Unit 22 Environmental Protection Section 課時(shí)語法精講 KESHIYUFAJINGJIANG 語法預(yù)備役用括號(hào)里動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式完成下面句子1Finance _(organise) to deal with road noise pollution in all major cities.答案：has been organised2The fund for housing _(allocate) by them.答案：will be allocated3One of their most spectacular projects _(call) Surrounded Islands.答案：was called4Eleven islands on the coast near Miami _ (surround) over six thousand square metres of pink plastic!答案：were surrounded by5The question _(discuss) at the meeting now.答案：is being discussed語法講座被動(dòng)語態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，常用于下列三種情況：(1)不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或由于某種原因沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。(2)需要突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。(3)由于某種理由(如為了禮貌、婉轉(zhuǎn)或便于組合句法關(guān)系)而需要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。The box is kept in the shade.盒子被放在陰涼處。Such exercises are often done by the students in class.這類練習(xí)常常由學(xué)生在課堂上做。二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)形式舉例一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)is/am/are doneNew problems are dealt with every day.每天都有新的問題被處理。一般過去時(shí)was/were doneThese letters were written in 1990.這些信是1990年寫的。一般將來時(shí)will bedoneMany trees will be planted next year.明年將種許多樹。過去將來時(shí)would be doneThe plan would be carried out.計(jì)劃將被執(zhí)行。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is/am/are being doneThe question is being discussed at present.問題現(xiàn)在正在討論之中。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being doneAt that time he was being shown how to swim.那時(shí)他正在被教如何游泳。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has/have been doneBoth the towers have already been repaired.兩個(gè)塔已被修復(fù)完畢。過去完成時(shí)had been doneHe said that some bridges had been washed away.他說一些橋已被沖走。三、非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)1不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)分為一般式和完成式，即：to be done和to have been done。不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與主句謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)(幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生，或是發(fā)生在它之后。不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。The new play to be put on tonight will be very interesting.今晚要上演的新劇將十分有趣。The press conference is to be held tomorrow.新聞發(fā)布會(huì)明天舉行。The room seems to have been tidied up already.這個(gè)房間似乎已經(jīng)整理過了。2動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(1)動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在其前發(fā)生。The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.這只松鼠很幸運(yùn)，它恰好逃脫。(2)動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。I remembered having been taken to Beijing when I was a child.我記得我小時(shí)候被帶著去過北京。3現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(1)現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般式，表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。The school being built is intended for the disabled children.正在修建的學(xué)校是為殘疾兒童準(zhǔn)備的。I suddenly felt myself being hit by a heavy fist.我突然感到自己被重重地打了一拳。(2)現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的完成式表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞之前已經(jīng)完成了。The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.由于受到嚴(yán)重困擾，這個(gè)人幾乎失去了記憶。Not having been informed of the news, they didnt attend the meeting.因?yàn)槲幢桓嬷?，他們沒有到會(huì)。強(qiáng)化印證1用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1The discovery of new evidence led to the thief _ (catch)答案：being caught2_ (injure) in the accident, he had to be taken to the hospital immediately.答案：Having been seriously injured3The broken window wants _ (repair)答案：repairing/to be repaired4The problem is worthy of _ (discuss)答案：being discussed5The question _ (discuss) is of great importance.答案：being discussed6The meeting _ (hold) tomorrow afternoon is of great importance.答案：to be held7Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ (see) whether they will enjoy it.答案：to be seen8There is a meeting _ (attend)答案：to attend9To go shopping on Sundays seems to my mother a rule _ (broke)答案：never to be broken10Little Tom would love _ (take) to the theater this evening.答案：to be taken四、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1write, read, sell, wash等動(dòng)詞可用來表示主語內(nèi)在的品質(zhì)或性能，與well, badly, easily等評(píng)價(jià)性副詞連用時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。The cloth washes easily.這布很好洗。The new product sells well.新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。2feel, look, seem, taste, sound, remain等系動(dòng)詞后接表語時(shí)一般用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。The material feels very soft.這種布料摸起來很軟。The food tastes delicious.這種食品嘗起來很美味。3need, require, want等動(dòng)詞和be worth后接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞雖為主動(dòng)形式，卻表示被動(dòng)意義。My watch doesnt work; it needs repairing.我的手表壞了，它需要修理。This film is really worth seeing.這部電影的確值得看。強(qiáng)化印證2用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1The cloth _ (wash) well.答案：washes2The door wont _ (shut)答案：shut3The story _ (sound) very interesting.答案：sounds4This coat _(dry) easily.答案：dries考點(diǎn)研討1There are still many problems _ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.答案研討：to be solved句意：在我們?cè)谠虑蛏祥L(zhǎng)久居住之前，仍有許多問題要解決。problems與solve是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，solve又是將要發(fā)生的事，故應(yīng)用to be solved。做非謂語動(dòng)詞題型時(shí)，既要分析判斷出非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系，還要分析判斷非謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間。2. We wont start the work until all the preparations _ (make)答案研討：have been made句意：直到一切準(zhǔn)備就緒時(shí)，我們才開始干活。在時(shí)間狀語從句中，實(shí)行“主將從現(xiàn)”原則，故從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，preparations與make構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。3. The lecture _ (give)，a lively questionandanswer session followed.答案研討：having been given句意：演講完成后，接下來是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)問答會(huì)。give這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在follow之前，而the lecture與give構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。4. We are confident that the environment _ (improve) by our further efforts to reduce pollution.答案研討：will be improved考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)we are confident 和by our further efforts可知，環(huán)境得到改善應(yīng)該是將來的事情，故用一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。5.So what is the procedure?All the applicants _ (interview) before a final decision is made by the authority.答案研討：are interviewed考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：那么程序是什么樣？所有申請(qǐng)人都被面試后，官方才做最終抉擇。申請(qǐng)人通過面試為客觀事實(shí)情況而不是具體一次性行為，且為被動(dòng)。達(dá)標(biāo)演練.完成句子1The press conference is _ (hold) tomorrow.新聞發(fā)布會(huì)將于明天舉行。答案：to be held2The question _ (discuss) at present.這個(gè)問題目前正在討論。答案：is being discussed3He said that some houses _ (burn) down in the big fire.他說一些房子在這場(chǎng)大火中燒毀。答案：had been burnt4The room seems _ (clean) already.這個(gè)房間似乎已經(jīng)打掃了。答案：to have been cleaned5Her new album _ (sell) well and she rises to fame overnight.她的新唱片很暢銷，使她一夜成名。答案：sells6The little trees require _ (water) every day.這些小樹需要每天澆。答案：watering/to be watered7The picturebook is well worth _ (read)The picturebook is very worthy _ (read)這本圖畫書非常值得一讀。答案：reading; to be read/ of being read8This problem is difficult _ (work out)這個(gè)問題難以算出。答案：to work out9The next week we will go to America. If so, our pet dog will _ (take care of) by grandma.下周我們要去美國(guó)。如果那樣的話，我們的寵物狗要由奶奶照顧了。答案：be taken care of10The teacher made me go out of the lecture hall. That is to say, I was made _ (go) out of the lecture hall.老師讓我到演講大廳外，也就是說，我被趕出了演講大廳。答案：to go.單句語法填空(不多于3個(gè)單詞)1 Shakespeares play Hamlet _ (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.答案：has been made考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：在過去的幾年里，莎士比亞的戲劇哈姆雷特被制作成至少10部不同的影片?！皁ver the past 時(shí)間段”通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，且句子主語與make之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。2The lecture _ (give), a lively questionandanswer session followed.答案：having been given句意：演講之后，緊跟著一個(gè)生動(dòng)的問答環(huán)節(jié)。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。the lecture是give的邏輯主語，兩者間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞followed之前，故應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)形式，the lecture having been given是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作時(shí)間狀語。3 Unless some extra money_(find), the theatre will close.答案：is found句意：除非找到一些額外資金，否則這家劇院就得關(guān)門。由主句中的will可知unless引導(dǎo)的從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表將來，且money和find之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故答案為is found。4 Most highways are lined with billboards, which are intended to _ (read) by passing drivers.答案：to be read考查不定式的被動(dòng)形式。句意：大部分公路兩旁都有廣告牌，這些廣告牌是為了讓來往的司機(jī)看的。be intended to do sth.“是用來做的”，再依據(jù)后面的“by passing drivers”可知，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)式。5 The stones each _ (weigh) as much as two tons.答案：weigh考查主謂一致和語態(tài)。句意：這些石頭每個(gè)重達(dá)兩噸。本句的主語The stones是復(fù)數(shù)形式，故謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；且weigh“重量是”，無被動(dòng)語態(tài)，故空處填weigh。6Hundreds of jobs _ (lose) if the factory closes.答案：will be lostjobs與lose是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且條件狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用將來時(shí)。句意：如果這家工廠關(guān)閉，人們將失去幾百份工作。7_ roses _ (smell) sweet?答案：Do; smellsmell/taste/look/sound/feel是系動(dòng)詞，無被動(dòng)，無進(jìn)行時(shí)。句意：玫瑰花聞起來很香嗎？8Our teacher keeps telling us that the future _ (belong) to the welleducated.答案：belongs考查belong的用法。句意：我們的老師一直告誡我們說未來屬于受過良好教育的人。belong to “屬于”，此詞組在使用時(shí)要注意，不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，也不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。9 There are still many problems _ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.答案：to be solved句意：在我們準(zhǔn)備好在月球上長(zhǎng)久停留之前，仍然還有許多問題有待解決。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語。根據(jù)句意可知“這些問題還未解決”，to be solved既表被動(dòng)又表示將來，故答案為to be solved。10His puter, which cost him a sum of money several weeks ago, is out of order and wants _ (repair), though it looks very new.答案：repairing/to be repaired考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)。句意：他幾個(gè)星期前花了一大筆錢買的電腦，盡管看起來很新，但是發(fā)生了故障，需要修理。want doing sth.“需要做某事”，可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，也可用to be done結(jié)構(gòu)。