Unit6Whereisthenewsleadingus 1 Themanwhoreadsnothingatallisbettereducatedthanthemanwhoreadsnothingbutnewspapers ThomasJeffersonDiscussionWheredoyougeteverydaynewsfrom Aremostofthemfromnewspaper TV radio webpages microblogs mobilephoneportals etc Why 2 1 Whatisyourmajorchannelforlearningthenews Readingnewspapers watchingTV orsurfingtheInternet Whatdoyouthink news shouldcover 2 WhatdoyouthinkisthejobofanewspaperreporteroraTVanchor Isitjusttoreporttothepublicthenews i e whatishappeningaroundtheworld Arethey knowinglyorunknowingly influencingtheattitudeofthepublictowardswhattheyarereportinginparticularoreventheiroutlookonlifeingeneral 3 4 ArgumentCombinedwithOtherPatternsofDevelopmentDefinitionofArgumentArgumentisareasonorasetofreasonsgivenwiththeaimofconvincingothersthatanactionorideaisrightorwrongorpersuadingotherstobelieveinsomething WhatisaGoodArgumentApersonisconvincedwhenheisinducedbylogicalreasoningtogiveuphisbeliefandacceptwhatissaidtoberight andheispersuadedwhenheisledtoactinaccordwithwhatheisadvisedtodo 5 ExamplesfromTextNormanCousins essay WhereIstheNewsLeadingUs isagoodexampleofargument Itaimstoargueforthepremisethattheresponsibilityofthenewsmediaistosearchoutandreportonimportantevents Italsoaimsatpersuadingnewsmenandwomentotakeupthisresponsibility Insomearguments theauthor spositionispresentedatthebeginningofhiswritingandthenhegoesontosupportitinvariousways Ortheauthormaypresenthisargumentattheendofhiswritingastheresultoflogicalinference ButneitheroftheseisthewayinwhichCousinsorganizeshisessay ItissomewherenearthemiddleoftheessaythatwefindCousins presentationofhisviewpoint 6 Cousins argumentisfoundinPara 9 theresponsibilityofthenewsmediaistosearchoutandreportonimportantevent whetherornottheycomeundertheheadingofconflict confrontation orcatastrophe Inthefirst8paragraphs Cousinshassuccessfullyledhisreaderstothisconclusion Hebeginswithaquestionaddressedtotwojournalists Whyarethenewspapersandthetelevisionnewsprogramssodisaster prone Para 3 Thenhejudgestheiranswertobewrongbecausehedoesnotthinkthejournalistsarereallyresponsible Ratherhethinksitisamatterofthedefinitionofnews Paras 4 6 7 Ifnewsisdefinedexclusivelyaswhathashappenedinthepast24hours itcanonlybetheeruptivehappenings thusonlythedisasters Humanprogressisnoteruptiveforithappensonlyinbitsandpieces Butthesepositiveeventsarealsonewsandshouldbyallmeansbecoveredbythemedia Paras 7 8 thushisargumentpresentedinPara 9 Inthelast4paragraphsCousinsstrengthenshisviewpointbycitingexamplesofwhatheconsiderspositivedevelopmentsoftheworld Para 10 andcallingattentiontotheresponsibilityjournalistshaveforaffectingthewaypeoplethinkandtherolethemediaplayinshapingthemindofthepeople Paras 11 13 8 OtherPatternsofDevelopmentinTextHowever whatispresentedintheessayisnotmerelyanargumentfororagainstanissue Asamatteroffact theauthoremploysvariousotherpatternsofdevelopinganessaytomaketheargumentreasonable convincing andvalid Attheverybeginningoftheessay itisnarration tellingthereaderaboutthesettingandthepersonsinvolvedintheissue ItwasanoccasionofapublicsymposiumontheroleoftheAmericanpress andtwospeakers atelevisionanchormanandanewspapereditor werethecentreofattention Thequestionraisedatthesymposiumwas Whyarethenewspapersandthetelevisionnewsprogramssodisaster prone Inordertolendvaliditytotheargument itisnecessarytoclarifythemeaningoftheword news first Heretheauthormakesuseofdefinition 9 Notonlyis news defined but civilization progress and positivenews arealsoexplained Theclarificationofthesetermsaffordstheargumentstrengthandeffectiveness Thecause and effectpatternisusedtoshowthereaderthatthepeople sbeingover informedaboutdisastersleadsto apublicmoodofdefeatismanddespair whichisdetrimentaltoprogressandtosocietyasawhole Tofurtherhisargumentforreportingimportantevents Cousinsprovidesanexample nitrogenfixation whichisbynomeanseruptive butwhichwillmakeaninvaluablecontributiontohumanlifeandprogress Furthermore Cousinsurgesthenewsmediatopresent atrueportrait butnot acaricature ofourselvesandoftheworld AndhequotesdeChartres wordsabout dwarfsseatedontheshouldersofgiants Thesearetheuseoffiguresofspeech 10 11 adistinguishedTVanchormananexcellentTVanchormanwhohasgreatfamedistinguishedisanadjectiveusedespeciallyofpeoplewhoarefamousforseriousworkinscience thearts etc e g adistinguishedscientist physician writer artist etc anchormann abroadcasterornewscasteratacentralstationwhocoordinatesandintegratesabroadcastconsistingofcoveragecomingfromseveraldifferentlocations 12 anewsmantothecoreanewsmanineveryway anewsmanthroughandthrough anewsmancompletelytothecore completelyThesystemisrottentothecore savvyadj intelligent sensible andknowledgeable showingalotofpracticalknowledge 13 waysandmeans1 methodsandmeansofaccomplishingsth 2 legislationandmethodsforraisingrevenuesforpublicexpensee g Hetriedeverywaysandmeanstogethisworkdoneaheadoftime Hehasn tgotajob butheseemstohavewaysandmeansofgettingmoney 14 scrutinizev examineindetailwithcarefulattentioninordertofindsomeusefulinformationaboutsomethinge g Sheleanedforwardtoscrutinizetheirfaces Thebuildinginspectorscrutinizedthearchitect sdesign 15 addressv directspeechorwritingtosb e g Sheaddressedherremarkstotheaudienceforcefully Theletterwasaddressedtothestaffoftheuniversity 16 disaster proneadj tendingtoreportdisasters badnews interestedinreportingdisastersproneadj likelytosufferfromanillness tendingtoshowaparticularnegativecharacteristice g Sheispronetoanger exaggeration flu Itisbelievedthatpeoplewithfairskinwhosunburneasilyarepronetodevelopskincancer Itmayalsobeusedafteranounwithahyphencombiningthetwo e g accident prone oftenhavingaccidents injury prone oftengettinginjuries 17 Modify tochangesthslightly especiallyinordertomakeitmoresuitableforaparticularpurposeThesoftwareweusehasbeenmodifiedforus Patientsaretaughthowtomodifytheirdiet Distortion changingofsomethingintosomethingthatisnottrueornotacceptable changingoftheappearanceorsoundofsomethinginawaythatmakesitseemstrangeorunclear downsidenewsnewsofanegativenature 18 collidewithcrashviolentlyintoe g Thefully loadedtruckcollidedwithastationwagon Heransofastthathecollidedwithapedestrianinthestreet 19 amisshapenpictureadistortedviewoftheworldMisshapen sobadlyformedoroutofshapeastobeuglymisshapenvegetablesHerhandsweremisshapenbyarthritis 20 thesumtotaltheentireamountofsomethingwhenallthevariouspartsareconsideredtogether thewholee g Thesumtotalofwhatshesaidamountedtoaflatrefusal 21 ingredientn constituent componentThiswordisoftenusedincooking referringtothedifferentthingsthatcombinetomakesomekindoffood e g Flour eggs sugar andshorteningarethechiefingredientsofanykindofcake Ithinkthatisoneofthemajoringredientsinhissuccess 22 Whatarethetwodifferingnotionsof news representedinthearticle Howdoesthedifferenceaffectnewsreportinginthemassmedia Paras 6and7 Twotypesofnews 1 sudden eruptivehappeningsinthepast12 24hours2 progressofcivilizationthatcomesinbitsandpiecesNewsisgenerallyassumedtobewhathashappenederuptivelyinthemostrecentpast thusitconsistsmainlyofdisasters 23 apublicmoodofdefeatismanddespairastateoffeelingdefeatedandhopelessonthepartofthegeneralpublicinhibitorsofprogresshindrancesorobstructionstoprogress 24 Anunrelieveddietoferuptivenewsdepletestheessentialhumanenergiesafreesocietyneeds Acontinuousreportingofnegativenewsreducesthehumanpotentialthatafreesocietyisinneedof 25 然而 一味聚焦這些報(bào)道 則是失真的畫(huà)面 人類(lèi)文明成果遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于災(zāi)難總和 每種文明中最重要的成分就是進(jìn)步 但進(jìn)步不會(huì)立即發(fā)生 也沒(méi)有爆發(fā)性 一般來(lái)說(shuō) 它是一點(diǎn)一滴逐步發(fā)展的 在某個(gè)特定時(shí)刻是微不足察的 但是所有微小的進(jìn)步都參與了歷史性的巨變的實(shí)現(xiàn) 使社會(huì)更加美好 就是這類(lèi)活生生的歷史 絕大多數(shù)的新聞媒體沒(méi)有予以充分的反映 結(jié)果導(dǎo)致我們對(duì)社會(huì)的正面發(fā)展了解不足 對(duì)災(zāi)難卻知之甚多 這又使人產(chǎn)生失敗和絕望的情緒 而這些情緒易于阻礙社會(huì)進(jìn)步 爆發(fā)性新聞大餐令人憂心忡忡 大大削減了自由社會(huì)所需的動(dòng)力 絕望和憤世的情緒使人沒(méi)有動(dòng)力迎接嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn) 26 positive newsbecontrived positive orfavourablenewsbemadeupcontrivev makeorinventinacleverway cause sth tohappeninaccordancewithone splansorwishese g Hewasquicktocontriveanexcuseforhisabsenceatthelastmeeting 27 getacrossmakesth understoodandacceptede g Hetriedeverywaytoexplain buthejustcouldn tgethisideasacross 28 conflict confrontation orcatastropheThethreewordsindicatethreestagesofopposition conflictdisagreementbetweenopposinggroupsoropposingideasconfrontationopposingeachotherorbeinghostiletoeachotherfacetofacecatastropheaterribledisasterasaresult ofaconflictoraconfrontation 29 asplendidcombinationofheavenandhellastrikingcombinationofbliss happinessandsuffering wretchedness 30 perspectiven aparticularwayofconsideringsth e g Theauthorwritesfromahistoricalperspective Keeptheprobleminperspective thinkabouttheprobleminareasonableway 31 qualifyv reachanecessarystandard e g ofknowledge ability oracertainqualitye g AftershegotherM D degree shequalifiedasadoctor Asshedidnothavetherequiredworkexperience shewasnotqualifiedfortheposition 32 nitrogen fixationamountofnitrogensecured set established madedefinite 固氮作用 33 ScientistsallovertheworldarenowpursuingthisprospectinthehopeofcombatingfamineScientistsarenowstrivingforthelikelihoodofsuccess hopingthatitwillbringfaminetoanend Pursuev continuesteadilywith carryone g Shetriedtopursuefurtherstudiesintheuniversity inthehopeof thathopingthate g Heworkedextremelyhardinthehopeofpassingthecollegeentranceexamination inthehopethathemightpasstheexamination 34 prospectn reasonablehopeofsth Happening chancesofbeingsuccessfule g Theprospectofhisbeingelectedasthecommitteechairisencouraging There shardlyanyprospectofsuccessforhim 35 WalterLippman 1889 1974 U S journalistandpoliticalphilosopher wellknownforhiswritingsoncurrentsocialandpoliticaleventsandphenomena Hiswidelysyndicatedcolumn TodayandTomorrow fortheNewYorkHeraldTribunewasreadbymillionsfromSeptember1931untilhisretirementin1967 36 TheacquiredcultureisnottransmittedinourgenesWhatweattain getfromsocietydoesnotbecomeourinborn inherentcharacter Ageneisapartofacellinalivingthingwhichcontrolsitsphysicalcharacteristics growth anddevelopment Genesarepassedfromonegenerationtoanother isnottransmittedinourgenes doesnotenterourgenes doesnotbecomeapartofourgenestransmitv passfrom onepersonorthing to another e g Bacteriatransmitdiseases WeexchangeinformationbytransmittingitthroughE mail 37 onceandforalldonecompletelyasafinalsolutiontoaprobleme g Wehopethedisputewillbesettledonceandforall Thecarjuststoppedworkingonceandforall 38 BernarddeChartresa12thcenturyFrenchNeo Platonistphilosopher scholar andadministrator whosedateandplaceofbirthareunknown Presumablyhediedafter1124 Dwarfsstanding sittingontheshouldersofgiants isametaphor meaning thosewhodevelopfutureintellectualpursuitsbyunderstandingtheresearchandworkscreatedbynotablethinkersofthepast Themetaphorwasfirstrecordedinthe12thcenturyandattributedtoBernarddeChartres Itwasfamouslyutteredbythe17thcenturyscientistIsaacNewton 39 boostingourselvesuponourexperiencesimprovinganddevelopingourselvesthroughourexperiencesboostupmeans liftbypushingupfrombelow literally e g PleaseboostmeupsothatIcanseewhat shappeninginthegarden Often boostmeans increase raise e g Wehopeourproductionwillbeboostedby20 40 41 1 ImagineyourselftobeaTVreporter Nowyouaretogiveanon the spotreportofadisastroushappeningtotheviewers say acaraccident avillagehitbyland slide aderailedtrain acampusshooting orwhatever Mikeinhandandfacingthecamera whatareyougoingtosaytocovertheaccident Bearinmindtheobligationsofanewsman Whatyousayisnotasimportantashowyousayit SentencepatternsforyourreferenceIamstanding Accordingto Asyoucansee 42 43 44 45 46 2 Thefocusofthetextisontheobligationsofthemassmediaprofessionals Nowselectanewspaperreport eitherfromanEnglishnewspaperoraChineseone andhaveagroupdiscussiononhowthereporterfulfillshis herresponsibilities andalsoinwhatwayorwayshe sheaffectstheoutlookofhis herreadersthroughhis herreporting SentencepatternsforyourreferenceThetone suggests Ifthereporthad he shewould Withnopriorknowledgeof thereader 47 48 NarrationDefinitionNarration amodeofdiscourse followsthepatternofstorytelling inwhicheventsareoftenarrangedinchronologicalsequence thatis inaccordancewiththeorderoftime Theseeventsmovefromonetimetoanother backwardorforward orforwardorbackward dependingonhowthestoryistoldandwhoistellingit ExampleYesterdayattheswimming pooleverythingseemedtogowrong SoonafterIarrived Isatonmysunglassesandbrokethem Latermybathingsuitcaughtontheroughedgeofachair tearingaholein 49 thesideofthesuit ButmyworstmomentcamewhenIdecidedtoclimbuptothehighdivingtowertoseewhattheviewwaslike OnceIwasupthere IrealizedthatmyfriendswerelookingatmebecausetheythoughtIwasgoingtodive IdecidedIwastooafraidtodivefromthatheight SoIclimbeddowntheladder feelingveryembarrassed Inthisparagraph thewriterdevelopsthecontrollingideaof everythingseemingtogowrong byrevealingthethreeincidents thebrokensunglasses thetornbathingsuit andclimbingdownfromthehighdivingtower intheirsequenceofoccurrence 50 WhatisGoodNarrationAmostimportantstandardforjudgingthevalueofanynarrativeishowwellitshowsthepassageoftime Anarrativewritermayinvariablyfindusefulsuchtransitionalwordsasfirst then next afterthat finally etc tohelphimtellastoryasasequenceofevents Sometimes however thetimeorderissoobviousthatsuchwordsmaynotbenecessary ExampleHereisanotherparagraph Whatledtotheactualcarcrashcanbeanalyzedonlybyexaminingthespecificdetails Whenwethoughtaboutitlater wedecidedthatthefirstreasonforthecrashwasthefactthatwewerealmostcompletelyrelaxed SwimmingatLehmann sHotSpringshadmadeusalldrowsy 51 ThoughMotherhadvolunteeredtodrive Fatherhadinsistedthathecouldmanageit Thesoftmusicwelistenedtoonthecarradioalsohelpedustorelax Evenourconversationwassubdued Second theconditionoftheroadandthecaralsocontributedtothesituation ThelongstraightstretchofhighwayafterweemergedfromthewindingcanyonlulledFatherintooverconfidence Thepowersteeringonourcarmutedthefeeloftheroad Hiseyelidsdroopingalmostimperceptibly Fathergraduallyletthecarwanderacrossthecenterline Thescreechofmetalonmetal aquickjerkofthewheeltotheright hardbraking andweweresafeagain butthewholeleftsideofourcarwasacrumpledmassofsteelwhereithadhittheguardrail 52 Thetworeasonsforthecarcrashascitedbytheauthorhaveillustratedthatanarrativeparagraphmayalsomovefromthelessimportanttothemoreimportantfeaturesofanevent Here too thetransitionalwords firstandsecond areimportantinhelpingthereaderknowhowthingshappenedandwhatactuallyhappened 53 54 1 Thebeliefthatallnewsisbadnewstobetheworkingprinciple conceptuponwhichday to daymediaactivitiesarecarriedout 2 Eventsaboutintellectual cultural andmoralrefinement advancementprogressinourculture civilizationtodayprevailovernegativeevents 3 Iamnotsayingthatarrangementsshouldbemade asaremedy tohavethefrontpagedevotedexclusivelytothereportageof positive news 4 Therearegoodhappeningsandbadhappeningsperceivedinthisworldoftoday whichshouldbegivenequalimportancetoinbothourobservationandstudy 55 Translation1 Ifthereisanythingyouarenotclearaboutthedevice addressyourinquirytoourheadoffice 2 Beforeweputthenewplanintopractice wehadbetterscrutinizeeveryaspectofittomakesurethatitispracticable 3 Weexpectthattherewillbeachangeforthebetterinthesecuritysituationofthisareaafterthenewregulationsareimplemented 4 Don ttakehiswordsliterally He sjustcrackingajoke 5 Theprospectofemployingnitrogenfixationinagricultureispromising 6 Hisattemptatcontrivingacorrectingfluidwhichleavesnomarksonpaperendedinfailure 7 TheforeignerwhodidnotspeakChinesegesturedtomakearequest buthejustcouldn tgethisideaacross 8 Withoutconsideringtheurgencyofthematter hegaveusaflatrefusal onceandforall 56 然而 一味聚焦這些報(bào)道 則是失真的畫(huà)面 人類(lèi)文明成果遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于災(zāi)難總和 每種文明中最重要的成分就是進(jìn)步 但進(jìn)步不會(huì)立即發(fā)生 也沒(méi)有爆發(fā)性 一般來(lái)說(shuō) 它是一點(diǎn)一滴逐步發(fā)展的 在某個(gè)特定時(shí)刻是微不足察的 但是所有微小的進(jìn)步都參與了歷史性的巨變的實(shí)現(xiàn) 使社會(huì)更加美好 就是這類(lèi)活生生的歷史 絕大多數(shù)的新聞媒體沒(méi)有予以充分的反映 結(jié)果導(dǎo)致我們對(duì)社會(huì)的正面發(fā)展了解不足 對(duì)災(zāi)難卻知之甚多 這又使人產(chǎn)生失敗和絕望的情緒 而這些情緒易于阻礙社會(huì)進(jìn)步 爆發(fā)性新聞大餐令人憂心忡忡 大大削減了自由社會(huì)所需的動(dòng)力 絕望和憤世的情緒使人沒(méi)有動(dòng)力迎接嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn) 57 LanguageworkGrammar11 5BBACD21 5BDACC31 Asaconsequenceofthephotographer sattemptatshootingthosestaggeringpicturesofArthurandMary theygunnedhimdown 2 BrilliantasjournalistandTVpeopleare theymaysometimesseemamazinglycoldblooded 3 Youmusthaveheardthenewsalready Youhaveprobablyheardthenewsalready 4 Nowhereonourtravelshadweevermetwithsuchterrorism 5 Thelesstimeanewshoundwastes thebetter 6 It sthejob task duty responsibilityofjournalistsandTVpeopletorecordwhatisreallygoingon 58 VocabularyA1 ingredient2 aggressive3 deplete4 envision5 transmit6 Caricature7 scrutinized8 soundB1 5CBCCC6 10BACAB11 15CBABCCloze1 ship2 less3 whether4 in on5 particular6 his7 help8 face9 good10 never 59 Proofreading ErrorCorrection1 with for2 or and3 health health4 to to5 the the6 its with7 found founded8 likely minded like minded9 about for10 YMCA the 60