專題十三社會(huì)文化類 2 2018全國 C Languageshavebeeningandgoingforthousandsofyears butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlessingandalotmoregoing Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter gatherers small tightlyknit 聯(lián)系 groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10 000yearsago whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople theyspokeperhaps12 000languagesbetweenthem 3 Soonafterwards manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobeefarmers andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber Inrecentcenturies trade industrialisation thedevelopmentofthenation stateandthespreadofuniversalpulsoryeducation especiallyglobalisationandbettermunicationsinthepastfewdecades allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover 4 Atpresent theworldhasabout6 800languages Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages oftenspokenbymanypeople whilehot wetzoneshavelots oftenspokenbysmallnumbers Europehasonlyaround200languages theAmericasabout1 000 Africa2 400 andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3 200 ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800 Themediannumber 中位數(shù) ofspeakersisamere6 000 whichmeansthathalftheworld slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat 5 Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6 800languagesareclosetoextinction 消亡 withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft Pick atrandom BusuuinCameroon eightremainingspeakers ChiapanecoinMexico 150 LipanApacheintheUnitedStates twoorthree orWadjiguinAustralia one withaquestion mark noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival 6 28 Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter gatherertimes A Theydevelopedveryfast B Theywerelargeinnumber C Theyhadsimilarpatterns D Theywerecloselyconnected 29 Whichofthefollowingbestexplains dominant underlinedinparagraph2 A Complex B Advanced C Powerful D Modern 30 Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6 000peopleatpresent A About6 800 B About3 400 C About2 400 D About1 200 31 Whatisthemainideaofthetext A Newlanguageswillbecreated B People slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages C Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages D Geographydetermineslanguageevolution 7 文章結(jié)構(gòu) 8 難點(diǎn)分析 Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages oftenspokenbymanypeople whilehot wetzoneshavelots oftenspokenbysmallnumbers 總的規(guī)則是 天氣溫和地區(qū)的語言種類相對(duì)較少 往往有許多人說這些語言 而炎熱 潮濕地區(qū)的語言種類很多 但往往說這些語言的人數(shù)少 分析 thatmildzoneshave while 是賓語從句 while是并列連詞 連接兩個(gè)并列分句 表示對(duì)比 spokenby 是過去分詞短語 作后置定語修飾前面的languages 9 語篇導(dǎo)讀 本文是說明文 在依靠狩獵和采集生活的時(shí)代 語種眾多 但是隨著工業(yè)化 貿(mào)易 全球化等的發(fā)展 許多語種消失了 28 B推理判斷題 根據(jù)第一段中的 Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter gatherers theyspokeperhaps12 000languagesbetweenthem 可知 在依靠狩獵和采集生活的時(shí)代 人們使用的語言種類很多 29 C詞義猜測題 根據(jù)上文提到的 allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear 和下文的 suchasEnglish SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover 可知 英語 西班牙語和漢語正在逐漸取代一些語言 由此可猜測該詞的意思是 占優(yōu)勢的 所以選C項(xiàng) 10 30 B細(xì)節(jié)理解題 根據(jù)第三段的第一句 Atpresent theworldhasabout6 800languages 和最后一句中的 isamere6 000 whichmeansthathalftheworld slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat 可知 B項(xiàng)正確 31 C主旨大意題 通讀全文可知 在依靠狩獵和采集生活的時(shí)代 語種眾多 但是隨著工業(yè)化 貿(mào)易 全球化等的發(fā)展 許多語種消失了 由此可知 人類的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了語種的減少 所以選C項(xiàng) 11 A 2018河南鄭州三模 YearsagowhenIwasattheGrandCanyon Irememberedsomeoneinguptothecanyon sedge takingashotwithacameraandthenwalkingaway like gotitdone barelyevenglancingatthemagnificentsceneinfrontofhim LindaHenkel ascientistatFairfieldUniversity UStoldLiveScience Henkelwassurprisedbyhowobsessed 著迷的 peoplearewithtakingpicturesthesedays beforedinner duringfriends birthdayparties onmuseumtoursandsoon Theykeeptakingpicturesbecausetheythinkthatithelpsrecordthemoment butasHenkel slateststudyhasjustfoundout thisobsessionmaypreventtheirbrainsrememberingwhatactuallyhappened reportedTheGuardian 12 Inherstudy Henkelledagroupofcollegestudentsaroundamuseumandaskedthemtosimplyobserve15objectsandphotograph15others Thenextdaythestudents memoryofthetourwastested andtheresultsshowedthattheywerelessaccurateinrecognizingtheobjectsandtheyrememberedfewerdetailsaboutthemiftheyphotographedthem Whenpeoplerelyontechnologytorememberthem countingonthecameratorecordtheeventandthusnotneedingtoattendtoitfullythemselves itcanhaveanegativeimpactonhowwelltheyremembertheirexperiences Henkelexplained Butthereisalsoanexception ifstudentszoomed 縮放 intophotographpartofanobject theirmemoryactuallyimproved andthosewhofocusedthelens 鏡頭 onaspecificareacouldevenrecallpartsthatweren tintheframe 13 Sobasically thisstudyissayingthatconstantlytakingpicturescanharmyourmemory Butshouldn treviewingpictureswehavetakenhelpwakeupourmemories Thisistrue butonlyifwespendenoughtimedoingit Inordertoremember wehavetoaccessandinteractwiththephotos ratherthanjustcollectthem HenkeltoldTheTelegraph However previousresearchhasshownthatmostpeoplenevertakethetimetolookovertheirdigitalpicturessimplybecausetherearetoomanyofthemandtheyaren tusuallyveryorganizedontheirputers 14 語篇解讀 本文為議論文 人們都喜歡拍照 拍照有助于記錄某一時(shí)刻 但拍照對(duì)我們的記憶有影響 如果我們只是簡單的記錄 而不去關(guān)注和欣賞的話 則會(huì)有負(fù)面的影響 如果我們以后還會(huì)欣賞這些照片則會(huì)有助于喚醒我們的記憶 如果只拍照不欣賞還不如不拍照只是欣賞的好 15 1 WhydidtheauthormentionHenkel striptotheGrandCanyonatthebeginning A Toplainaboutsometourists badhabits B Togivesuggestionsonhowtoenjoyone stour C Topointoutpeople sobsessionwithtakingpictures D TodescribethebeautifulviewoftheGrandCanyon 答案 解析 16 2 WhatcanwelearnfromHenkel sstudy A Reviewingpicturesalwayshelpspeoplebringbackmemorieseasily B Takingpicturesinamuseumtourhelpsstudentsrecognizeobjectsbetter C Peopleshouldspendmoretimetakingpicturesthanstudyingrealobjects D Picturesfocusingonthedetailsofobjectsprobablyimprovepeople smemories 答案 解析 17 3 Whatdoestheunderlinedword it inParagraph5probablyreferto A Thecamera B Thetechnology C Theevent D Anobject 答案 解析 18 4 Whatisthearticlemainlyabout A People sobsessionwithtakingpicturesanditsinfluence B Possiblewaysofusingpicturestoimproveone smemory C Greatharmtomemorycausedbytakingpicturesconstantly D Abelievablestudyintothenegativeimpactofliningcamerasoften 答案 解析 19 B 2018全國 D We veallbeenthere inalift inlineatthebankoronanairplane surroundedbypeoplewhoare likeus deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor worse strugglingwiththeunfortablesilence What stheproblem It spossiblethatweallhavepromisedconversationalintelligence It smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit sawkwardandchallenging orwethinkit sannoyingandunnecessary Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble Expertssayit saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits 20 Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy butwecan tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn tevenexistifitweren tforcasualconversation Smalltalkisthegrease 潤滑劑 forsocialmunication saysBernardoCarducci directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk heexplains Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers notjustmunicatewiththem 21 Ina2014study ElizabethDunn associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction 互動(dòng) withitswaiter theother tospeakonlywhennecessary Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience It snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband saysDunn Butinteractionswithperipheral 邊緣的 membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell beingalso Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging abondwithothers Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners hesays 22 語篇解讀 本文是一篇說明文 作者通過建議陌生人之間進(jìn)行交流引出本文的話題 閑談 并介紹了閑談的益處 指出 閑談是禮貌的基礎(chǔ) 23 5 Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph A Addictiontosmartphones B Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces C Absenceofmunicationbetweenstrangers D Impatiencewithslowservice 答案 解析 24 6 WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci A Showinggoodmanners B Relatingtootherpeople C Focusingonatopic D Makingbusinessdeals 答案 解析 25 7 Whatdoesthecoffee shopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk A Itimprovesfamilyrelationships B Itraisespeople sconfidence C Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk D Itmakespeoplefeelgood 答案 解析 26 8 Whatisthebesttitleforthetext A ConversationCountsB WaysofMakingSmallTalkC BenefitsofSmallTalkD UnfortableSilence 答案 解析