英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動主動) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動被動) 漢語中常用漢語中常用“被被”、“給給”、“由由”、“受受”等詞用等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：來表示被動，而英語用：構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 主要體現(xiàn)在主要體現(xiàn)在bebe的變化上，其形式與系動詞的變化上，其形式與系動詞bebe的變化形式完全的變化形式完全一樣。以一樣。以為例，列表如下：為例，列表如下： 一般現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時：am / is / are + given am / is / are + given 一般過去時：一般過去時：was / were +given was / were +given 一般將來時：一般將來時：shall / will + given shall / will + given 一般過去將來時：一般過去將來時：should / would + given should / would + given 現(xiàn)在進行時：現(xiàn)在進行時：am / is / are + being + givenam / is / are + being + given 過去進行時：過去進行時：was / were + being + given was / were + being + given 現(xiàn)在完成時：現(xiàn)在完成時：have / has + been + givenhave / has + been + given 過去完成時：過去完成時：had + been + given had + been + given 將來完成時：將來完成時：shall / will + have been + givenshall / will + have been + given 過去將來完成時：過去將來完成時：should / would + have been + givenshould / would + have been + given 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時： People grow rice in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2. 一般過去時：一般過去時： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. 3. 一般將來時：一般將來時： They will send cars abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. 4. 過去將來時：過去將來時： The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 5. 現(xiàn)在進行時：現(xiàn)在進行時： The radio is broadcasting English lessons. We are painting the rooms. 6. 過去進行時：過去進行時： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. This time last year we were planting trees here. 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時：現(xiàn)在完成時： Someone has told me We have brought down the price. 8. 過去完成時：過去完成時： When I got to the theatre, I found The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; 9. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)： 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+ be+ 及物動詞的過及物動詞的過去分詞去分詞”構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. 1.1.當不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往當不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用不用by 短語。短語。 ( (只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰弄壞的，或不想說出誰弄壞的只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰弄壞的，或不想說出誰弄壞的) )。 2.2.突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語。短語。 3.3.當漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這當漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用時常用in + + 名詞作狀語，而代替名詞作狀語，而代替 by 短語。短語。 （1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語 I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party. 主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 1. 1. 把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正確正確) A new computer have been bought. (錯誤錯誤) 2. 2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。為主語，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語如果把直接賓語( (指物指物) )改為主語，則在間接賓語改為主語，則在間接賓語( (指人指人) )前加適前加適當?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：當?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說： A present was given to me yesterday. 一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞 to，如：如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如：如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. 有些既不用有些既不用to 也不用也不用for, 根據(jù)動詞與介詞的搭配關系。根據(jù)動詞與介詞的搭配關系。 He ask me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用不用by短語短語) 3. 由動詞由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有：有： agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。等。 bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。等。 4. 帶復合賓語帶復合賓語(賓語賓語+ 賓補賓補)的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如： We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to 的的問題。問題。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：帶有復合賓語的句子，如果賓語補足語是名詞，變被動句時，應注意：帶有復合賓語的句子，如果賓語補足語是名詞，變被動句時，應將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，不要誤把賓語補足語的名詞作主語。如：將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，不要誤把賓語補足語的名詞作主語。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and 誤：誤：Love apples were called them. 正：正：They were called love apples. 5. 還有一種短語動詞由還有一種短語動詞由構(gòu)成，變被動語態(tài)有兩種形式，構(gòu)成，變被動語態(tài)有兩種形式，如下：如下： 1) We take good care of the books. 2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的短語動詞常見的有：用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的短語動詞常見的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。等。 6. 當主動句的主語是當主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)閯泳渲袑⑵渥優(yōu)閍nybody, 作作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：態(tài)。如： Nobody can answer this question. 誤：誤：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：正： 7. 當否定句中的賓語是當否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，等不定代詞時，在被動句中應將其分別變?yōu)樵诒粍泳渲袘獙⑵浞謩e變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語，并作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 誤：誤：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：正：8. 以以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom放在句首：放在句首： Who wrote the story? 誤：誤：Who was the story written? 正：正： 9. 有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當它們和有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當它們和well, badly, easily等等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：等。如： The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。這布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。 The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆寫字很流暢。這支筆寫字很流暢。 對比：對比： The books sell well. (主動句主動句) The books were sold out. (被動句被動句) The meat didnt cook well. (主動句主動句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被動句被動句) 第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 誤：誤：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 誤：誤：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 誤：誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，謂語是及物動詞第二，謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 誤：誤：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 誤：誤：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤：誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 誤：誤：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 誤：誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained. 第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z，如：象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z，如： I taught myself English. 誤：誤：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 誤：誤：Each other is loved. 11. 11. 在漢語中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來在漢語中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，例如：表示，例如： 據(jù)說據(jù)說It is said that 據(jù)報導據(jù)報導 It is reported that 據(jù)推測據(jù)推測 It is supposed that 希望希望It is hoped that 眾所周知眾所周知It is well known that 普遍認為普遍認為It is generally considered that 有人建議有人建議It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.