2010中考英語復(fù)習(xí)課本知識(shí)整理八年級下Unit6 How long have you been collecting shells?【知識(shí)梳理】 I. 重點(diǎn)短語 in fact 其實(shí)；實(shí)際上 run out of 用完；用盡by the way 順便；附帶說說 be interested in 對感興趣more than 比多 make a list of 列清單thanks for doing sth. 感謝某人做了某事 think of / about sth. 想起某事II. 重要句型 1. How long have you been doing? 2. Ive been doingsince3. How long did sb. do? 4. He / She did sth. for5. What do you collect? 6. When did you start?7. How many do you have? 8. What do you like to collect in the future?9. What is the most common/unusual/interesting hobby?III. 交際用語學(xué)會(huì)如何詢問某人的某個(gè)動(dòng)作進(jìn)行了多久了，并知道如何回答。IV. 重要語法現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)How long have you been skating?I have been skating for two hours.I have been skating since two hours ago.【課文解析】1. since的用法：(1)conj(引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，從句中常用過去時(shí)，主句用一般時(shí)態(tài)或完成時(shí))自從以來；以后。egIt was years since l had seen her自從我見到她(到那時(shí))又過去好幾年了。his just a week since we arrived here我們到這兒剛好有一周了。(引起原因狀語從句，通常置于句首)既然；因?yàn)閑gSince he says so，it must be true既然他這么說，那一定是真的。(2)prep 自以來egI have lived here since childhood自小我就住在這兒。He hasn't been home sincel9931993年以來他還沒有回過家。(3)adv(與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用)從那以后；后來egHe left the city in 1985 and has returned only once since他1985年離開這座城市，自那以后只回來過一次。以前(4)構(gòu)成短語：ever since 從那以后(一直)long since 很久以前；早已2. since，from和for(1)from是介詞，后接名詞、動(dòng)名詞，表示事情的開始點(diǎn)，以from短語作狀語時(shí)，句中的謂語動(dòng)詞可用一般現(xiàn)在、過去和將來時(shí)，如： (4)stop sb.(from)doing sth. 表示“叫某人停止做某事，阻止某人做某事”。例如：What can stop me(my)going? 有什么能阻止我去呢?Nothing shall stop us from studying什么都不能阻止我們學(xué)習(xí)。5. have to do sth. 表示“不得不做某事”，指客觀條件的“不得不”I have to finish the work by myself 我不得不自己完成這項(xiàng)工作。6. run out of 意為“從地方跑出來；用光” Class is overThe students run out of the classroom 下課了，學(xué)生們從教室里沖了出課文解析1. How long have you been in class today? 你今天上了多長時(shí)間的課？(或你在課堂多長時(shí)間？)(1)how long “多長”或“多長時(shí)間”。對長度或時(shí)間段提問。- How long have you learned English? 你學(xué)英語多長時(shí)間了?- For two years. 兩年了。(2)in class 在上課；在課堂上，其反義詞為out of class “在課外”。We should read more books out of class. 我們在課外應(yīng)該多讀些書。I have been in class for one hour. 我上了一個(gè)小時(shí)的課。(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。egWe shall expect you，by the way，dinner will be at eight我們正在等著你，還有晚飯是八點(diǎn)開。I was reading when the earthquake occurred，by the way，it was “The Last Day of Pompeii”地震發(fā)生時(shí)我在看書，順便提一下，我看的是“龐培城的末日”。By the way，have you seen her lately? 順便問一下，你近來見過她嗎?(2)名詞hobby表示“愛好”是可數(shù)名詞。例如：Your hobby is reading 你的愛好是看書。One of my hobbies is astronomy 我的愛好之一是天文學(xué)。Plenty of men are excellent cooks as a hobby 很多男人菜做得好，只是作為一種愛好。6It made me think about differences in food cultures between China and western countries它使我想起了中國和西方國家在飲食文化方面的差異。(1)make 使役動(dòng)詞“使；讓”，后面接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，不帶to，類似的還有l(wèi)et和have。egHe made the students laugh他把同學(xué)們逗笑了。The children must be made to clean their own room 必須叫孩子們打掃自己的房間。Aunt Li tried to make us stay for supper. 李大嬸要留我們吃晚飯。(2)think about 考慮；回想，想起；認(rèn)為egthink about a plan 考慮一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃I always think about her when it snows每當(dāng)下雪的時(shí)候，我總是想起她。What do you think about the film last night? 你認(rèn)為昨晚的電影怎么樣?He was thinking about the time he spent in the army他正在回想他在部隊(duì)度過的日子。We need to think about the plan我們需要考慮一下這個(gè)計(jì)劃。(3)介詞between表示在二者之間There is a fence between his garden and our garden 在他的花園和我們的花園之間有一道柵欄。You're to sit between Moira and me 你坐在莫伊娜和我之間。五.【詞語辨析】1. every和each(1)each一定數(shù)目中的“每一個(gè)”；“個(gè)別”意義較重，表示各有不同，更強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人或個(gè)別。 eg Each one has his weakness 每人都有每人的弱點(diǎn)。(2)every數(shù)目不確定的許多人或物中間的“每一個(gè)”；“總合”意義較重，表示“大家一致”。 eg Every one of us is here 我們都到了。(3)each可作主語、同位語、定語和狀語，而every只能作定語。2. interest，interesting與interested(1)interest作名詞，意為“興趣，趣味”，用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)指“使(人)產(chǎn)生興趣”。 例如： He shows an interest in music 他對音樂感興趣。 What you said interests me 你的話引起了我的興趣。(2)interesting作形容詞，指“有趣的，引起興趣的”，可作表語或定語，指物或人本身能引起興趣。 例如： The film is very interesting 電影非常有趣。 He is an interesting man 他是一個(gè)有趣的人。(3)interested是由動(dòng)詞interest加-ed構(gòu)成的形容詞。意為“感興趣的”，其主語一般是人，常用于begetbecome interested in結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“對感興趣”。 例如： When he was only a child，he got interested in science當(dāng)他還是個(gè)孩子時(shí)，就對科學(xué)產(chǎn)生了興趣。3. how long，how often 與 how soon(1)how long 的意思是“有多長”，用來提問有多長時(shí)間，答語通常是more than two weeks 等表示一段時(shí)間的話。 例如： -How long are you going to stay here? 你打算在這里待多久? -Five days 5天。 -How long did he live in China? 他在中國住了多長時(shí)間? -More than two years 兩年多。(2)how often的意思是“多長時(shí)間一次”，用來提問在某一特定的時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行某個(gè)動(dòng)作的次數(shù)，答語通常是never，sometimes，quite often，usually，three times a year等表示頻度的副詞或短語。 例如： -How often do you go to the library? 你多長時(shí)間去一次圖書館? -Once a day 一天一次。(3)how soon用來詢問“需要多長時(shí)間能，過多久”，謂語動(dòng)詞多用終止性動(dòng)詞，即某一動(dòng)作要花多長時(shí)間才能完成或發(fā)生，常與將來時(shí)連用，答語常用in a weekmonthyear等。 例如： -How soon can you finish the work? 你完成那項(xiàng)工作還要多久? -May be in three days 大概3天后。 -How soon will he get here? 他到這兒需要多久? -In half an hour 半小時(shí)。4. have與must have to與must都有“必須”的意思，但有其不同之處：(1)have to有時(shí)態(tài)和人稱變化，帶有客觀因素，意思是“不得不”；must無時(shí)態(tài)和人稱變化，后面接不帶to的不定式，帶有主觀因素，意思是“必須，一定”。 例如： I have to go nowIt's dark 我必須得走了。天已黑了。 I must go 我得走了。(2)must not表示“不許，一定不能”；don't have to表示“不必”。 例如： You mustn't go now 你現(xiàn)在不許走。 You don't have to go so early 你不必走那么早。(3)Must I?的否定回答是No，you needn't或No，you don't have to 例如： -Must I stay here now? 我必須留在這嗎? -NO，you needn'tyou don't have to 不，你不必。5. fairly與ratherfairly與rather同義但用法不同：fairly一般指(褒義的)理想的情形，rather一般指(貶義的)不太理想的情形。例如：The weather is fairly fine today今天的天氣相當(dāng)好。The weather was rather bad yesterday昨天的天氣相當(dāng)不好。It is a fairly easy question這是一個(gè)相當(dāng)容易的問題。(容易而適當(dāng))It is a rather easy question這是一個(gè)相當(dāng)容易的問題。(大容易了而不適當(dāng))語法講解：1. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)構(gòu)成：肯定句：主語 + have / has been + doing否定句：主語+have/has+not+been+doing一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+been+doing?現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)“某一動(dòng)作從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，有可能還要持續(xù)下去”，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子中多用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如：live，learn，study，work等。(1)I have been learning English for ten years. 我學(xué)英語已經(jīng)十年了。(2)She has been skating for four hours. 到現(xiàn)在為止她滑冰已經(jīng)有四個(gè)小時(shí)了。(3)I have been collecting stamps since I was ten years old. 我從十歲起就一直在集郵。在這幾個(gè)句子中，have和has是助動(dòng)詞，疑問形式需把助動(dòng)詞提前，否定形式在have或has后面加not，have not和has not可以分別縮寫成havent和hasnt，如： (1)Have you been doing your homework since this morning? 從今天早晨起你就一直在寫作業(yè)吧？(2)Has he been writing the letters to his friend? 他是一直在給他的朋友寫信嗎？(3)I havent been seeing films for a long time. 我有很長時(shí)間沒有看電影了。 （表明沒有看電影這個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還要繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。）2.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)側(cè)重的是動(dòng)作的持續(xù)進(jìn)行。如： I have read a book about birds. （已經(jīng)讀完） I have been reading a book about birds.（一直都在讀，現(xiàn)在還在讀，有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)讀下去）(2)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都有延續(xù)性， 但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往只說明一個(gè)事實(shí)，一種影響或結(jié)果，無感情色彩；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)、重復(fù)，有時(shí)有一定的感情色彩。 如： She has been singing all the day. 她都唱了一整天了。（抱怨、厭煩）【典型例題解析】例1 How long have you _? A. borrowed the book B. bought the bike C. been back D. received the letter 解析 問句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而borrow, buy, receive, 是非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞，故選C。 答案 （C） 例2 Since Jim came to China, he _ a lot about Chinese history. A. has begun learning B. have been learned C. has been learning D. began to learn 解析 since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，在這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有C選項(xiàng)符合現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)have/has been +動(dòng)詞-ing 結(jié)構(gòu)，其余三個(gè)既不符合現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)也不符合現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。答案 （C） 例3 _have you been here? Ive been here for months. A. How long B. How often C. How much D. How many正解 A錯(cuò)因分析 how often是指做事情的頻率,對頻率進(jìn)行提問，而how long是對時(shí)間段提問，根據(jù)答句中的“for months”表示一段時(shí)間，故選A。例4 Im sorry, I dont know .Please ask _. A. someone else B. anyone else C. else anyone D. else someone正解 A錯(cuò)因分析 句意為：“對不起，我不知道，請問別人”。在肯定句中用someone，不用anyone，故排除B、C選項(xiàng)，又因?yàn)閑lse修飾不定代詞或疑問詞時(shí)，else放在所修飾詞的后面。故選A。例5(2008年銅仁)Is the woman over there Mrs. Chen?She has gone to Yuping. It _ be her.A. can't B. needn't C. won't D. wouldn't【析】本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測的用法。在肯定推測中用must，如果是否定推測時(shí)，就用can't。答案 A單元測試題一、單項(xiàng)填空1There is_knocking at the doorGo and see who it isAnobodyBsomebodyCanybodyDeverybody2How is the weather today?Its_AsunnyBSundayCJune 26Dseven oclock3Would you please wait for the next bus? This one is_AfullBemptyCtidyDquiet4How long have you_the book?For a weekAborrowedBlentCkeptDbought5_a cold morning，I opened the window and was glad to find that it was snowing outsideAByBInCAtDOn6E-mail is much_than long-distance callingAcheapBcheaperCcheapestDthe cheapest7_you pass me a pen? Id like to write down the telephone numberANeedBCouldCMustDShould8We_you are hereWe looked for you everywhereAcant knowBdont knowCdidnt knowDwont know9Nobody could tell me the way because_people were there in the nightAfewBa fewClittleDa little10Could you tell me_?Awhere does he liveBwhere lives heChe lives whereDwhere he lives11_you free last night?AWereBWasCAreDDo12Well have a_holidayWhat about going to the Great Wall?Atwo daysBtwo-dayCtwo-daysDtwo-days13The Internet_it easy to get much new information in a short timeAfindsBmakesCfeelsDtakes14She is too busy to help us finish the workLets do it_AherselfBmyselfCourselvesDitself15I dont know Sams telephone numberWill you please_in your address book?Alook at itBlook for itClook up itDlook it up二、完形填空Many years ago George Franks brother left a medical collegeThe young man worked in1nowHe had a lot of knowledge on medicine and often2sick peopleOf course he was paid3and lived a happy lifeFrank envied (羨慕) his brother very much and hoped to be a good4，tooHis father，an important person in their city，agreed to Franks5，but he knew the young man6in themiddle schoolHe had to help him7college and told him to put his heart into his studiesAt first Frank worked hard at his lessons and listened to the teachers carefullyBut several months later he8because he couldnt catch what his teachers said in classSo he couldnt finish his homeworkHe9the exams and at last he dropped10of his subjectsAs he liked anatomy (解剖學(xué))，sometimes he went to listen to itOne day，MrsGrace asked Frank11questions，but he could answer neither of themThe anatomy teacher felt sorry and said，“How many teeth does a person have? Its the easiest!”“Twenty-four” Frank answeredHis classmates began to laugh，and MrsGrace said12，“You are the most foolish student Ive seen”Franks face turned redHe stood up and said，” Im13，MrsGrace，but your words really14my heart”“Its not true，class! He doesnt know where15!” said MrsGrace1Aa collegeBa cityCa hospitalDa school2Aoperated onBworkedCstudied withDgot on well with3Aa lotBa littleCas much as he wantedDas much as he could4AteacherBpersonCstudentDdoctor5AchooseBchoseCchosenDchoice6Alearned a lotBworked hardCdidnt learn muchDdidnt listen to him7AenteredBentersCenteringDto enter8Acaught up with his classmatesBfell behindCfollowed his fatherDenjoyed himself9Atook part inBkept busy withCfailed inDpassed10AmostBallCeachDboth11AfiveBfourCthreeDtwo12Ato all the studentsBto herselfChappierDangrily13AgladBsorryCluckyDwell14AhurtBchangedClostDwoke15Ahis teeth areBhis heart isChis father isDhis brother is三、閱讀理解Last weekend we found a really beautiful shell while my friend and I were playing volleyball at the beachHe picked it up and said it was hisIn fact，I saw it firstI was so angry that I thought about hitting himHowever，“Violence (武力) is the worst!”came to my mindOur parents and teachers often tell us not to fightI didnt fight but talked with him insteadIf two adults use violence towards each other in order to win，its quite wrongIf one injured the other，he would be caughtIf one killed the other，he would be put into prison for years，even for the rest of his lifeNow when two countries have different thoughts，they often use violence and fight a war between the countriesIts rather bad! Thousands of people have been killed and injured at warAnd it brings much trouble to the worldA war is rather violentAdults will say they are fighting wars to solve problems and make peace But can wars really“make peace”? I suppose notGuns cant create love and careWhy cant adults use their brains?They might say things are not so easyHowever，why are they doing so? Adults are our models! Can wars make peace?1The writer and his friend_at the beach last weekendAfought badlyBhit othersCplayed volleyball Dpicked up shells2Using_between two countries means fighting a warAviolenceBtalkCideasDthoughts3Lots of people are injured and lose their_during the warAparentsBlivesCkidsDhouses4The word“it” means_in the sentence“And it brings much trouble to the world”AwarBpeaceCcareDlove5The writer of this passage may be_Aan officerBa parentCan adultDa child四、補(bǔ)全對話AA：Hi，Bill! Youre reading the novel againB：Yes，TomIll never be tired of itA：1?B：Three timesEvery time I read it，I can always learn something newB：Really?2?A：Charles DickensI think he is a great English writerWhat do you think?B：3He is also my favorite foreign writerPlease let me have a look at itA：4I havent read such a novel for longWhere did you buy it?B：In the Rose BookshopA：I dont know where it is5?B：NoOnly 10 minuteswalk from here，next to the Peoples CinemaA：Oh，I seeIm going to get one，tooThank you!B：Youre welcome!1_2_3_4_5_BA：Excuse me，6you from Australia?B：Yes，7how do you know?A：The8you speakWhen9you come to China?B：This time10yearA：So you have been in China for about a yearB：YesYou are rightA：What do you11of China?B：Its greatI like it very muchA：What do you like about China?B：The people，the food and the12of interestA：Have you ever been to the Great Wall?B：No，I haventI am going there next month13the way，can you tell14how to get to the park?A：CertainlyTake the No18 busItll take you right thereB：Thanks a15A：Thats OK6_7_8_9_10_11_12_13_14_15_五、單句改錯(cuò)1Why not ask for help when you are with trouble? A B C D ()_2We have learned English since two years and a half A B C D ()_3A friend of him went to Japan last Sunday A B C D ()_4There will have a class meeting next Monday afternoon A B C D ()_5The police told us not play in the streetIts dangerous A B C D ()_6Look! What happy the children are in the a garden! A B C D ()_7With my help，he finished made the kite at last A B C D ()_8Father tells his son how far is it from the earth to the moon A B C D ()_六、用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1My father_(watch) CCTV news at 7:00 every day2They_(have) a football match if it_(be) fine next Thursday afternoon3Listen! Jacks radio_(make) a loud noiseWould you please tell him_(turn) it down?4Dick_(mend) a kite yesterday evening and he_(fly) it in the park tomorrow5So far，most of the children_(see)the film“Harry Potter”6Youd better_(not drink) too much water before you go to bed7The old man looked at them_(angry) and couldnt say a word8We all know that light_(travel) much faster than sound9Oh，dear! I_(lost) my key and now I cant come into my room10We hope it will be_(sun) tomorrow for a picnic七、翻譯句子1我認(rèn)為英語并不難學(xué)。I_ _English is_ _ _2我們不得不停下來，因?yàn)槲覀兊钠陀猛炅?。We_ _stop because we have_ _ _our gas3如果你知道還有誰收集硬幣，請告訴我。If you know_ _who collects coins，please let me know4你怎么能讓房間到處都是玩具娃娃?把它們放在盒子里好嗎?How can you make your dolls_ _the room?_them in the box，_you?5他收集貝殼已經(jīng)有三年半了。He_collected shells_three and_ _years6他們每滑冰1小時(shí)，每個(gè)同學(xué)就捐10元錢。_ _hour they skate，each student_ten yuan for charity7他從10歲就開始收集風(fēng)箏。He has been_kites_he was ten years old8順便問一下，你看過這部電影嗎?_ _ _，have you seen the film?9凱麗14歲了，她對服裝感興趣。Carrie's fourteen now，and she is_clothes10他看起來挺傷心，實(shí)際并不在乎。He only looks sad_ _，he_mind at all八、書面表達(dá)A下面是一篇來自Bob的電子郵件，結(jié)果不小心被調(diào)皮的妹妹給刪除了一部分，為此Bob很惱火。你能不能參照所給的表格替他將刪去的部分補(bǔ)充完整?NameHobbyWhen startedHow longHow many stampsThe reasonBobcollecting stamps10 years ago5 years220interestingSubject：My Hobby From：BobDear Jack，I want to tell you about my hobbyMy hobby_I like it very muchBecause _I started_I have been_Now the number of my stamps which I collect is_B假設(shè)你叫李強(qiáng)，是個(gè)中學(xué)生，想應(yīng)聘(時(shí)代英語報(bào))初中版的業(yè)余小記者。對方要求你用英語寫一篇小短文介紹自己的基本情況，短文應(yīng)包括下表所列的全部內(nèi)容。姓名李強(qiáng)出生年月In February，1988出生地江蘇蘇州相關(guān)經(jīng)歷有2年的校報(bào)工作經(jīng)歷獲獎(jiǎng)情況2003年，在全校英語競賽中獲得第一名愛好看英文小說，集郵，打籃球特長英文寫作，電腦聯(lián)系方式liqiang注意：1情況介紹必須采用短文形式。2短文要通順、連貫。3詞數(shù)60個(gè)左右，短文的第一句已為你寫好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。My name is Li Qiang， _參考答案一、1B提示：somebody一般用于肯定句。2A提示：此句問的是天氣情況。3A提示：根據(jù)句意。4C提示：borrow，lend，buy都是表示瞬間的動(dòng)作，此類動(dòng)詞不能和一段時(shí)間連用。5D提示：具體的一天用介詞on。6B提示：much后面跟形容詞的比較級。7B提示：根據(jù)句意。8C提示：此句隱含的意思是說話前不知道。9A提示：根據(jù)句意。10D提示：賓語從句的語序是陳述語序。11A提示：有表示一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語last night。12B提示：數(shù)字和名詞構(gòu)成合成詞，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，用連字符連接，不用復(fù)數(shù)。13B提示：根據(jù)句意。14C提示：根據(jù)句意。15D提示：根據(jù)句意用look up，look up和代詞連用時(shí)，代詞放在該詞組之間。7angrily提示：修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞。8travels提示：light當(dāng)作“光”講時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞，不可數(shù)名詞要當(dāng)作第三人稱單數(shù)用。9have lost提示：說此話時(shí)，鑰匙還沒有找到。10sunny七、1dont think，difficult to learn2had to，run out of3anyone else4all round，Put，will5has，for，a half6For every，raises7collecting，since8By the way9interested in10In fact，doesnt八、Ais collecting stamps，its very interestingcollecting stamps when I was ten yearsold，collecting stamps for five years，220One possible version：BMy name is Li QiangI was born in Suzhou，Jiangsu Province in February1988I have worked for our school newspaper for two yearsI like English writing and computer best and lm very good at themLast year，I won the first prize in the school English competitionI enjoy reading English novels and collecting stampsMy favourite sport is basketball My e-mail address is liqianghotmailcom