In spite of all of these handicaps, the modern robot performs its assigned task hour after hour without boredom or complaint. A robot is not simply another automated machine. Automation began during the industrial revolution with machines that performed jobs that formerly had been done by human workers. Such a machine, however , can do only the specific job for which it was designed, whereas a robot can perform a variety of jobs. A robot must have an arm. The arm must be able to duplicate the movements of a human worker in loading and unloading other automated machines, spraying paint, welding, and performing hundreds of other jobs that cannot be easily done with conventional automated machines. DEFINITION OF A ROBOT The Robot Industries Association(RIA) has published a definition for robots in an attempt to clarify which machines are simply automated machines and which machines are truly robots. The RIA definition is as follows: “A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” This definition, which is more extensive than the one in the RIA glossary at the end of this book, is an excellent definition of a robot. We will look at this definition, one phrase at a time, so as to understand which machines are in fact robots and which machines are little more than specialized automation. First, a robot is a “reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator.” In this phrase RIA tells us that a robot can be taught (“reprogrammed”) to do more than one job by changing the informaion stored in its memory. A robot can be reprogrammed to load and unload machines, weld, and do many other jobs (“multifunctional”). A robot is a “manipulator”. A manipulator is an arm( or hand ) that can pick up or move things. At this point we know that a robot is an arm that can be taught to do different jobs. The definition goes on to say that a robot is “designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices.” Material includes wood,steel, plastic, cardboard… anything that is used in the manufacture of a product. A robot can also handle parts that have been manufactured. For example, a robot can load a piece of steel into an automatic lathe and unload a finished part out of the lathe. In addition to handling material and parts, a robot can be fitted with tools such as grinders, buffers, screwdrivers, and welding torches to perform useful work. Robots can also be fitted with specialized instruments or devices to do special jobs in a manufacturing plant. Robots can be fitted with television cameras for inspection of parts or products. They can be fitted with lasers to accurately mearure the size of parts being manufactured. The RIA definition closes with the phrase,”…through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” This phrase emphasizes the fact that a robot can do many different jobs in a manufacturing plant. The variety of jobs that a robot can do is limited only by the creativity of the application engineer. JOBS FOR ROBOTS Jobs performed by robots can be divided into two major categories:hazardous jobs and repetitive jobs. Hazardous Jobs Many applications of robots are in jobs that are hazardous to humans. Such jobs may be considered hazardous because of toxic fumes, the weight of the material being handled, the temperature of the material being handled, the danger of working near rotating or press machinery, or environments containing high levels of radiation. Repetitive Jobs In addition to taking over hazardous jobs, robots are well suited to doing extremely repetitive jobs that must be done in manufacturing plants.many jobs in manufacturing plants require a person to act more like a machine than like a human. The job may be to pick a piece up from here and place it there. The same job is done hundreds of times each day. The job requires little or no judgment and little or no skill. This is not said as a criticism of the person who does the job , but is intended simply to point out that many of these jobs exist in industry and must be done to complete the manufacture of products. A robot can be placed at such a work station and can perform the job admirably without complaining or experiencing the fatigue and boredom normally associated with such a job. Although robots eliminate some jobs in industry, they normally eliminate jobs that humans should never have been asked to do. Machines should perform as machines doing machine jobs, and humans should be placed in jobs that require the use of their ability,creativity, and special skills. POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY In addition to removing people from jobs they should not have been placed in, robots offer companies the opportunity of achieving increased productivity. When robots are placed in repetitive jobs they continue to operate at their programmed pace without fatigue. Robots do not take either scheduled or unscheduled breaks from the job. The increase in productivity can result in at least 25% more good parts being produced in an eight-hour shift. This increase in productivity increases the company's profits, which can be reinvested in additional plants and equipment. This increase in productivity results in more jobs in other departments in the plant. With more parts being produced, additional people are needed to deliver the raw materials to the plant, to complete the assembly of the finished products, to sell the finished products, and to deliver the products to their destinations. ROBOT SPEED Although robots increase productivity in a manufacturing plant, they are not exceptionally fast. At present, robots normally operate at or near the speed of a human operator. Every major move of a robot normally takes approximately one second. For a robot to pick up a piece of steel from a conveyor and load it into a lathe may require ten different moves taking as much as ten seconds. A human operator can do the same job in the same amount of time . The increase in productivity is a result of the consistency of operation. As the human operator repeats the same job over and over during the workday, he or she begins to slow down. The robot continues to operate at its programmed speed and therefore completes more parts during the workday. Custom-built automated machines can be built to do the same jobs that robots do. An automated machine can do the same loading operation in less than half the time required by a robot or a human operator. The problem with designing a special machine is that such a machine can perform only the specific job for which it was built. If any change is made in the job, the machine must be completely rebuilt, or the machine must be scrapped and a new machine designed and built. A robot, on the other hand, could be reprogrammed and could start doing the new job the same day. Custom-built automated machines still have their place in industry. If a company knows that a job will not change for many years, the faster custom-built machine is still a good choice. Other jobs in factories cannot be done easily with custom-built machinery. For these applications a robot may be a good choice. An example of such an application is spray painting. One company made cabinets for the electronics industry. They made cabinets of many different sizes, all of which needed painting. It was determined that it was not economical for the company to build special spray painting machines for each of the different sizes of enclosures that were being built. Until robots were developed, the company had no choice but to spray the various enclosures by hand. Spray painting is a hazardous job , because the fumes from many paints are both toxic and explosive. A robot is now doing the job of spraying paint on the enclosures. A robot has been “taught” to spray all the different sizes of enclosures that the company builds. In addition, the robot can operate in the toxic environment of the spray booth without any concern for the long-term effect the fumes might have on a person working in the booth. FLEXIBLE AUTOMATION Robots have another advantage: they can be taught to do different jobs in the manufacturing plant. If a robot was originally purchased to load and unload a punch press and the job is no longer needed due to a change in product design, the robot can be moved to another job in the plant. For example, the robot could be moved to the end of the assembly operation and be used to unload the finished enclosures from a conveyor and load them onto a pallet for shipment. ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITY One very important characteristic of any robot is the accuracy with which it can perform its task. When the robot is programmed to perform a specific task, it is led to specific points and programmed to remember the locations of those points. After programming has been completed, the robot is switched to “run” and the program is executed. Unfortunately, the robot will not go to the exact location of any programmed point. For example, the robot may miss the exact point by 0.025 in. If 0.025 in. is the greatest error by which the robot misses any point- during the first execution of the program, the robot is said to have an accuracy of 0.025 in. In addition to accuracy , we are also concerned with the robot’s repeatability. The repeatability of a robot is a measure of how closely it returns to its programmed points every time the program is executed. Say , for example, that the robot misses a programmed point by 0.025 in. the first time the program is executed and that, during the next execution of the program, the robot misses the point it reached during the previous cycle by 0.010 in. Although the robot is a total of 0.035 in. from the original programmed point, its accuracy is 0.025 in. and its repeatability is 0.010 in. THE MAJOR PARTS OF A ROBOT The major parts of a robot are the manipulator, the power supply, and the controller. The manipulator is used to pick up material, parts, or special tools used in manufacturing. The power supply suppplies the power to move the manipulator. The controller controls the power supply so that the manipulator can be taught to perform its task. 外文翻譯 工業(yè)機器人的介紹 20世紀60年代當約瑟夫和喬治合作創(chuàng)立了名為Unimation的機器公司，工業(yè)機器人便成為了一個事實。 約瑟夫和喬治不是第一個夢想在制造過程中機器可以執(zhí)行沒有技巧的、重復的工作。“機器人”這個詞被捷克哲學家和劇作家卡瑞卡皮克在他的劇本RUR(羅斯的多才多藝的機器人）中第一次使用。在捷克“機器人”這個詞是“工人”或者“奴隸”的意思。這個劇本是1922年寫的。 在卡皮克的劇本中，羅斯和他的兒子發(fā)明了人造細胞質(zhì)的化學配方。細胞質(zhì)是構(gòu)成生命的最主要的成分，用他們細胞質(zhì)的混合物，羅斯和他的兒子開始制造機器人。 羅斯和他的兒子花了20年的時間制成了細胞質(zhì)并注入給了機器人。20年后羅斯仔細看著他們已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造出來的機器人說：“這個花了我們20年全部精力做出來的人，如果我們不能讓他比將來的人類更靈活的話，還是把店鋪關(guān)閉的好?！? 小羅斯回去為理想中的工人去掉他認為多余的器官。小羅說:“人類感覺做某些事快樂，像彈鋼琴、散步，然而事實上做許多完整的事情是不需要的…但是一個正在工作的機器不需要會彈鋼琴，不需要感到快樂，不需要做很多完整的事情。如果每個器官不能促進工作正常的發(fā)展就應該被去掉。 半個世紀以后，工程師們開始建造羅斯的機器人，不是用人造細胞質(zhì)制成的，而是用硅、液壓、氣體和電動機。1922年卡皮克夢想的機器人工作了但是沒有感覺，它在制造工廠做著非人類或者近似人類的工作，它在全世界都是便于利用和操作的。 正如羅斯的兒子所想的，現(xiàn)代的機器人缺乏感情和情緒。它僅僅對簡單的是或者不是的問題有回應?，F(xiàn)代的機器人通常用螺栓固定在地板上，它有一個手臂和一把手，它是聾的、瞎的和啞的。盡管全是障礙，現(xiàn)代機器人仍然沒有厭煩和和怨言的一小時又一小時的執(zhí)行著它被指定的工作。 一個機器人不僅僅是一個自動機。自動化始于工業(yè)革命用機器人來做以前由工人完成工作的期間。然而這樣一個自動機僅僅能做它被設(shè)計的特定的工作，而一個機器人卻可以做各種各樣的工作。 一個機器人必須有一個手臂，這個手臂必須會一個人在裝載和卸載其它自動機、噴漆、焊接和執(zhí)行上百種其它用常規(guī)的自動機不容易完成的工作完全一樣的動作。 機器人的定義 工業(yè)機器人協(xié)會已經(jīng)為機器人公布了一個定義，試圖闡明哪種機器僅僅是自動機和哪種機器是真真的機器人。工業(yè)機器人協(xié)會的定義如下： 機器人是一個可重復編程的機械手，目的在于移動材料、零部件、機床，或者為了完成各種各樣的任務(wù)而調(diào)整程序指令的專用裝置。 這個定義比供個機器人協(xié)會在這本書的最后定義的說法更廣泛，是一個對機器人最好的定義。我們將接受這個定義同時還有這個說法，為了理解哪種機器是真正的機器人而哪種機器人僅僅是超過了專業(yè)自動化的機器。 首先，機器人是一個：“可重復編程的多功能的機械手?！痹谶@個說法中工業(yè)機器人協(xié)會告訴我們一個機器人可以被教會（重復編程）去做更多的工作，通過改變儲存在它們記憶中的信息。一個機器人可以為了裝載和卸載機器、焊接和做很多其他的工作（多功能的）而被重新編程。機器人是一個“機械手”。機械手是一個手臂（或者手），它能拿起或者移動物體。正是這樣我們?yōu)榱私獾綑C器人是一個可以被教會做不同工作的手臂。 這個定義還說明了機器人的目的是“移動材料、零件、機床或者專用裝置?！? 材料包括木頭、鋼鐵、塑料、卡片等等產(chǎn)品在制造過程中所用到的東西。 機器人也可以拆卸已經(jīng)制造完的零件。例如：機器人可以把一塊鐵裝載到自動車床上并且車床上卸載已經(jīng)加工完的零件。 除此之外機器人還可以拆卸材料和零件，可以安裝機床例如磨床、沖床、鉆床和為了完成有效工作的焊接噴燈。 機器人也可以安裝在制造車間為了完成特殊工作的專用裝置。為了檢查零件或者產(chǎn)品機器人可以安裝電視攝像機，為了精確的測量已制造完零件的尺寸它們還可以安裝激光。 工業(yè)機器人協(xié)會的定義接近這樣的說法，“為了完成各種各樣的任務(wù)可以通通過改變機器人的程序指令?！边@種說法著重強調(diào)了在制造車間機器人可以做很多不相同的工作。機器人被應用工程師的創(chuàng)造力限制在僅能做大量的工作上。 機器人的工作 機器人可以完成的工作被分成兩個主要的類型：有害工作和重復工作。 有害工作 機器人在工作中的許多應用對人類是有害的。處理材料的重量，調(diào)整材料的溫度，靠近旋轉(zhuǎn)或緊貼機器的危險工作或者含有高放射物的環(huán)境，由于有有毒煙氣，這種工作被認為是有害的。 重復工作 除了掌管有害工作外，機器人還要認真的學習在制造車間必須被做的非常重復的工作。在制造車間的很多工作需要一個人扮演的比人類更像一個機器。把一個部件從這兒放置到那兒，這樣的工作每天要做上百次，這種工作幾乎不需要判斷力和技巧，這并不是批評做這種工作的人，而僅僅是想指出在工業(yè)中存在很多這樣的工作，并且為了完成產(chǎn)品的制造必須要做。機器人可以被安排在這樣的崗位上，并且它能夠沒有抱怨或者經(jīng)驗很好的完成這種在正常情況下和疲勞、厭煩聯(lián)系在一起的工作。 盡管機器人完成了工業(yè)中的一些工作，但它們正常完成的是人類從來沒有要求被做的工作。機器應該執(zhí)行機器做的工作，而人類應該需要用他們的能力、創(chuàng)造力和特殊技巧來完成工作。 增加產(chǎn)量的潛能 除了完成人們在工作中不能完成的工作外，機器人還提供給工廠實現(xiàn)增加產(chǎn)量的機會。當機器人執(zhí)行重復工作的時候它們不知疲倦的繼續(xù)執(zhí)行著它們的程序指令。機器人終止工作不需要預定和不預定。在八小時輪班工作時增加的產(chǎn)量導致至少25%更好的零件被生產(chǎn)。這種增大的產(chǎn)量增加了公司的利潤，它可以被在投資到另外的車間或設(shè)備上。產(chǎn)量的增加使工廠的其他部門產(chǎn)生了更多的工作。為了生產(chǎn)更多的零件，其余的人需要把未加工的材料送到車間，去完成已加工完產(chǎn)品的裝配，去銷售已完工的零件，并且把產(chǎn)品送到他們的目的地。 機器人的速度 盡管機器人增加了制造車間的產(chǎn)量，但它們不是特別快。目前，機器人正常的操作速度大約接近操作工人的速度。機器人的每一個主要運動正常情況下大概要花一秒鐘的時間。機器人從傳送機上取下一塊鐵并把它裝載到車床上需要十種不同的運動，要花多達十秒鐘的時間，與一個操作工人做一樣的工作花的時間是相等的，產(chǎn)量的增加是操作一致性的一個結(jié)果。當操作工人在工作日期間反復的重復著同一個工作，他或她的生產(chǎn)便開始放慢了，而機器人卻繼續(xù)運行著它的程序速度，因此在工作日期間完成了更多的零件。 傳統(tǒng)制造的自動化機器可以被修改成能和機器人做一樣工作的機器。一個自動化的機器做同樣的裝載操作所用的時間還不到一個機器人和一個操作工人所用時間的一半。設(shè)計一個專用機器的問題是，這樣一臺機器只能完成它被設(shè)定的具體的工作，如果工作中發(fā)生了一些改變，這樣的機器就必須被徹底的重新改造或者必須被遺棄，并且要設(shè)計制造一個新的機器。相反地，一個機器人可以被重新編程并且在同一天可以開始做新的工作。 在工業(yè)中傳統(tǒng)制造的自動機仍然有它們的位置。如果工廠發(fā)現(xiàn)一個工作很多年將不會改變，比較快的傳統(tǒng)那個制造的機器仍然是一個好的選擇。 工廠里的其它工作用傳統(tǒng)制造的機器不容易完成的話，在這種情況下機器人或許是一個好的選擇。例如噴漆這樣的工作。一個工廠為電子行業(yè)生產(chǎn)機殼，他們生產(chǎn)很多不同形狀的機殼，所有的機殼都需要噴漆。很明確，為一個已加工完的不同形狀的機殼制造專門的噴漆機器對工廠來說是不經(jīng)濟的。工廠別無選擇只能用手給各種不同的機殼噴漆，直到機器人被發(fā)明。 噴漆是有害工作，因為很多油漆產(chǎn)生的氣體是有毒的和爆炸性的。機器人現(xiàn)在正在做著在外殼上噴漆的工作。除此之外，機器人還能為了在長期產(chǎn)生有毒氣體的房間中工作的人們在沒有任何關(guān)心的噴漆房間的有毒環(huán)境中操作。 靈活的自動化 機器人還有另一個用途：它們可以被教會在制造車間中做不同的工作。如果一個機器人本來買來是為了裝載和卸載沖床的，由于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的改變這個工作不再需要，機器人可以被轉(zhuǎn)到車間的其它工作上。例如，機器人可以被轉(zhuǎn)去做最后的裝配工作，可以用來從運輸機上卸載以加工完的機殼并且把它們裝載到運輸貨架上。 準確度和可重復性 任何機器人都有一個很重要的特征就是它完成任務(wù)的準確度。當機器人為了完成一個特殊的工作被編程的時候，它就產(chǎn)生特定的點，并且程序記住了這些點所在的位置。程序被編完以后，機器人就被打開程序被執(zhí)行。可惜的是機器人將不能準確的到達程序指定的位置。例如：機器人在靠近0.025英尺的時候可能錯過精確地位置。如果機器人在第一次執(zhí)行程序期間錯過了指定位置的0.025英尺便是最大的錯誤。因為機器人被設(shè)定有一個0.025英尺的準確度。 除了準確度之外，我們還關(guān)心機器人的可重復性。機器人的可重復性是每次程序被執(zhí)行完怎樣關(guān)閉讓它回到程序指定點的一個性能。比如說，機器人執(zhí)行第一次程序靠近0.025英尺時錯過了程序指定點，在下一次執(zhí)行程序期間，機器人就會錯過它到達第一次循環(huán)到0.01英尺時候的位置。從最初的程序指定位置，機器人總共有0.035英尺，它的準確度是0.025英尺，可重復性是0.01英尺。 機器人的主要部分 機器人的主要部分是機械手，電源和負責人。 機械手用來搬運材料，零件或者用在制造中的專用機床。電源提供能量來操縱機械手。負責人操縱著電源為了機械手完成它的任務(wù)。