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1、句子成分 主語（subject）、 謂語（predicate）、 表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、 定語（attribute）、 狀語(adverbial)。 主語和謂語是句子成立的充分且必要的條件，兩者缺一不可。定語：定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用的表示。 定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。 形容詞作定語：形容詞作定語：The little b

2、oy needs a blue pen.(little修飾名詞boy；blue修飾名詞pen.）/小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個英俊的男孩。There is a good boy./有個乖男孩。 數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞：數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞：Two boys need two pens./兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。The two boys are students./這兩個男孩是學(xué)生。There are two boys in the room./房間里有兩個男孩。 代詞或名詞所有格作定語：代詞或名詞所有格作定語：His boy needs T

3、oms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。There are two boys of Toms there./那兒有Tom家的兩個男孩。 介詞短語作定語：介詞短語作定語：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有兩個9歲的，三個10歲的男孩。 名詞作定語：名詞作定語：The boy needs a ball

4、pen./男孩需要一支圓珠筆。It is a ball pen./這是一支圓珠筆。There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./這鉛筆盒里只有一支圓珠筆。 副詞作定語：副詞作定語：The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。The best boy here is Tom./這里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定語：不定式作定語：The boy to write this letter needs a pen./寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。The boy to write this letter is Tom./將要

5、寫這封信的男孩是湯姆。There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。 分詞（短語）作定語：分詞（短語）作定語：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。The pen bought by her is made in China./她買的筆是中國產(chǎn)的。There are five boys left./有五個留下的男孩。 定語從句：定語從句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那

6、個在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。The boy you will know is Tom./你將認識的男孩叫湯姆。There are five boys who will play the game./參加游戲的男孩有五個。簡單句類型 英語五種基本句型列式如下：1 （主謂）2 （主謂表）3 （主謂賓）4 （主謂間賓直賓）5（主謂賓賓補）主語+系動詞+表語表語 表語是表述主語的特征、狀態(tài)和身份等。 I am a teacher.主語+不及物動詞Thesunwasshining.Themoonrose.Whocares?Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.主語+及物動詞+賓語 I l

7、ike popular music. She knows what to do next. I usually do my homework at home in the evening. He began learning English ten years ago. He has decided to work harder at English.主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語直接賓語和間接賓語 有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。 一般的順序為：動詞

8、 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：Give me a cup of tea, please.強調(diào)間接賓語順序為：動詞 + 直接賓語 + to + 間接賓語。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動詞+ 代詞直接賓語 + to + 間接賓語。如：Bring it to me, please. 主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語不足語賓語補足語：賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。 名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞The war made him a soldier./戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士. 名詞/代詞

9、賓格 + 形容詞New methods make the job easy./新方法使這項工作變得輕松. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語I often find him at work./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞I saw a cat running across the road./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路. 同位語：同位語： 同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如： We stu

10、dents should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學(xué)生） We all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們） THERE BE +主語+狀語There is a book on the desk.There are many reasons for animals dying out.狀語：狀語：狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等 狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強調(diào)時放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；

11、表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強調(diào)時放在句首，地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前。 副詞（短語）作狀語：副詞（短語）作狀語：The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長則狀語前置）The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語

12、）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。（時間狀語） 介詞短語作狀語：介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點狀語）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子.(條件狀語)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里沒有學(xué)生.(時間狀語) 分詞（

13、短語）作狀語：分詞（短語）作狀語：He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因為不得不完成作業(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因為）受了驚嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語） 不定式作狀語：不定式作狀語：The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語）To make his dream come

14、 true,Tom becomes very interested in business./為實現(xiàn)夢想,湯姆變得對商業(yè)很有興趣. 名詞作狀語：名詞作狀語：Come this way!/走這條路?。ǚ较驙钫Z） 狀語從句：狀語從句：（狀語從句）（狀語從句）DIFFERENT KINDS OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES:1.Adverbial Clauses of Time:（時間狀語從句）（時間狀語從句）2.Adverbial Clauses of Reason(原因狀語從句）原因狀語從句）3.Adverbial Clauses of Conditions(條件狀語從句）條件狀語從句）

15、 4.Adverbial Clauses of Place (地點狀語從句）地點狀語從句）5.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose (目的狀語）目的狀語）6.）7.Adverbial Clauses of Comparison（比較）（比較）8.Adverbial Clauses of Concession(讓步）讓步）9.Adverb Clauses of Manner(方式狀語從句方式狀語從句 )1.Adverbial Clauses of Time:（時間狀語從句）（時間狀語從句） when, while, as, before, after, since, unti

16、l, as soon as, every time, each time, the moment, by the time , immediately , the minute , the second.1)When he comes here tomorrow, I”ll call you. (at that time)I.when2)Henry is in charge of the office when Mr.Smith is away. (during the time that) 1)While he was walking in the street, he met Tim. (

17、分詞短語）分詞短語）While walking in the street,he met Tim. Walking in the street ,he met Tom. 2)He learned to speak English while he was here. 3)I like tea while she likes coffee.II.whileIII. as (一邊.一邊,隨著） 1)As they were picking tea,the girls were singing happily. 2) She sang as she worked.IV. Before1)It won

18、t be long before he finishes his writing. V. After1)After he (had) finished his work,he left there. He (had) finished his work before he left here.After finishing his work,he left here. Having finished his work,he left here. VI. since (from the time that) 1)I have known him ever since he was a boy.

19、2)I have worked here since I graduated from the university.*3)It is (has been)two years since he came here.VII. until (till) (up to the time that)1)He will not go to bed until(till) his mother comes.2)Until she told me, I had no idea of what they had said.3)It is not until his mother comes home that

20、 he will go to bed.(強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)）強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)）VIII .as soon as1)As soon as she got home,she began to cook.On getting home,she began to cook. *IX. every time,each time,the moment 1)Every time/each time I catch a cold,I have pain in my back. 2)There was an applause the moment (as soon as) she appeared on the stage.X.

21、 by the time1)By the time he arrived,the train had already gone.2)By the time he comes,we will already have left. Exercises:1.They walked out of the room _the meeting was over.2.They must stay in school _they are sixteen.3.Take the medicine _you go to bed.as soon asby the timebefore4.I knew nothing

22、about it _he told me.5.It is more than five years _we started to learn English.6._he talked on, he got more and more excited.7.We should strike _the iron is hot.untilsinceAswhile2.Adverbial Clauses of Reason(原因狀語從句） because, since, as, now that, for I. because1)The ship changed its course because th

23、ere was a storm.The ship changed its course because of the storm.2)Because he was ill,he didnt go to school. He was ill ,so he didnt go to school.Being ill, he didnt go to school. II.since 1)Since you are ill,youd better go to see the doctor. 2)Since you do not understand ,I will explain again. III.

24、as 1)As she was late for class,she had to say sorry. 2)As Jane was the oldest in this family, she had to look after the others.IV. now that 1)Now that class is over,lets go to play football.V.for He must be ill, for he is absent today.Exercises:1.The teacher must be strict with you _ they want you t

25、o make great progress.2._your father is well again,you no longer have anything to worry about.3.The day breaks,_the birds are singing.3.Adverbial Clauses of Condition (條件狀語從句）I.if1)If he had worked harder,he would have passed the exam.2)If you work harder,you will succeed. Work harder, and you will

26、succeed.Work harder,or you wont succeed.Working harder,you will succeed.II.unless1)We cant write to Mary unless she tells us her address.We cant write to Mary if she doesnt tell us her address.*III.as long as(只要 ) 1)I will never give up learning as long as I live. 2)You may borrow the book as long a

27、s you keep it clean. *IV.on condition that（條件是） Well let you use the room on condition that you keep it tidy.*V.in case(萬一）Youd better take your raincoat with you in case it rains.4.Adverbial Clauses of Place (地點狀語從句） You may find him where his parents live.5.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose (目的狀語從句） so

28、 that /in order that They set out early so that (in order that) they might arrive there in time. They set out early in order to( so as to)arrive there in time.6. sothat,suchthat1) It is so good a story that Ill never forget it. It is such a good story that Ill never forget it.2)such+adj.+名詞 +that cl

29、auseMike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.3)so +adj./adv. +that clauseMike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.4)so + many/few + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+that clause much/little+不可數(shù)名詞He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.7.Adverbial Clauses of Comparison（比較） asas,not as(

30、so)as, more/-erthan,lessthan1)He doesnt work so hard as you do.2)There is as much ink in bottle A as in bottle B.3)The more you worry,the less youll succeed.4) Gold is much heavier than any other metal. 8.ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION(讓步） 1)Although(Though) he is old ,he works hard. He is old,but

31、he works hard. *2)Even though (even if)you say so,I dont believe it. (即使 )*3. Difficult as the work is,well finish it on time. Though the work is difficult,well finish it on time.4.Whenever(No matter when) you come to our country,you will be warmly welcomed.5.Wherever(No matter where) he goes,he alw

32、ays brings two bodyguards with him. 讓步狀語從句通常用讓步狀語從句通常用 though, although, no matter, even if, if, even though, however, whatever等引起。等引起。 讓步狀語從句可以前置，也可以后置；前置時強調(diào)主句內(nèi)容，后讓步狀語從句可以前置，也可以后置；前置時強調(diào)主句內(nèi)容，后置時強調(diào)從句內(nèi)容。有時也可以采取中位（插入句中）。置時強調(diào)從句內(nèi)容。有時也可以采取中位（插入句中）。 兩個詞同義，一般情況下可以互換使用，如：兩個詞同義，一般情況下可以互換使用，如：He didnt light th

33、e fire though / although it was cold. although 比比though 較正式，語氣較重，常用于強調(diào)讓步概念，較正式，語氣較重，常用于強調(diào)讓步概念，如：如： He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to. though可以和可以和even 連用，但連用，但although 不可以，如：不可以，如： Although (Even though) the traffic held us up, we got to the airport on time. 當(dāng)讓步狀語從句是指一種假設(shè)的情況，不指事實時

34、，通常用當(dāng)讓步狀語從句是指一種假設(shè)的情況，不指事實時，通常用though，而不用，而不用although，如：，如：He will never do such a thing though he (should) be forced to.Though all the world were against me, I shall still hold to my opinion. though可以在非正式文體中用作連接性狀語，而可以在非正式文體中用作連接性狀語，而although 則不則不行。（行。（though 可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗號隔開），如：可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗號隔開），

35、如： He said he would come; he didnt, though. though引導(dǎo)的從句可用倒裝語序（即把從句中的表語或狀語等引導(dǎo)的從句可用倒裝語序（即把從句中的表語或狀語等放在放在though之前），而之前），而although 不能這樣用，如：不能這樣用，如： Young though she is, yet she is fit for the job. (= Young as she is, ) 有時可用副詞有時可用副詞yet, still, nevertheless (但不能用連詞但不能用連詞but) 來配合連來配合連接詞接詞though或或although，以

36、加強語氣，如：，以加強語氣，如： Though he is over seventy, yet / still / nevertheless he can ride the bike. though和和although后面的主語和謂語動詞后面的主語和謂語動詞be 可以省略，如果這可以省略，如果這個主語和主句中的主語指同一個人或物時，如：個主語和主句中的主語指同一個人或物時，如： Though (it was) cold, it was a fine winter morning. Though (he was) severely wounded, yet he refused to leave

37、 the battle field. Though (they were) very tired, they continued to march on. even if 與與 even though同義，常用于強調(diào)讓步概念，如：同義，常用于強調(diào)讓步概念，如： Ill do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon. He was there even if we didnt see him. Even if you fail, you can try again. Ill help you, even if I dont sleep for a ni

38、ght. 注：注：if 有時也可以用于讓步含義，但要注意條件有時也可以用于讓步含義，但要注意條件if 與讓步與讓步if 的區(qū)的區(qū)別，試比較：別，試比較： If he is poor, how can he buy the house? (條件條件) If he is poor, he is at least honest. (讓步讓步) (= even if) If he is inexperienced, he wont be able to accomplish it. (條件條件) If he is inexperienced, he is at any rate eager to le

39、arn. (讓步讓步) (= even if) If John had been there, I would have seen him. (條件條件) If John was there, I didnt see him. (讓步讓步) (= even if) 在正式文體或文學(xué)作品中，為了強調(diào)讓步的含義，可用在正式文體或文學(xué)作品中，為了強調(diào)讓步的含義，可用as引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)讓步從句。但讓步從句。但as一般不置于句首，而將從句中的表語或狀語置于句一般不置于句首，而將從句中的表語或狀語置于句首。（首。（though, that與與as一樣，也可以用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)），如下面幾種一樣，也可以用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)），

40、如下面幾種情況：情況： 表語的倒裝：表語的倒裝： Tired as he was, he still went on with his work. Old as I am, I can still fight. Clever as you may be, you cannot do that. Tall as / though he was, he couldnt reach the top shelf. Difficult though the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time. 狀語的倒裝：（這時不可在狀語之前加狀語的倒裝：（這

41、時不可在狀語之前加very, much等修飾語）等修飾語） Much as I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man. Much as he likes the bike, he doesnt want to buy it. Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them. 謂語動詞的倒裝：謂語動詞的倒裝： Try as he would, he could not remember a word of it. (= No matter how he would try ) Tr

42、y as he might, he didnt pass the exam. Hate him as we may, we must admit his greatness. Search as they would, they could find nothing in the room. Try as you may, you will never succeed. 如果是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞最高級作表語，不再用冠詞，如：如果是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞最高級作表語，不再用冠詞，如： Teacher as Michael is, he is not capable of teaching all sub

43、jects. Child as / that he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best. Child as he is, he knows much. as從句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，當(dāng)從句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，當(dāng)as從句置于句首時，從句置于句首時，主句前可加主句前可加yet ，如：，如： Mary, brave as she is, is afraid of snakes. He was unable to

44、make much progress, hard as he tried. Rich as he is, (yet) I dont envy him. 當(dāng)作表語的形容詞提前時，如果從句的主語是人稱代詞，那么它當(dāng)作表語的形容詞提前時，如果從句的主語是人稱代詞，那么它只能放在動詞之前；如果從句的主語是名詞，則可用倒裝語序，也只能放在動詞之前；如果從句的主語是名詞，則可用倒裝語序，也可用陳述語序，如：可用陳述語序，如： Tired as were the workers, they did not stop. Clever though / as you may be, you cant do th

45、at. as 從句與主句在時態(tài)上可以不一致，如：從句與主句在時態(tài)上可以不一致，如： Child as he is, he was brave. 注意區(qū)別注意區(qū)別as 引導(dǎo)的原因從句與讓步從句，試比較：引導(dǎo)的原因從句與讓步從句，試比較： Lawyer as he is, he explains the reason clearly. (原因從句原因從句) Lawyer as he is, he cant explain the reason very clearly. (讓步從讓步從句句) even though (= even if) 引導(dǎo)的從句指把握不大或假設(shè)的事情，引導(dǎo)的從句指把握不大或假

46、設(shè)的事情，意為意為“即使即使”、“縱然縱然”； though 引導(dǎo)的從句指事實，意為引導(dǎo)的從句指事實，意為“盡盡管管”、“雖然雖然”，例如：例如： He will not reveal the secret, even though he knows it. (可能知道，可能知道，也可能不知道。也可能不知道。) He will not reveal the secret though he knows it. (雖然知道，卻不雖然知道，卻不說出來。說出來。) while (= although),它引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句只能前置，位于句首，它引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句只能前置，位于句首，如：如： Whil

47、e you may be right, I cant altogether agree. While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cannot be solved.注意比較下列各句：注意比較下列各句： While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. (讓步讓步) While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. (讓步讓步) While I was reading,

48、 the light went out. (時間時間) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. (轉(zhuǎn)折、對比轉(zhuǎn)折、對比) He is idle, while his brother is diligent. (轉(zhuǎn)折、對比轉(zhuǎn)折、對比) 這種從句也稱這種從句也稱“選擇條件選擇條件-讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句”，可位于主句之前，可位于主句之前或之后，如：或之后，如： Whether he drives or (whether he) flies, he will be here on time. Whether you like it or n

49、ot, youll have to do it. Whether or not it rains, Im giving a party tomorrow. We hold that all countries, (whether they are) big or small, (whether they are) rich or poor, should be equal. Whether it rains or snows, I will go tonight. She had to go, whether or not she wanted it. Whoever (= no matter

50、 who) is unwilling to go, I will go. (whoever 既相當(dāng)于連接詞短語既相當(dāng)于連接詞短語no matter 連接主句與從句，又相連接主句與從句，又相當(dāng)于疑問代詞當(dāng)于疑問代詞who) Whomever (= no matter whom) you are dealing with, this method is no good. Whatever (= no matter what) happens, keep calm. Whatever others may say, you are certainly right. Whichever (= no m

51、atter which) you choose, we have no objection. Whatever (= no matter what) difficulties may arise, we must and can overcome them one by one. (whatever 既相當(dāng)于既相當(dāng)于no matter 連接連接主句與從句，又相當(dāng)于疑問形容詞主句與從句，又相當(dāng)于疑問形容詞what 修飾名詞修飾名詞difficulties。) Whichever (= no matter which) room is assigned to him, he will have n

52、o objection. Whichever method you use, the result is much the same. However ( = no matter how) difficult the task may be, we will fulfil it on time. ( however 既相當(dāng)于既相當(dāng)于 no matter 連接主句與從句，又相當(dāng)于疑問副連接主句與從句，又相當(dāng)于疑問副詞詞 how 修飾修飾 difficult。) Wherever ( = no matter where) they went, they were warmly welcomed.

53、Whenever Im unhappy, he cheers me up. The dog follows me wherever I go. However difficult the task (may be), it will be fulfilled on time. However great the difficulties (may be), we will never retreat. Whatever the difficulties (may be), they must and can be overcome.11由由whenever, wherever 引導(dǎo)的從句，同時

54、也分別是時間狀語從引導(dǎo)的從句，同時也分別是時間狀語從句和地點狀語從句，這里作為讓步狀語從句來看待，是強調(diào)它們帶句和地點狀語從句，這里作為讓步狀語從句來看待，是強調(diào)它們帶有有no matter when, no matter where 的含義。在口語中用的含義。在口語中用no matter +wh- 結(jié)構(gòu)比較常見。例如：結(jié)構(gòu)比較常見。例如： No matter what I did, no one paid any attention. (= Whatever I did, ) No matter when and how the invaders come, they will be wip

55、ed out clean. No matter who it is, I dont want to see him.No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it in time. It is true, no matter what you may say. (可置于主句之后可置于主句之后) Dont believe the rumour, no matter who repeats it. (可置于主句可置于主句之后之后) It doesnt matter (= No matter) what he may say, I am going.9.Adverb Clauses of Manner(方式狀語從句 )由as, just as, as if 等從屬連詞。 1) You must try to do as I did.* 2)Lets do as Mrs. Li teaches us.*3)He talks as if he knew all about it. (好象 )BYE - BYE !BYE - BYE !