第四講詞性轉換(構詞法)英語構詞法主要有三種：合成、轉化和派生。合成是指將兩個意思不同的單詞結合成一個新詞；轉化是指一個單詞的詞形不變而由一種詞性轉化為另一種詞性；派生是指通過給一個單詞加前綴或后綴變成另一個詞。前綴一般改變詞義而不改變詞性，后綴一般改變詞性而不改變詞義。將構詞法置于此處講解，一是對前面基礎詞法的匯總，二是為攻克后面的重難動詞做鋪墊。動詞、形容詞轉換為名詞 全析考法單句語法填空/單句改錯1(2018全國卷)This switch has decreased _ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.解析：pollutiondecrease“降低，減少”，為及物動詞，后接名詞作賓語，故填名詞pollution。2(20186月浙江高考)Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in _(weigh) problems. 解析：weight根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示體重方面的問題，故此處填名詞作定語。3(2017全國卷)She is determined to carry on with her _ (educate)解析：education前面有形容詞性物主代詞her，此處應該使用動詞educate的名詞形式education作賓語。4(2016全國卷)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top _ (attract)解析：attraction此處作表語且前面由its top修飾，應該用attract的名詞形式attraction，意為“吸引人之物，誘惑物”。5(2016全國卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC., influenced the _ (develop) of chopsticks.解析：development根據(jù)空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此處需填develop的名詞形式development。6(2016全國卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest._解析：honesthonesty根據(jù)句意和結構可知，此處應該使用名詞形式。謹記規(guī)則1動詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞ion/tion/sion/ationcorrectcorrection改正celebratecelebration 慶祝；慶祝會attractattraction 吸引concludeconclusion 結論；結束discussdiscussion 討論；辯論decidedecision 決定admitadmission 接納；準許入學inviteinvitation 邀請explainexplanation 解釋graduategraduation 畢業(yè)expectexpectation 期望er/ordrivedriver 司機；駕駛員gathergatherer 收集者；采集者teachteacher 老師announceannouncer 廣播員conductconductor 指揮；售票員mentpunishpunishment 懲罰achieveachievement 功績；成就argueargument 辯論；論據(jù)treattreatment 對待；治療equipequipment 裝備；設備governgovernment 政府a(chǎn)nce/enceappearappearance 出現(xiàn)；外貌guideguidance 指引；指導performperformance 表演；節(jié)目existexistence 存在；生存preferpreference 偏愛referreference 參考；查閱=inghearhearing 聽力；聽覺beginbeginning 開始ure/turefailfailure失??；倒閉presspressure 壓力departdeparture 離開；出發(fā)mixmixture 混合；混合物yrecoverrecovery 恢復；痊愈discoverdiscovery 發(fā)現(xiàn)其他choosechoice 選擇varyvariety 多樣化；種類tendtendency 趨向；趨勢2形容詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞ageshortshortage不足；短缺cyefficientefficiency 效率；功效fluentfluency 流利；流暢accurateaccuracy 準確性privateprivacy 隱私；私密domfreefreedom 自由；自主wisewisdom 明智；智慧encedifferentdifference差異silentsilence 沉默nessweakweakness 虛弱；弱點kindkindness 仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness 粗心大意thstrongstrength 力氣；強項warmwarmth 溫暖；熱情y/ty/ityhonesthonesty誠實difficultdifficulty 困難cruelcruelty 殘酷；殘暴safesafety 安全disabledisability 無能；傷殘responsibleresponsibility 責任名詞、動詞轉換為形容詞全析考法單句語法填空1(2018全國卷)Running is cheap, easy and its always _ (energy)解析：energetic根據(jù)句子結構可知，此處應該使用與其前的cheap, easy相同形式的形容詞energetic作表語。2(2018全國卷)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _ (globe) fertilizer consumption.解析：global此處和total一起修飾名詞短語fertilizer consumption，意為“全世界的化肥總消耗量”，故用其形容詞形式global作定語。3(20186月浙江高考)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be _ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.解析：affordable根據(jù)語境可知此處作表語，所以要用形容詞形式。4(2014全國卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and _ (disappoint)解析：disappointed和前面的anxious并列，表示人的內(nèi)心活動，應使用ed形式的形容詞，此處表示“他們中有些人看起來既焦慮又失望”。謹記規(guī)則后綴例詞ableacceptacceptable 可接受的fortfortable 舒適的fashionfashionable 時髦的suitsuitable 合適的reasonreasonable 有道理的almusicmusical 音樂的originoriginal 最初的personpersonal 個人的；私人的centrecentral 中央的；中心的naturenatural 自然的；天生的fuldoubtdoubtful 懷疑的forgetforgetful 健忘的harmharmful 有害的hopehopeful 有希望的peacepeaceful 和平的edscarescared 感到恐懼的confuseconfused 感到困惑的underlineunderlined 下劃線的ingsurprisesurprising 令人驚異的convinceconvincing 令人信服的satisfysatisfying 令人滿意的ibleaccessaccessible 容易取得的horrorhorrible 可怕的；恐怖的terrorterrible 可怕的iveactactive 積極的；活躍的effecteffective 有效的；生效的attractattractive 有吸引力的impressimpressive 給人深刻印象的ouscontinuecontinuous 不斷的；持續(xù)的anxietyanxious 憂慮的cautioncautious 小心的；謹慎的curiositycurious 好奇的humorhumorous 幽默的sometiretiresome 令人厭倦的troubletroublesome 麻煩的ytastetasty 美味的；可口的healthhealthy 健康的wealthwealthy 富裕的；豐富的erneasteastern 東方的；向東的ishchildchildish 孩子氣的foolfoolish 愚蠢的；可笑的selfselfish 自私的 特別注意ed形容詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到的”，通常修飾人；ing形容詞多表示主語所具有的特征，意為“令人的”，通常修飾物或事。形容詞轉換為副詞全析考法.單句語法填空1(2018全國卷)A taste for meat is _ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.解析：actually此處用副詞作狀語修飾系動詞is。2(201811月浙江高考)_ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.解析：Recently此處考查時間副詞作狀語，故填Recently。3(2016全國卷)The title will be _ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.解析：officially此處表示(大使)這個頭銜將在倫敦的一個儀式上正式授予給我，分析句子結構可知，應該使用副詞officially作狀語修飾動詞given。4(2016全國卷)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks _ (regular)解析：regularly此處需要用副詞修飾動詞短語“take short breaks”。5(2015廣東高考)_ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.解析：Luckily此處為副詞用于句首修飾整個句子，表示狀態(tài)。.單句改錯1(2018全國卷)I felt happily that their life had improved._解析：happilyhappy動詞felt在此處是系動詞，意為“覺得，感覺”，其后應該使用形容詞happy作表語。2(2017全國卷)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road._解析：suddenlysudden此處需要用形容詞修飾后面的名詞stop，表示“突然的停止”。3(2016全國卷)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady._解析：steadysteadily謂語動詞grow是不及物動詞，意為“增長，增強”，此處應該使用副詞steadily作狀語修飾grow。grow steadily意為“穩(wěn)定地增長”。4(2016全國卷)At one time, I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them._解析：freelyfree此處需要用形容詞作表語。be free from them “擺脫他們”。5(2015全國卷)Dad and I were terrible worried._解析：terribleterribly此處應用副詞terribly修飾形容詞worried。謹記規(guī)則類別例詞直接加lyclearclearly清楚地greatgreatly 很，大大地以輔音字母y結尾的形容詞，變y為i再加lyhappyhappily高興地heavyheavily 沉重地詞尾為ble/le的形容詞，去掉e，再加yterribleterribly可怕地；極度地gentlegently 輕輕地 詞尾為ue的形容詞，去掉e再加lytruetruly 真實地詞尾為ll的形容詞，直接加yfullfully充分地；完全地dulldully 遲鈍地詞尾為ic的形容詞，加allybasicbasically主要地，基本上scientificscientifically 合乎科學地語法填空解題“2策略”1利用句子成分確定詞性(1)如果要填的詞在句中作主語、賓語或表語要考慮名詞形式。(2)如果要填的詞作定語、表語、主語補足語或賓語補足語，要想到用形容詞；如果作狀語，要想到用副詞。2根據(jù)修飾詞或被修飾詞確定詞性(1)如果要填的詞被形容詞、定冠詞或形容詞性物主代詞修飾，此時要考慮用名詞形式。(2)如果要填的詞修飾名詞，要想到用形容詞；如果修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，要想到用副詞。據(jù)第1條解題1This gives the paintings deeper meaning (mean) and more elegance.2Grassland is destroyed without mercy so that dust storms e into being affecting distant_(distance) cities.3The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal (person) stories cheerfully. 4After some time, when both of you have renewed your confidence (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart. 5Therefore, lets take the responsibility (responsible) to build up a lowcarbon city by riding bicycles. e on and join us! 據(jù)第2條解題6However, behind his physical appearance (appear), Carry is a warm, funloving, intelligent person.7Your ideas are very interesting, but we need practical (practice) suggestions to get us out of trouble.8During that time a number of productive (product) poets turned out as many as 50,000 classical poems.9It was always a pleasure (pleasant) to visit these two sisters.10They all e from the plant Camellia sinensis (茶樹), and are simply (simple) processed in different ways. 短文改錯解題“2視角”1看被修飾詞或平行成分(1)如果修飾名詞，要用形容詞；(2)如果修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞和分詞應用副詞；(3)修飾人，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到的”， 用ed形容詞；修飾物或事，表示主語所具有的特征，意為“令人的”， 用ing形容詞；(4)注意其平行成分的詞性。2看句子成分(1)作定語、表語、主語補足語或賓語補足語，要想到應用形容詞。(2)作狀語要想到應用副詞。 據(jù)第1條解題1I worked as a reporter for our school newspaper last year, which I think will certain help me do the job better.certaincertainly2It was when I brought them in at the dusk that I found something terribly happened._terriblyterrible3“Today is my fathers birthday？” Zhangwei was a little puzzling. puzzlingpuzzled4At this moment, I found the city was so interested. interestedinteresting5Everyone praised Ah Bao for his brave and kindness.bravebravery據(jù)第2條解題6I restarted to pick up my confident again. confidentconfidence7The next morning when he was out, the hotel worker hammered a nail exact where the “fly” had been.exactexactly8I was lost in happy because I did a little for a stranger but I gained a lot._happyhappiness9To my joyful, he replied that he gave it to a homeless man. joyfuljoy10To conclude, I am readily to take on the job.readilyready