專項(xiàng)十定語(yǔ)從句專項(xiàng)十定語(yǔ)從句 一、定語(yǔ)從句中which的考查which既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，高考中的考查重點(diǎn)是which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常代指整個(gè)主句。Part 規(guī)律印證 考 點(diǎn) 落 實(shí) ， 步 步 為 “ 贏 ” 邊 做 邊 悟(2013天津卷)報(bào)紙新聞報(bào)道說(shuō)，我們又發(fā)射了一顆人造衛(wèi)星。We have launched another manmade satellite, _ in todays newspaper.(2013安徽卷) 莫言獲得了2012年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，這使得中國(guó)人民很久以來(lái)的一個(gè)夢(mèng)想得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, _ one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true.答案 which is announcedwhich made 二、定語(yǔ)從句中where的考查where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，主要有以下兩種情況：(1)表示具體的地點(diǎn)史蒂芬霍金認(rèn)為，地球可能不是唯一有生命進(jìn)化的行星。Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually.(2013新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷)當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)，布萊恩帶我去看了我即將居住的房子。When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house _.(2)表示模糊的地點(diǎn)和抽象意義的地點(diǎn)(常見(jiàn)的先行詞有race, job, activity, case, situation, point, position, stage, degree等)(2013江西卷) 他寫(xiě)了一封信，在信中他解釋了在那起事故中發(fā)生了什么。He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident.他們已經(jīng)到了必須分手的地步。They have reached the point _ they have to separate with each other.答案wherewhere I would be stayingwherewhere 三、定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。注意：先行詞是地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不一定用where；先行詞是時(shí)間名詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不一定用when；先行詞是reason時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不一定用why。試比較：This is the factory where I worked last year.This is the factory (that/which) I visited last year.I will never forget the day when I worked with them.I will never forget the day (that/which) I spent with them.This is the reason why he was absent from school.This is the reason (that/which) he explained for his absence from school.以上例句中visit，spend和explain為及物動(dòng)詞，從句中缺少賓語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)用that/which引導(dǎo)。(2013四川卷) 現(xiàn)在人們更加關(guān)心他們所居住的環(huán)境。Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _ they live.答案where句意：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為environment，關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，所以用關(guān)系副詞where。那天晚上，我工作到很晚，我以后會(huì)告訴你更多相關(guān)的情況。That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.答案 which 四、定語(yǔ)從句中as與which的選擇(1)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中間皆可，表示眾所周知或意料之中的事；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則只能放在主句之后。(2)當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)為be announced, be expected, be known, be reported, be said, be shown等被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用as引導(dǎo)。(3)as表示整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容時(shí)，有時(shí)含有“正如；正像”等意思，而 which 無(wú)此意。(4)在下列固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞as代表整個(gè)主句所述的內(nèi)容，一般不用which。例如：as we know 眾所周知as has been said before 如前所述as is often the case 情況常常如此試比較：Li Ming was late for school again, which made Mr.Zhang very angry.You know, as we expected, Li Ming was late for school again.As is known to all, China is in the east of Asia.(2013山東卷)There is no simple answer, _ is often the case in science.答案as分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該題為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，所填詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)。Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _ , of course, made all the others upset.答案whichwhich 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代整個(gè)主句部分的內(nèi)容。 五、定語(yǔ)從句中who, whom與whose的選擇who在引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，whom作賓語(yǔ)，whose作定語(yǔ)，其中who也可以代替whom作賓語(yǔ)，但who不能位于介詞后；who與whom只能指人，whose既可指人又可指物。試比較：He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.Do you know the man who(m) Mr.Black talked with just now?Do you know the man with whom Mr.Black talked just now?We live in the room, whose window faces the south.(2013湖南卷)Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths.答案who句意：幸福和成功往往降臨到那些善于意識(shí)到自己優(yōu)點(diǎn)的人的身上。先行詞是those，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，因此用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。(天津高考)I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _ help I would never have got this far.答案whose句意：我想感謝史密斯教授，沒(méi)有他的幫助我不會(huì)取得這樣的成績(jī)。從句中的help是名詞，與Professor Smith是所屬關(guān)系，故用whose。(浙江高考)Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _ , for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.答案who分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處考查定語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是a painter，關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)該用關(guān)系代詞who。 六、“介詞定語(yǔ)從句”中介詞的選擇及其后關(guān)系詞的選擇 1介詞后的關(guān)系代詞主要有which和whom。 2在“介詞定語(yǔ)從句”中，介詞的選擇常常依據(jù)下面三點(diǎn)(1)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境選介詞(2)根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)部分的搭配選介詞(3)根據(jù)先行詞選介詞In the dark street，there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.在漆黑的大街上沒(méi)有一個(gè)人能為她提供幫助。(to與從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成搭配turn to“求助于”)Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price _ was very reasonable.最近我買了個(gè)古代的花瓶，它的價(jià)錢很合理。 (江西高考) 她帶著游客參觀這座博物館花了三年多才建成的建筑。She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _ had taken more than three years.答案to whom of whichof which 1關(guān)系代詞的誤用及漏用(1)【誤】 Ive read all the books which you lent me.【正】 Ive read all the books that you lent me.解析定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞被 all，some，any，no ，few 等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用 that 。(2)【誤】 The student is standing there is our monitor.【正】 The student (who/that is)standing there is our monitor.解析定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略；此處也可理解為現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語(yǔ)?？?點(diǎn) 警 示(3)【誤】 Dinner starts with a small dish，that is often called a starter.【正】 Dinner starts with a small dish，which is often called a starter.解析用 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而不用 that 引導(dǎo)。(4)【誤】 He lives in the room，the window of that faces the south.【正】 He lives in the room，the window of which faces the south.解析“介詞 關(guān)系代詞”中的關(guān)系代詞用 which 不用 that 。(5)【誤】 The man with who I worked has left.【正】 The man with whom I worked has left.解析“介詞whom”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。介詞后不接 who。 2定語(yǔ)從句主謂不一致【誤】 This is one of the rooms that is free now.【正】 This is one of the rooms that are free now.解析 在 one of.結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞為 of 后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞，從句謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。先行詞是“the only / very one of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。 3關(guān)系詞與被替換詞重復(fù)【誤】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month.【正】 This is the jacket which I bought last month.解析which 在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，it 多余。 4介詞的誤用【誤】 The computer to which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai.【正】 The computer for which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai.解析介詞的選用既要考慮先行詞，又要考慮定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞或形容詞與介詞的搭配習(xí)慣。此處 pay.for sth為固定短語(yǔ)，意為“花錢買”。 5from where 與from which 混用【誤】 They stood on the top of the building，from which they could see the whole city.【正】 They stood on the top of the building，from where they could see the whole city.解析from where from the top of the building；from which from the building，顯然前者比較合適。 6忽視倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)【誤】 The fisherman lives in an old house，in front of which a well lies.【正】 The fisherman lives in an old house，in front of which lies a well.解析in front of.放在定語(yǔ)從句句首，且從句中含有動(dòng)詞 lie，stand 等，主語(yǔ)為名詞，這時(shí)要采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把lie，stand 等放在作主語(yǔ)的名詞前。 7限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句誤用(1)【誤】 Charles Smith，that was my former teacher，retired last year.【正】 Charles Smith，who was my former teacher，retired last year.解析在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用 who，whom 。(2)【誤】 This novel, I have read three times，is very touching.【正】 This novel, which I have read three times，is very touching.解析在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系詞不能省略。(3)【誤】 I had told them the reason，why I didnt attend the meeting. 【正】 I had told them the reason，for which I didnt attend the meeting.解析that，why 通常不用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。(4)正如所通知的那樣，我們下個(gè)月要舉行期末考試?！菊`】 It has been announced we shall have our final exams next month.【誤】 Which has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month.【正】 It has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month.【正】 As has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month.解析as has been announced 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，放在句首，不能使用 which ；有時(shí)可與 It is/has been.that.轉(zhuǎn)換。(5)我看過(guò)金婚這部電視劇，它的男主角是張國(guó)立?！菊`】 I have seen Golden Anniversary，its leading actor is Zhang Guoli.【正】 I have seen Golden Anniversary，whose leading actor is Zhang Guoli.【正】 I have seen Golden Anniversary，its leading actor Zhang Guoli.解析在定語(yǔ)從句中，whose 既可指人，也可指物，往往放在從句中的某一名詞前作定語(yǔ)；該句也可改為獨(dú)立主格形式。 1定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的比較判斷是定語(yǔ)從句還是同位語(yǔ)從句可以用“加詞”的方法，即在名詞和從句之間加入一個(gè)be動(dòng)詞，如果句子意思成立，則是同位語(yǔ)從句，否則，則是定語(yǔ)從句。請(qǐng)判斷：The notice that meeting had to be put off was true._The notice that he read just now was true._易 錯(cuò) 防 范 2定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句的比較當(dāng)涉及“地點(diǎn)”時(shí)，判斷是定語(yǔ)從句還是狀語(yǔ)從句的依據(jù)：看句中是否有先行詞。請(qǐng)判斷：(2013北京卷) 許多國(guó)家現(xiàn)在正在建立國(guó)家公園，動(dòng)植物可以在這里得到保護(hù)。Many countries are now setting up national parks where animals and plants can be protected._ 在畢業(yè)典禮上，一切東西都放在他想放的位置。Everything was placed exactly where he wanted it for the graduation ceremony._答案同位語(yǔ)從句 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句 狀語(yǔ)從句 3定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)分區(qū)分是定語(yǔ)從句還是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，看從句中是否缺少句子成分，如果去掉it is/was和that/who，結(jié)構(gòu)仍完整，則為強(qiáng)調(diào)句，反之，則為定語(yǔ)從句。試比較：It was in the hospital that he came across a friend of his.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)It was the hospital where he came across a friend of his.(定語(yǔ)從句)此外，高考時(shí)常將定語(yǔ)從句與省略、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)合起來(lái)在具體語(yǔ)境中進(jìn)行考查，所以，我們?cè)诮忸}時(shí)不能只考慮語(yǔ)法，還應(yīng)注意實(shí)際交際功能。如：Where did you get to know her?It was on the farm where we worked.