專題三推理判斷類題目命題特點根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意。(1)常用設(shè)題關(guān)鍵動詞：infer，imply，suggest，indicate，refer to，predict，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等。(2)設(shè)題常用推理判斷的情態(tài)動詞：can，could，might，would，probably，most likely等?？疾橹攸c表層意思的理解與推理；深層含義的領(lǐng)悟與推理；同時涉及數(shù)據(jù)推斷，知識推斷，邏輯結(jié)論推斷，表明作者態(tài)度、觀點的推斷等。方法技巧抓住特定信息進行逆向或正向推斷；整合全文(段)信息進行推斷；根據(jù)上下文邏輯關(guān)系進行推理得出結(jié)論。1忠實于原文。2吃透文章的字面含義。3對文章表面意義進行分析、綜合判斷。4把握句際、段際關(guān)系。5確定推斷的范圍和位置，細節(jié)還是整體推斷。Passage 1Ive spent over a year in India, and in those 365 plus days, Ive learned a lot about getting around Indian cities. My biggest lessons have been learned through being cheated, particularly by taxi and rickshaw (人力車) drivers, but that doesnt mean those are bad ways to travel, as long as you know what youre doing. Below are the best ways to get around the city of Delhi, India, and tips for how to keep from being the victim of scams (欺詐)Taking taxis is a great way to get around the city of Delhi and chances are, if you arrive in Delhi by plane, as soon as you make it through customs, youll be swarmed by Indian taxi drivers. At the Delhi airport, be sure to arrange for a taxi to your hotel at one of the two Delhi Traffic Police Taxi Booths. One is inside the airport, and the other is outside. The key is to make sure to go to a booth run by the police, rather than by independent taxi drivers.Rickshaws are one of my favourite ways to get around Indian cities, in part because its how the locals often travel. Autorickshaws are more mon, but bicycle rickshaws are still used in Old Delhi. If you do have a chance to take a bicycle rickshaw, you should do it at least once for a unique experience that should only set you back about 15 rupees. Autorickshaw rates around Delhi range between 30 and 80 rupees, depending on the distance.If you really want to travel around Delhi like the locals, take a public bus. Indian buses bee very crowded and most do not have air conditioning. They are, however, very cheap. A bus trip wont set you back any more than 15 rupees, as long as you stay within the city limits. Since Indian buses get so crowded, try to board the bus at the start of the route so you can get a seat.The train is a great way to get around within the city of Delhi. Fares are reasonable, between 6 and 22 rupees. All departure announcements are in both Hindi and English, and tokens can be purchased for between 6 and 22 rupees.【語篇解讀】 本文作者就自己在印度德里旅行時的交通方面提出了幾點建議。1The author is trying to _ in Delhi through this text.Agive some advice of travellingBexpect us to travel aroundCshow his/her experiencesDexplain the difficulties of travelling解析：通讀全文，我們可以看出，作者在本文中給讀者提出了一些建議，告訴讀者在德里旅行時應(yīng)注意的一些問題。因此，本文的寫作目的也就是要給讀者提出建議。答案：A2To avoid being cheated, you ought to _ if you want to take a taxi at the Delhi airport.Apay more to the drivers to keep safeBshow your ticket to the driverCgo to a policerun boothDgo out of the airport解析：根據(jù)第二段的最后一句可知，在機場搭乘出租車時，應(yīng)到警察經(jīng)營的攤位。答案：C3The author suggests taking a rickshaw in order to _Asave some moneyBenjoy the fortable tripCgain a unique experienceDhelp the local rickshaw drivers解析：根據(jù)第三段的第三句可知，作者建議乘坐人力車以獲得一種獨特的體驗。答案：C4What can we infer from the passage?AYou wont have to pay much if you travel around by bus in India.BIt will be difficult for you to get a seat if you get on the bus halfway.CA rickshaw driver only charges whatever amount you give him.DYoull have to speak English if you travel around in India.解析：根據(jù)第四段的最后一句可知，為了上車后能有一個座位，作者建議最好從起點站上車。這就意味著如果中途上車的話，就很難有座位了。答案：B5Which may be the topic that follows?AHotel remendations in DelhiBWeather conditions in DelhiCFood and drink in DelhiDCar rentals in Delhi解析：由本文第一段的最后一句可知，本文主要介紹了關(guān)于在德里交通方面避免受騙的幾點建議。在給出的幾個選項當中，只有D項與交通有關(guān)。據(jù)此，我們可以確定后面最有可能要討論的是汽車租賃業(yè)務(wù)。答案：DPassage 2A fellow speaker from California named Geri flew to Japan, in her favourite jeans and a casual jacket, to give her first speech. Fourteen hours later, four perfectly dressed Japanese gentlemen greeted her at Narita Airport. Smiling and bowing low, they handed her their business cards. With her bag in one hand, Geri took their cards with the other. She thanked them, glanced briefly at the cards, and put them into her jeans pocket quickly. When the five of them arrived at the hotel, they invited Geri to tea in the lobby (大廳). While sipping tea, the gentlemen presented her with a small gift which she eagerly opened. She was thrilled with the gift and shouted excitedly, “Oh, its beautiful！”At this point, the four Japanese gentlemen stood up and, bowing only very slightly, said “Sayonara” and left immediately. Poor Geri was left astonished. What did she do wrong?Everything! Her jeans were the first gaffe. Even if youre ing off a bicycle in Japan, you do not meet clients (客人) casually dressed. The second mistake was Geris handling of their business cards rudely. In Japan, the business card is one of the most important municative tools. It is always presented and accepted respectfully with both hands. However, Geri put their cards away much too quickly. In Japan, people use business cards as a conversation starter. You chat about each others cards and work and do not put theirs away until they gently and respectfully place yours in safe keeping. Putting it carelessly into her jeans pocket was the ultimate disrespect.Then, the fourth horror of horrors was that Geri should not have opened the gift in front of her clients. In a land where saving face is critical, it would be embarrassing to discover the gift they gave was not as nice as the one they received. What is worse, Geri hadnt even given them a gift!【語篇解讀】 本文介紹了Geri在與日本人交往中所犯的幾個禮儀上的錯誤。1In the four Japanese gentlemens eyes, Geri took their cards _AexcitedlyBembarrassinglyCpolitely Ddisrespectfully解析：由文章第一段“.glanced briefly at the cards, and put them into her jeans pocket quickly.”和第四段的“The second mistake was Geris handling of their business cards rudely.”可知答案。答案：D2Why did the four Japanese gentlemen leave Geri suddenly?ABecause they couldnt bear Geris behaviour any longer.BBecause they had finished the task.CBecause Geri had something more important to do.DBecause Geri felt embarrassed.解析：由第五段“Then, the fourth horror of horrors was that Geri should not have opened the gift in front of her clients.In a land where saving face is critical, it would be embarrassing to discover the gift they gave was not as nice as the one they received.”可推知答案。答案：A3What does the underlined word “gaffe” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?AIgnorance. BSadness.CMistake. DCarelessness. 解析：由第三段“What did she do wrong？”和第四段的“The second mistake was Geris handling of their business cards rudely.”可推知答案。答案：C4The third mistake Geri made was that she _Aused her own card as a conversation starterBtook her clients cards with one handCkept her clients cards in a wrong placeDmet her clients in jeans解析：由第四段“The second mistake was Geris handling of their business cards rudely.”和“Putting it carelessly into her jeans pocket was the ultimate disrespect.”可推知答案。答案：C5What lesson can we draw from this story?AHonesty is the best policy.BThink twice before you take any action.CWhen in Rome, do as the Romans do.DDont claim to know what you dont know.解析：縱觀全文可得出答案。答案：CPassage 3Big Brothers Big Sisters is based on the simplicity and power of friendship. It is a programme which provides friendship and fun by matching vulnerable_young_people (ages 717)with a volunteer adult who can be both a role model and a supportive friend.Volunteer tutors e from all walks of lifemarried, single，with or without children. Big Brothers and Big Sisters are not replacement parents or social workers.They are tutors: someone to trust, to have fun with, to talk and go to when needed.A Big Sister and Little Sister will generally spend between one and four hours together three or four times each month for at least twelve months. They enjoy simple activities such as a picnic at a park，cooking，playing sport or going to a football match.These activities improve the friendship and help the young person develop positive selfrespect，confidence and life direction.Big Brothers Big Sisters organizations exist throughout the world. It is the largest and most wellknown provider of tutor services internationally and has been operating for 25 years.Emily and Sarah have been matched since March 2008. Emily is a 10yearold girl who has experienced some difficulties being accepted by her schoolmates at school. “I was pretty sure there was something wrong with me.”Emilys mum came across Big Brothers Big Sisters and thought it would be of benefit to Emily by “providing different feedback (反饋) about herself other than just relying on schoolmates to measure her selfworth”Sarah wanted to get involved in a volunteer programme. “I googled it and found out how to be a part of it. I thought it would be fun for me to get involved in making time to do something because sometimes its all work and no play.”Big Brothers Big Sisters has been of great benefit and enjoyment to both Emily and Sarah. They love and look forward to their time together and the partnership has certainly helped Emily be more fortable in being the wonderful, happy and unique girl she is!【語篇解讀】文章主要講述了Big Brothers Big Sisters這樣一個項目，該項目為情感上容易受挫折的孩子提供了幫助。1What is the aim of Big Brothers Big Sisters?ATo offer students public services.BTo help students improve their grades.CTo organize sport activities for young people.DTo provide partnership and fun for young people.解析：根據(jù)文章第一段第二句“It is a programme which provides friendship and fun by matching vulnerable young people.”可知，這個項目是“通過讓成人陪伴一些內(nèi)心比較脆弱的孩子，從而來提供友誼和樂趣”。A選項是說為學(xué)生提供公共服務(wù)；B選項是說幫助學(xué)生提高分數(shù)；C選項是說為年輕人組織體育活動；D選項是說給年輕人提供友情和樂趣。所以選D。答案：D2A volunteer is usually expected to work within a year for at least _A24 hoursB36 hoursC48 hours D72 hours解析：根據(jù)文章第三段第一句可知，志愿者要每年至少參加12個月，每個月三到四次，每次花一到四個小時。由此可以得出，志愿者一年之內(nèi)最少要工作123136小時。答案：B3According to Emilys mother，this programme may provide Emily with _Aadvice from her teachersBa new way to assess herselfCa new way to judge her schoolmatesDmore ments from her schoolmates解析：根據(jù)文章第六段第一句“.by providing different feedback(反饋) about herself other than just.”可知，這個項目可以向Emily的媽媽提供一些關(guān)于她孩子不同的反饋，而不是僅僅只依賴同學(xué)的評價來評估Emily的自我價值。答案：B4Why did Sarah want to get involved in the programme?AShe used to be a volunteer.BShe needed a parttime job.CShe felt a bit bored with her life.DShe wanted to get a challenging job.解析：根據(jù)文章第七段最后一句“.because sometimes its all work and no play.”可知Sarah想要通過參加這個項目來找些事兒做，因為有時候生活充滿了工作而沒有放松。A選項“曾經(jīng)是一個志愿者”；B選項“她需要一份兼職工作”；C選項“她感覺生活有點兒無趣”；D選項“她想要獲得一份有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作”。所以選C。答案：C5According to the passage，“vulnerable young people” are probably those who are _Apopular at schoolBrather weak physicallyCeasily hurt emotionallyDconfident in themselves解析：由文章的第一段可知這個項目可以為這些孩子提供玩伴和樂趣。再由文章的第三段可以得知，這個項目可以為孩子們提高自尊、自信和找準生活方向。再由文章的第五段可以得知，Emily在學(xué)校很難被同學(xué)接受。綜上分析，可以得出，vulnerable young people是指“情感上容易受傷害的人”。答案：CPassage 4The forces that make Japan one of the worlds most earthquakeprone(有地震傾向的) countries could bee part of its longterm energy solution.Water from deep below the ground at Japans tens of thousands of hot springs could be used to produce electricity.Although Japanese hightech panies are leaders in geothermal(地?zé)岬? technology and export it, its use is limited in the nation.“Japan should no doubt make use of its resources of geothermal energy，” said Yoshiyasu Takefuji, a leading researcher of thermalelectric power production.The disastrous earthquake and tsunami on March 11th, 2011 caused a reaction against atomic power, which previously made up 30 percent of Japans energy needs, and increased interest in alternative energies, which account for only 8 percent.Artist Yoko Ono has called on Japan to explore its natural energy, following the example of Iceland which uses renewable energy for more than 80 percent of its needs.For now, geothermal energy makes up less than 1 percent of the energy needs in Japan, which has for decades relied heavily on fossil fuels and atomic power.The biggest problem to geothermal energy is the high initial cost of the exploration and constructing the factories.Another problem is that Japans potentially best sites are already being developed for tourism or are located within national parks where construction is forbidden.“We cant even dig 10cm inside national parks，” said Shigeto Yamada of Fuji Electric, adding that regulations protecting nature would need to be relaxed for geothermal energy to grow.Researcher Hideaki Matsui said, “Producing electricity using hot springs is a decadeslong project.We also have to think about what to do for now as energy supplies will decline in the short term.”The Earth Policy Institute in Washington, the US, believed Japan could produce 80，000 megawatts(兆瓦)and meet more than half its electricity needs with geothermal technology.Japanese giants such as Toshiba are already global leaders in geothermal technology, with a 70 percent market share.In 2010, Fuji Electric built the worlds largest geothermal factory in New Zealand.【語篇解讀】文章主要講述了日本正在考慮開發(fā)地?zé)崮?，因為日本是地震多發(fā)國家，國內(nèi)地?zé)崮芊浅ＸS富，所以地?zé)崮軐⑹侨毡镜男滦吞娲茉础?What would be the best title for the text?AAlternative energies in JapanBThe worlds largest geothermal plantCJapan takes the lead in geothermal technologyDJapan thinks of geothermal energy解析：文章主要講述了日本正在考慮開發(fā)地?zé)崮?，所以是圍繞地?zé)崮艿脑掝}展開。故選D項。答案：D2What percentage of Japans energy needs is geothermal energy?AAbout 8%. BBelow 1%.CAround 30%. DOver 80%.解析：從第六段“For now, geothermal energy makes up less than 1 percent of the energy needs in Japan, which has for decades relied heavily on fossil fuels and atomic power.”可知，日本地?zé)崮芄┙o不到1%，其主要依賴于化石燃料和原子能。故選B項。答案：B3According to Shigeto Yamada，the growth of geothermal power in Japan needs _Aa change of rules Bfinancial supportClocal peoples help Dhigh technology解析：從倒數(shù)第四段“.adding that regulations protecting nature would need to be relaxed for geothermal energy to grow.”可知，要開發(fā)地?zé)崮?，需要將現(xiàn)行的規(guī)章制度進行改變，故選A項。答案：A4Geothermal energy is considered as a longterm programme by _AYoshiyasu Takefuji BHideaki MatsuiCShigeto Yamada DYoko Ono解析：由第九段“Producing electricity using hot springs is a decadeslong project.”可知，Hideaki Matsui 認為地?zé)崮苁莻€長期的項目，故選B項。答案：B5It can be learned from the last two paragraphs that _Athe worlds biggest geothermal plant was built by AmericaBJapan will not export its geothermal technologyCthe potential of Japans geothermal energy is greatDit is hard to find geothermal energy in Japan解析：由最后兩段“.believed Japan could produce 80，000 megawatts(兆瓦)and meet more than half its electricity needs with geothermal technology.”可知，日本在地?zé)崮芊矫嬗兄薮蟮臐摿?，故選C項。答案：CPassage 5A blind baby is doubly handicapped. Not only is it unable to see, but because it cannot receive the visual stimulus(刺激)from its environment that a sighted child does, it is likely to be slow in intellectual development. Now the tenmonthold son of Dr and Mrs Dennis Daughters is the subject of an unusual psychological experiment designed to prevent a lag(滯后)in the learning process. With the aid of a sonartype electronic that he wears on his head, infant(嬰兒) Dennis is learning to identify the people and objects in the world around him by means of echoes(回聲)The device is an improvement of the “Sonicguide”， an instrument produced by Telesensory Systems, Inc., of Palo Alto, Calif, and used by blind adults in addition to a sane or guide dog. As adapted for Dennis, it consists of a batterypowered system about the size of a half dollar that is on a headgear. A transmitter sends out an ultrasonic(超聲的) pulse that creates an 80 degree cone of sound at 6 feet. Echoes from objects within the cone are perceived (felt) as sounds that vary in pitch(音調(diào)) and volume(音量) with the size and distance of the object.The closer an object is, the lower the pitch, and the larger the object, the louder the signal. Hard surfaces produce a sharp ping, while soft ones send back signals with a slightly fuzzy quality. An object slightly to the right of Dennis sends back a louder sound to his right ear than to the left. Thus, by simply moving his head right and left and up and down, he can not only locate an object but also get some notion of its shape and size, thanks to the varying qualities of sounds reaching his ears as the cone of ultrasound(超聲波) passes its_edge. Dennis likes to use the device to play a kind of peekaboo with his mother. Standing on his knee and facing her directly, he receives a strong signal in both ears. By turning his head away, he makes her seem to disappear. “From the first time he wore it，” says Mrs Daughters, “it was like a light going on in his head.”What remains to be determined is how well the device will help Dennis cope with his surroundings as he begins to walk and venture further into his environment.Meanwhile, Telesensory systems, Inc., is working on the development of sonar(聲吶) device with somewhat the same sensitivity as Dennis for use by schoolage children.【語篇解讀】本文主要介紹了一項針對盲童的學(xué)習(xí)過程的研究。1Dr and Mrs Daughters research is directed to _Ahelping the blind to see and learn as well as othersBbenefiting the learning process of blind childrenCsolving blind childrens psychological problemsDfinding out how children develop intellectually解析：首段第三句末的不定式“to prevent a lag(滯后) in the learning process”表明了Daughters夫婦研究的目的。另外，文章一開頭就提到了本文討論的重點是針對blind baby的，由此可見，選項B為本題答案。答案：B2Infant Dennis bees the subject of the experiment most probably because _Ahe already lags behind the sighted childrenBhe leads a life as normal as any other childrenChe is at the early stage of the learning processDhe has the aid of a sonartype electronic device解析：首段首句提到的“a blind baby”，第三句提到的“tenmonthold”和末句提到的“infant”等詞都表明“Dennis”成為研究對象是因為Daughters夫婦研究的是盲童從小的學(xué)習(xí)過程，“Dennis”年齡很小，正處于學(xué)習(xí)的最初階段，符合Daughters夫婦做研究的條件，因此選項C為本題答案。答案：C3What can we learn about infant Dennis device?AIts the first design that was designed for blind adults.BIts battery is as small as a halfdollar coin.CIt is functionally similar to a sane or guide dog.DIt has been improved by Telesensory Systems, Inc.解析：第二段首句中的“improvement”表明Dennis用的聲吶定位儀是“Sonicguide”的改良版，也就是說“Sonicguide”是Dennis的聲吶定位儀的原型。根據(jù)該句對其功能的描述可以確定選項A為本題答案。答案：A4In the third paragraph, “its edge” refers to “_”Athe edge of an objectBthe edge of the deviceCthe boundary of Dennis movementDthe boundary of the pitch解析：第三段第四句中的“thanks to”表明此處解釋了Dennis的聲吶定位儀的運作機制，即通過聲波描繪物體的形狀，該句中the cone指的就是該定位儀，而its edge應(yīng)指周圍物體的邊緣。當聲波碰到物體的邊緣時，就能通過聲音描繪出物體的形狀了，因此本題答案應(yīng)為A。答案：A5What is Telesensory Systems, Inc. most likely to think about infant Dennis device?AIt had better be used by blind children from school age.BIt needs improving for use in a plicatedenvironment.CIt may not be so suitable for the blind adults.DIt benefits blind children in terms of learning.解析：由末段末句中的“schoolage children”及句中的其他內(nèi)容可以推斷Telesensory Systems最可能認為Dennis的聲吶定位儀有利于兒童的學(xué)習(xí)過程，因此選項D為本題答案。答案：D