精品資料Unit2 English Around the World period4Section 1: Approaches to process writing 程序?qū)懽鹘虒W(xué)法I. Pre-writing1. BrainstormingGetting started can be difficult, so students divided into groups quickly produce words and ideas about the writing. 2. PlanningStudents make a plan of the writing before they start. These plans can be compared and discussed in groups before writing takes place. 3. Generating ideasDiscovery tasks such as cubing (Students write quickly about the subject in six different ways. 1. describe it 2. compare it 3. associate it 4. analyse it 5. apply it 6. argue for or against it.) 4. QuestioningIn groups, the idea is to generate lots of questions about the topic. This helps students focus upon audience as they consider what the reader needs to know. The answers to these questions will form the basis to the composition. 5. Discussing and debatingThe teacher helps students with topics, helping them develop ideas in a positive and encouraging way. II. Focusing ideas 1. Fast writingThe students write quickly on a topic for five to ten minutes without worrying about correct language or punctuation. Writing as quickly as possible, if they cannot think of a word they leave a space or write it in their own language. The important thing is to keep writing. Later this text is revised. 2. Group compositionsWorking together in groups, sharing ideas. This collaborative writing is especially valuable as it involves other skills (speaking in particular).3. Changing viewpointsA good writing activity to follow a role-play or storytelling activity. Different students choose different points of view and think about /discuss what this character would write in a diary, witness statement, etc. 4. Varying formSimilar to the activity above, but instead of different viewpoints, different text types are selected. How would the text be different if it were written as a letter, or a newspaper article, etc. III. Evaluating, structuring and editing 1.OrderingStudents take the notes written in one of the pre-writing activities above and organize them. What would come first? Why? Here it is good to tell them to start with information known to the reader before moving onto what the reader does not know. 2. Self-editingA good writer must learn how to evaluate their own language to improve through checking their own text, looking for errors, structure. This way students will become better writers. 3. Peer Editing and proofreadingHere, the texts are interchanged and the evaluation is done by other students. In the real world, it is common for writers to ask friends and colleagues to check texts for spelling, etc. You could also ask the students to reduce the texts, to edit them, concentrating on the most important information. 4. The importance of feedbackIt takes a lot of time and effort to write, and so it is only fair that student writing is responded to suitably. Positive comments can help build student confidence and create good feeling for the next writing class. It also helps if the reader is more than just the teacher. Class magazines, swapping letters with other classes, etc. can provide an easy solution to providing a real audience.5. Writing as communicationProcess writing is a move away from students writing to test their language towards the communication of ideas, feelings and experiences. It requires that more classroom time is spent on writing, but as the previously outlined activities show, there is more than just writing happening during a session dedicated to process writing. 6. Potential problemsWriting is a complex process and can lead to learner frustration. As with speaking, it is necessary to provide a supportive environment for the students and be patient. This approach needs that more time be spent on writing in class, but as you have seen, not all classroom time is spent actually writing. Students may also react negatively to reworking the same material, but as long as the activities are varied and the objectives clear, then they will usually accept doing so. In the long term, you and your students will start to recognise the value of a process writing approach as their written work improves.Section 2: Background information on English Around the WorldI. British English, American English and ChineseCars and DrivingBritish EnglishAmerican EnglishChinesecar parkparking lot 停車場driving licensedriver's license駕照flyover overpass天橋four waycrossroads十字路口hire carrental car 租用車motorwayfreeway(Western U.S.)expressway (Eastern U.S.)高速公路petrolgasoline(gas)汽油tyretire輪胎windscreenwindshield擋風(fēng)玻璃FoodBritish EnglishAmerican EnglishChinesebiscuitcookie餅干chipsFrench fries炸土豆片crispspotato chips油炸土豆片jacket potatobaked potato帶皮烤的馬鈴薯jamjelly 醬mince hamburger碎牛肉；牛肉餅porridge oatmeal稀飯puddingdessert布?。惶瘘c(diǎn)sweetdessert餐后甜點(diǎn)tincan罐頭OthersBritish EnglishAmerican EnglishChineseautumnfall 秋天 billcheck清單bin linertrash bag垃圾袋botanic gardenbotanical garden植物園bracessuspenders吊褲帶；吊桿charitynon-profit organization慈善機(jī)構(gòu)chemistspharmacy/drug store藥店cinema movie theater, theater電影院coachbus長途汽車DIYdo it yourself自己動手做dustbintrash can垃圾箱engaged (as in telephone)busy（電話）占線fee (for schooling)tuition學(xué)費(fèi)fit (verb)equip, fit out安裝flat apartment 單元住宅footballsoccer 足球freephonetoll-free免費(fèi)電話toll-freedress (noun)外衣；服裝gentsmens room男廁headmasterprincipal男廁hire (hire a car)rent (rent a car)租借holidayvacation假日illsick有病的in future in the future未來，將來in hospital in the hospital住院join the trainget on the train 上火車jumpersweater毛線衫licence (noun) license執(zhí)照liftelevator電梯lorrytruck卡車mathsmath數(shù)學(xué)nilzero零notebill紙幣on stream on line在生產(chǎn)中postmail郵件queueline長隊(duì)railwayrailroad鐵路returnround trip返程rise (noun - in salary)raise加薪rubbereraser橡皮擦rucksackbackpack背包shopping trolleyshopping car購物手推車“sorry” “excuse me”, “pardon me”對不起stand (for election)run (for election)競選swear word curse word咒語subwayunderpass餐巾subwayunderpass地下道；地鐵tea toweldish towel餐巾telephone boxtelephone booth電話亭toilet restroom廁所torchflashlight火炬trainerssneakers運(yùn)動鞋transport (noun)transportation運(yùn)輸trouserspants褲子trolleycart手推車tube subway 地鐵undergroundsubway地鐵vestundershirt背心waistcoatvest馬甲II. Different English, different spellingsAmerican Englishtheater, center, litercolor, honor, labor, favor, vaportraveler, woolenskillful, fulfillcheckprogramstoryrealize, analyze, apologizedefense, offense, licenseburneddreamedsmelledspelledspoiledBritish Englishtheatre, center, litrecolour, honour, labour, favour, vapourtraveler, woolenskilful, fulfilchequeprogrammestoreyrealise, analyse, apologisedefence, offence, licenceburnt/burneddreamt/dreamedsmelt/smelledspelt/spelledspoilt/spoiledIII.Websites recommended to the students 推薦網(wǎng)站www.e-l- www.bg- www.english- www.topics- Going to any of the websites may enable the students to learn more about the differences between American English and British English.Section 3: Words and expressions from Unit 2 English Around the World Include 1. v. to be one of the parts; to make something or someone part of a larger group: Our tour party included several retired couples. The team is looking strong; especially now they have included Beckham. 2. including & included: Everyone has to go to the dentists, you included. There were twelve of us, including Tom and me.role: n. 1. the character played by an actor in a play or film; the position that someone has in society or an organization: Matthews plays the role of a young doctor in the film. Women are often forced into a supportive role in the family. 2. play a leading/major/key role in=be important in making changes happen: Mandela played a leading role in ending apartheid in South Africa. because of=as the result of a particular thing or someones action: He had to retire because of ill health. c.f. She got the job because she was the best candidate. native: 1. adj. your native country or town is the place where you were born: They never saw their native land again. 2. native language/tongue: the language you spoke when you first learned to speak. 3. n. a person who was born in a particular place：Are you a native of New York?come up: 1. to be mentioned：A lot of new questions came up at the meeting. 2. to be about to happen soon：Dont you have a birthday coming up soon? 3. to move near someone or something by walking: Come up to the front of the room so everyone can see you.Other verbal phrases of “come”come about=to happen in a way that seems impossible to control; come across= to meet or find something or someone by chance; come along=get along; to appear at a time you dont expect; to encourage sb. to try harder; come by=to obtain something that is difficult to find; come up with=to think of an idea; (The small word “come” has many phrasal verbs. It is better to ask the students to refer to a good dictionary.)present: adj. 1. be present: a) to be in a particular place: How many people were present at the meeting yesterday?(opposite of “ absent”) b) to be remembered for a long time: The memory of the disaster last year is still present in her mind. 2. (only before noun) existing now: Whats your present address? c.f. What he said amused all the people present.such as: used to give an example of something; suchas/that: used to emphasize that there is a small amount of something or that it is of good quality: The local economy still relies on traditional industries such as farming and mining. c.f. Such food as they gave us was warm and nutritious.Command: 1. vi & vt. to tell someone officially to do something, esp. if you are a military leader or a king to get something such as attention or respect: The general commanded that the regiment (should) attack at once. Or The General commanded the regiment to attack at once. Dr. Young commands a great deal of respect as a surgeon. 2. get/ have a good command of English=to get/have a good mastery of English. request: 1. vt. to ask for something politely or formally request that (should) + v/ request sb. to do sth.: The staff requested that he reconsider his decision. All club members are requested to attend the annual meeting. 2. n. a polite demand for something: They have made a urgent request for international aid.recognize: vt. 1. to know who someone is or what something is, because you have ever seen them or it before: Susan came home so thin and weak that her own children hardly recognized her. 2. to accept that an organization has legal or official authority: British medical qualifications are recognized in Canada. 3. be recognized as= to be thought of as being very good by a lot of people: Jules Vernes novel was recognized as a work of genius.