機(jī)械畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-機(jī)床主軸箱結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)(含CAD圖紙全套)
機(jī)械畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-機(jī)床主軸箱結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)(含CAD圖紙全套),機(jī)械,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),機(jī)床,主軸,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),cad,圖紙,全套
1 沈陽(yáng)化工大學(xué)科亞學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述機(jī)床主軸箱結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)3文獻(xiàn)綜述姓名 程學(xué)博 班級(jí) 機(jī)制1101班 指導(dǎo)教師 趙艷春引言 金屬切削機(jī)床是用切削的方法使得金屬毛坯加工成機(jī)器零件的機(jī)器 它是制作機(jī)器的機(jī)器 所以又稱(chēng)為 工作母機(jī) 或 工具機(jī) 習(xí)慣上叫做機(jī)床 在新中國(guó)成立以后建立起來(lái)的機(jī)床工業(yè) 在半封建半殖民地的舊中國(guó) 根本上就沒(méi)有機(jī)床制造工業(yè) 一直到解放不久 全國(guó)只有十分少數(shù)幾個(gè)機(jī)械修配廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單的少量機(jī)床 1949年機(jī)床年產(chǎn)量?jī)H僅1500多臺(tái) 在解放后的幾十年時(shí)間里頭 我國(guó)的機(jī) 床工業(yè)獲得高速發(fā)展 眼前我國(guó)已經(jīng)是布局十分合理 比較完善的機(jī)床工業(yè)體系 但是 我國(guó)的機(jī)床工業(yè)與世界先進(jìn)水平還是有非常較大的差距 所以 我國(guó)的機(jī)床工業(yè)面臨著光榮而艱巨的任務(wù) 必須不斷學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)展并且引進(jìn)國(guó)外的先進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù) 大力發(fā)揚(yáng)科學(xué)研究 以便早日趕上世界先進(jìn)步伐 機(jī)床可進(jìn)行各種車(chē)削工作 并可加工公制 英制 模數(shù)和徑節(jié)螺紋 主軸三支撐均采用滾動(dòng)軸承 進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)用雙軸滑移共用齒輪機(jī)構(gòu) 縱向與橫向進(jìn)給由十字手柄操縱 并附有快速電機(jī) 該機(jī)床剛性好 功率大 操作方便 機(jī)床是將金屬毛坯加工成機(jī)器零件的機(jī)器 它是制造機(jī)器的機(jī)器 所以又稱(chēng)為工作母機(jī)或工具機(jī) 習(xí)慣上簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)機(jī)床 現(xiàn)代機(jī)械制造中加工機(jī)械零件的方法很多 除切削加工外 還有鑄造 鍛造 焊接 沖壓 擠壓等 但凡屬精度要求較高和表面粗糙度要求較細(xì)的 零件 一般都需在機(jī)床上用切削的方法進(jìn)行最終加工 在一般的機(jī)器制造中 機(jī)床所擔(dān)負(fù)的加工工作量占機(jī)器總制造工作量的 40 60 機(jī)床在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)代化的建設(shè)中起著重大作用 自從 20 世紀(jì)中葉以來(lái) 全球加工技術(shù)及其裝備在制造過(guò)程中占有重要地位 制造裝備中 80 以上零件需進(jìn)行加工 而且加工過(guò)程周期長(zhǎng) 約占新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)周期30 40 占批量生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品工時(shí)40 50 加工費(fèi)用高 全世界約1億噸鋼和非鐵材料變成切屑 切削加工的耗費(fèi)每年在 2500 億美元以上 因此機(jī)床工業(yè)是備工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ) 世界發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)其發(fā)展非常重視 機(jī)床產(chǎn)值持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)我國(guó)機(jī)床產(chǎn)量和消費(fèi)量呈快速發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì) 近年來(lái)數(shù)控機(jī)床無(wú)論從產(chǎn)量 消費(fèi)量還是進(jìn)口量上都加快了增長(zhǎng)速度 但進(jìn)口量增長(zhǎng)率始終大于產(chǎn)量 2 增長(zhǎng)率 國(guó)外數(shù)控產(chǎn)品始終對(duì)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床保持著壓力 雖然增長(zhǎng)率差額由 3 3 減小到了 0 9 但簡(jiǎn)單的經(jīng)濟(jì)型數(shù)控機(jī)床占到近 70 高中檔數(shù)控機(jī)床幾乎全部依賴(lài)進(jìn)口 結(jié)構(gòu)矛盾依然突出 本設(shè)計(jì)主要針對(duì)機(jī)床的主軸箱進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì) 設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容主要有機(jī)床主要參數(shù)的確定 傳動(dòng)方案和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)圖的擬定 對(duì)主要零件進(jìn)行了計(jì)算和驗(yàn)算 利用三維畫(huà)圖軟件進(jìn)行了零件的設(shè)計(jì)和處理 機(jī)床主軸箱是機(jī)床中重要的傳動(dòng)部件 其將機(jī)床電動(dòng)機(jī)和機(jī)床主軸聯(lián)結(jié)起來(lái) 將動(dòng)力和扭矩由電機(jī)傳遞到主軸 從而使主軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)以加工工件 其主要作用是通過(guò)變速裝置調(diào)節(jié)主軸轉(zhuǎn)速和扭矩 從而使電機(jī)運(yùn)行在最佳正文 車(chē)床主軸是車(chē)床中應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種 約占車(chē)床類(lèi)總數(shù)的65 因其主軸以水平方式放置故稱(chēng)為臥式車(chē)床 普通車(chē)床的主軸箱又稱(chēng)床頭箱 它的主要任務(wù)是將主電機(jī)傳來(lái)的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的變速機(jī)構(gòu)使主軸得到所需的正反兩種轉(zhuǎn)向的不同轉(zhuǎn)速 同時(shí)主軸箱分出部分動(dòng)力將運(yùn)動(dòng)傳給進(jìn)給箱 主軸箱中等主軸是車(chē)床的關(guān)鍵零件 主軸在軸承上運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的平穩(wěn)性直接影響工件的加工質(zhì)量 一旦主軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)精 本文對(duì)機(jī)床主軸箱進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì) 主軸箱是機(jī)床的動(dòng)力源將動(dòng)力和運(yùn)動(dòng)傳遞給機(jī)床主軸的基本環(huán)節(jié) 其機(jī)構(gòu)復(fù)雜而巧妙 要實(shí)現(xiàn)其全部功能在軟件中的模擬仿真工作量非常大 這次設(shè)計(jì)的效果沒(méi)有預(yù)計(jì)的完美 有一些硬件方面的原因 在模擬仿真的時(shí)候 由于計(jì)算機(jī)的配置不能達(dá)到所需要求 致使運(yùn)行速度非常慢 不但時(shí)間上拖了下來(lái) 而且所模擬的效果很不理想 我接受的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)是對(duì)CA6140車(chē)床的主軸箱進(jìn)行 設(shè)計(jì) 主軸箱的結(jié)構(gòu)繁多 考慮到實(shí)際硬件設(shè)備的承受能力 在進(jìn)行三維造型的時(shí)候在不影響模擬仿真的情況下 我省去了很多細(xì)部結(jié)構(gòu) 1 溜板部分的機(jī)動(dòng)進(jìn)給操作型車(chē)床的縱 橫向機(jī)動(dòng)進(jìn)給 feed 和快速移動(dòng)采用單手柄操縱 自動(dòng)進(jìn)給手柄在 溜板箱右側(cè) 可沿十字槽縱 橫扳動(dòng) 手柄扳動(dòng)方向與刀架運(yùn)動(dòng)方向一致 手柄在十字槽中 央位置時(shí) 停止進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng) 在自動(dòng)進(jìn)給手柄頂部有一快進(jìn)按鈕 按下此鈕 快移電動(dòng)機(jī)工作 床鞍或中滑板按手柄扳動(dòng)方向作縱向或橫向快速移動(dòng) 松開(kāi)按鈕 快移電動(dòng)機(jī)停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) 快 速移動(dòng)中止 溜板箱正面右側(cè)有一開(kāi)合螺母操作手柄 用于控制溜板箱與絲杠之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián) 系 車(chē)削非螺紋表面時(shí) 開(kāi)合螺母手柄位于上方 車(chē)削螺紋時(shí) 壓下開(kāi)合螺母手柄 使開(kāi)合 螺母閉 合并與絲杠?chē)Ш?將絲杠的運(yùn)動(dòng)傳遞給溜板箱 使溜板箱 床鞍按預(yù)定的螺距 或 3 導(dǎo)程 作縱向進(jìn)給 車(chē)完螺紋應(yīng)立即將開(kāi)臺(tái)螺母手柄扳回原位 1 用自動(dòng)進(jìn)給手柄作床鞍的縱向和中滑板的橫向進(jìn)給的機(jī)動(dòng)進(jìn)給練習(xí) 2 用手動(dòng)進(jìn)給手柄和手柄頂部的快進(jìn)按鈕作縱向 橫向的快速移動(dòng)操作 3 操作進(jìn)給箱上的絲杠 光杠變換手柄 使絲杠回轉(zhuǎn) 將溜板箱向右移動(dòng)足夠遠(yuǎn)的距離 扳下開(kāi)臺(tái)螺母 觀(guān)察床鞍是否按選定螺距作縱向進(jìn)給 扳下和抬起開(kāi)合螺母的操作應(yīng)果斷有力 練習(xí)中體會(huì)手的感覺(jué) 4 左手操作中滑板手柄 右手操作開(kāi)合螺母 兩手配合動(dòng)作練習(xí)每次車(chē)完螺紋時(shí)的橫向退刀 5 操作車(chē)床主軸變速手柄得到各擋轉(zhuǎn)速按車(chē)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速銘牌上的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速標(biāo)記 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)車(chē)床 主軸變速手柄 調(diào)整主軸轉(zhuǎn)速分別為 16 r 皿 n 450 r mln 和 1 400 確認(rèn)后啟動(dòng)車(chē)床并觀(guān)察 2 操作車(chē)床進(jìn)給量手柄得到各擋進(jìn)給量 按車(chē)床進(jìn)給量銘牌確定選擇縱向進(jìn)給量為 0 46 mm r 橫向進(jìn)給量為 0 20 mm r 時(shí)手輪 和手柄的位置 并進(jìn)行調(diào)整 按前面步驟調(diào)整車(chē)床進(jìn)給量手輪和手柄 使車(chē)床得到各擋進(jìn)給量 1 沿床身導(dǎo)軌手動(dòng)縱向移動(dòng)尾座至合適位置 逆時(shí)針?lè)较虬鈩?dòng)尾座緊固手柄 將尾座固定 注意移動(dòng)尾座時(shí)用力不要過(guò)大 2 逆時(shí)針?lè)较蜣D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)套筒鎖緊手柄 松開(kāi) 搖動(dòng)手輪 使套筒作進(jìn) 退移動(dòng) 3 手動(dòng)操作車(chē)床床鞍 中滑板 小滑板手柄 1 搖動(dòng)床鞍手柄 使床鞍向左或向右作縱向移動(dòng) 手輪軸t的刻度盤(pán)圓周等分 300 格 手輪每轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一格 床鞍縱向移動(dòng) 1 mm 順時(shí)針?lè)较蜣D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)手柄時(shí) 床鞍向右運(yùn)動(dòng) 逆時(shí)針?lè)较蜣D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)手柄時(shí) 床 鞍向左運(yùn)動(dòng) 2 用左手 右手分別按順時(shí)針和逆時(shí)針?lè)较驌u動(dòng)中滑板手柄 使中滑板作橫向進(jìn)給和退出移動(dòng) 中滑板絲杠上的刻度盤(pán)圓周等分 100 格 手柄每轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)1格 中滑板橫向移動(dòng) o 05 mm 順時(shí)針?lè)较蜣D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)手柄時(shí) 中滑板向遠(yuǎn)離操作者方向運(yùn)動(dòng) 即橫向進(jìn)刀 逆時(shí)針?lè)较蜣D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)手柄時(shí) 中滑板向靠近操作者方向運(yùn)動(dòng) 即橫向退刀 3 用雙手交替搖動(dòng)小滑板手柄 使小滑板作縱向短距離的左 右移動(dòng) 小滑板絲杠上的刻 度盤(pán)圓周等分 100 格 手柄每轉(zhuǎn)過(guò) 1 格 小滑板縱向移動(dòng) 0 05mm 小滑板手柄順時(shí)針?lè)较?轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí) 小滑板向左運(yùn)動(dòng) 小滑板手柄逆時(shí)針?lè)较蜣D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí) 小滑板向右運(yùn)動(dòng) 4 左手搖動(dòng)車(chē)床床鞍手柄 右手同時(shí)搖動(dòng)中滑板手柄 橫向快速趨近和快速退離工件 縱 5 左手搖動(dòng)中滑板手柄 右手同時(shí)搖動(dòng)小滑板手柄 4 啟動(dòng)車(chē)床 1 檢查車(chē)床各變速手柄是否處于空擋位置 離合器 clutch 是 4 否處于正確位置 操縱桿是否處于停止?fàn)顟B(tài) 確認(rèn)無(wú)誤后 合上車(chē)床電源總開(kāi)關(guān) 2 按下床鞍上的綠色啟動(dòng)按鈕 電動(dòng)機(jī) elettdc molor 啟動(dòng) 3 向上提起溜板箱右側(cè)的操縱桿手柄 主軸正轉(zhuǎn) 操縱桿手柄回到中間位置 主軸停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) 操縱桿手CA6140機(jī)床可進(jìn)行各種車(chē)削工作 并可加工公制 英制 模數(shù)和徑節(jié)螺紋 主軸三支撐均采用滾動(dòng)軸承 進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)用雙軸滑移共用齒輪機(jī)構(gòu) 縱向與橫向進(jìn)給由十字手柄操縱 并附有快速電機(jī) 該機(jī)床剛性好 功率大 操作方便 機(jī)床主軸箱是一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的傳動(dòng)部件 表達(dá)主軸箱中各傳動(dòng)件的結(jié)構(gòu)和裝配關(guān)系 總結(jié) 傳動(dòng)方案和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)圖的擬定主運(yùn)動(dòng)傳動(dòng)鏈1 傳動(dòng)路線(xiàn)主運(yùn)動(dòng)傳動(dòng)鏈的兩末端件是主電動(dòng)機(jī)和主軸 運(yùn)動(dòng)由電動(dòng)機(jī) 7 5Kw 1450r min 經(jīng)V帶輪傳動(dòng)副 130mm 230mm傳至主軸箱中的軸I 在軸I上裝有雙向多片摩擦理合器 1M 使主軸正轉(zhuǎn) 反轉(zhuǎn) 或停止 它就是主換向機(jī)構(gòu) 當(dāng)壓緊離合器 1M 左部的摩擦片時(shí) 軸I的運(yùn)動(dòng)經(jīng)齒輪副56 38 或5143 傳給軸 使軸 獲得兩種轉(zhuǎn)速 壓緊右部摩擦片時(shí) 經(jīng)齒輪50 齒數(shù) 軸V 上的空套齒輪34傳給軸 上的固定齒輪30 這時(shí)軸I至軸 間多了一個(gè)中間齒輪34 故軸 的轉(zhuǎn)向與經(jīng) 1M 左部傳動(dòng)時(shí)相反 反轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速只有一種 當(dāng)離合器處于中間位置時(shí) 左 右摩擦片都沒(méi)有被壓緊 軸I的運(yùn)動(dòng)不能傳至軸 主軸停轉(zhuǎn) 軸 的運(yùn)動(dòng)可通過(guò)軸 間三對(duì)齒輪的任一對(duì)傳至軸 故軸 正轉(zhuǎn)共有2 3 6種轉(zhuǎn)速 運(yùn)動(dòng)由軸 傳往主軸有兩條線(xiàn)路 1 高速傳動(dòng)路線(xiàn) 主軸上的滑移齒輪50移至左端 使之與軸 上右端的齒輪 63嚙合 運(yùn)動(dòng)由軸 經(jīng)齒輪副6350 直接傳給主軸 得到450 1400r min的6種高轉(zhuǎn)速 2 低速傳動(dòng)路線(xiàn) 主軸上的滑移齒輪50移至右端 使主軸上的齒式離合器 2M 嚙 5 合 軸 的運(yùn)動(dòng)經(jīng)齒輪副2080 或5050 傳給軸V 又經(jīng)齒輪副2080 或5180 傳給軸V 再經(jīng)齒輪副2658 和齒式離合器 2M 傳至主軸 使主軸獲得10 500r min的低轉(zhuǎn)速 圖1 轉(zhuǎn)速圖由上面的傳動(dòng)路線(xiàn)分析 現(xiàn)確定以下數(shù)據(jù) 1 確定極限轉(zhuǎn)速主軸最低轉(zhuǎn)速 minn 為10r min 最高轉(zhuǎn)速 maxn 為1400r min 轉(zhuǎn)速調(diào)整范圍為nR m a x m in n n 14 2 確定公比選定主軸轉(zhuǎn)速數(shù)列的公比為 1 12 3 求出主軸轉(zhuǎn)速級(jí)數(shù)Z Z lgRn lg 1 lg14 lg1 12 1 24 4 確定結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)或結(jié)構(gòu)式24 2 3 2 2 5 繪制轉(zhuǎn)速圖 選定電動(dòng)機(jī) 6 一般金屬切削機(jī)床的驅(qū)動(dòng) 如無(wú)特殊性能要求 多采用Y系列封閉自扇冷式鼠籠型三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī) Y系列電動(dòng)機(jī)高效 節(jié)能 起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩大 噪聲低 振動(dòng)小 運(yùn)行安全可靠 根據(jù)機(jī)床所需功率選擇Y160M 4 其同步轉(zhuǎn)速為1500r min 分配總降速傳動(dòng)比 總降速傳動(dòng)比為uII nmin nd 10 1500 6 67 10 3 nmin為主軸最低轉(zhuǎn)速 考慮是否需要增加定比傳動(dòng)副 以使轉(zhuǎn)速數(shù)列符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或有利于減少齒輪和及徑向與軸向尺寸 并分擔(dān)總降速傳動(dòng)比 然后 將總降速傳動(dòng)比按 先緩后急 的遞減原則分配給串聯(lián)的各變速組中的最小傳動(dòng)比 確定傳動(dòng)軸的軸數(shù) 傳動(dòng)軸數(shù) 變速組數(shù) 定比傳動(dòng)副數(shù) 1 6 繪制轉(zhuǎn)速圖 先按傳動(dòng)軸數(shù)及主軸轉(zhuǎn)速級(jí)數(shù)格距l(xiāng)g 畫(huà)出網(wǎng)格 用以繪制轉(zhuǎn)速圖 在轉(zhuǎn)速圖上 先分配從電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速到主軸最低轉(zhuǎn)速的總降速比 在串聯(lián)的雙軸傳動(dòng)間畫(huà)上u k k 1 min 再按結(jié)構(gòu)式的級(jí)比分配規(guī)律畫(huà)上各變速組的傳動(dòng)比射線(xiàn) 從而確定了各傳動(dòng)副的傳動(dòng)比 7 參考文獻(xiàn) 1 任殿閣 張佩勤 機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo) 第三版 J 北京 北京工業(yè)出版社 2002 76 80 2 劉朝儒 彭福萌 機(jī)械制圖 第四版 J 北京 高等教育出版社 2006 12 3 楊德武 鄢利群 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ) M 長(zhǎng)春 吉林科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社 2006 191 220 4 成大先 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 第三版 第1卷 M 北京 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2002 76 80 5 成大先 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 第三版 第2卷 M 北京 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2002 430 436 6 成大先 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 第三版 第3卷 M 北京 北京工業(yè)出版社 2002 32 40 7 成大先 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 第三版 第4卷 M 北京 北京工業(yè)出版社 2002 256 187 8 劉杰 趙春雨 宋偉剛等 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)與產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì) M 北京 冶金工業(yè)出版社 2003 46 61 9 張玉 劉平 幾何量公差與測(cè)量技術(shù) 第3版 M 沈陽(yáng) 東北大學(xué)出版社 2006 17 97 10 濮良貴 紀(jì)名剛 機(jī)械零件 M 北京 高等教育出版社 1995 47 97 11 濮良貴 紀(jì)名剛 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) M 北京 高等教育出版社 2006 34 57 12 張桂芳 滑動(dòng)軸承 M 北京高等教育出版社 1985 78 98 13 邱宣懷 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) J 高等教育出版社 1995 47 97 14 吳宗澤 羅圣國(guó) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) J 高等教育出版社 1982 76 80 15 曹桄 高學(xué)滿(mǎn) 金屬切削機(jī)床掛圖 J 上海交通大學(xué)出版社 1984 430 436 外文翻譯資料
機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用研究
1 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展
機(jī)電一體化是機(jī)械、微、控制、機(jī)、信息處理等多學(xué)科的交叉融合,其發(fā)展和進(jìn)步有賴(lài)于相關(guān)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展,其主要發(fā)展方向有數(shù)字化、智能化、模塊化、化、人性化、微型化、集成化、帶源化和綠色化。
1.1 數(shù)字化
微控制器及其發(fā)展奠定了機(jī)電產(chǎn)品數(shù)字化的基礎(chǔ),如不斷發(fā)展的數(shù)控機(jī)床和機(jī)器人;而計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的迅速崛起,為數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)與制造鋪平了道路,如虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造等。數(shù)字化要求機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的軟件具有高可靠性、易操作性、可維護(hù)性、自診斷能力以及友好人機(jī)界面。數(shù)字化的實(shí)現(xiàn)將便于遠(yuǎn)程操作、診斷和修復(fù)。
1.2 智能化
即要求機(jī)電產(chǎn)品有一定的智能,使它具有類(lèi)似人的邏輯思考、判斷推理、自主決策等能力。例如在CNC數(shù)控機(jī)床上增加人機(jī)對(duì)話(huà)功能,設(shè)置智能I/O接口和智能工藝數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),會(huì)給使用、操作和維護(hù)帶來(lái)極大的方便。隨著模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、灰色、小波理論、混沌與分岔等人工智能技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展,為機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了廣闊天地。
1.3 模塊化
由于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品種類(lèi)和生產(chǎn)廠(chǎng)家繁多,研制和開(kāi)發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、動(dòng)力接口、環(huán)境接口的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品單元模塊是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜而有前途的工作。如研制具有集減速、變頻調(diào)速電機(jī)一體的動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)單元;具有視覺(jué)、圖像處理、識(shí)別和測(cè)距等功能的電機(jī)一體控制單元等。這樣,在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),可以利用這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊化單元迅速開(kāi)發(fā)出新的產(chǎn)品。
1.4 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化
由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及,基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾。而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)使家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為可能,利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)把各種家用電器連接成以計(jì)算機(jī)為中心的計(jì)算機(jī)集成家用電器系統(tǒng),使人們?cè)诩依锟沙浞窒硎芨鞣N高技術(shù)帶來(lái)的好處,因此,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品無(wú)疑應(yīng)朝網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。
1.5 人性化
機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對(duì)象是人,如何給機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品賦予人的智能、情感和人性顯得愈來(lái)愈重要,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品除了完善的性能外,還要求在色彩、造型等方面與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào),使用這些產(chǎn)品,對(duì)人來(lái)說(shuō)還是一種享受,如家用機(jī)器人的最高境界就是人機(jī)一體化。
1.6 微型化
微型化是精細(xì)加工技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然,也是提高效率的需要。微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)(Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)MEMS)是指可批量制作的,集微型機(jī)構(gòu)、微型傳感器、微型執(zhí)行器以及信號(hào)處理和控制電路,直至接口、通信和電源等于一體的微型器件或系統(tǒng)。自1986年美國(guó)斯坦福大學(xué)研制出第一個(gè)醫(yī)用微探針,1988年美國(guó)加州大學(xué)Berkeley分校研制出第一個(gè)微電機(jī)以來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外在MEMS工藝、材料以及微觀(guān)機(jī)理方面取得了很大進(jìn)展,開(kāi)發(fā)出各種MEMS器件和系統(tǒng),如各種微型傳感器(壓力傳感器、微加速度計(jì)、微觸覺(jué)傳感器),各種微構(gòu)件(微膜、微粱、微探針、微連桿、微齒輪、微軸承、微泵、微彈簧以及微機(jī)器人等)。
1.7 集成化
集成化既包含各種技術(shù)的相互滲透、相互融合和各種產(chǎn)品不同結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化與復(fù)合,又包含在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中同時(shí)處理加工、裝配、檢測(cè)、管理等多種工序。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化與高效率,應(yīng)使系統(tǒng)具有更廣泛的柔性。首先可將系統(tǒng)分解為若干層次,使系統(tǒng)功能分散,并使各部分協(xié)調(diào)而又安全地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),然后再通過(guò)軟、硬件將各個(gè)層次有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來(lái),使其性能最優(yōu)、功能最強(qiáng)。
1.8 帶源化
是指機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品自身帶有能源,如太陽(yáng)能電池、燃料電池和大容量電池。由于在許多場(chǎng)合無(wú)法使用電能,因而對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,自帶動(dòng)力源具有獨(dú)特的好處。帶源化是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展方向之一。
1.9 綠色化
技術(shù)的發(fā)展給人們的生活帶來(lái)巨大變化,在物質(zhì)豐富的同時(shí)也帶來(lái)資源減少、生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化的后果。所以,人們呼喚保護(hù)環(huán)境,回歸,實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲中應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。綠色產(chǎn)品是指低能耗、低材耗、低污染、舒適、協(xié)調(diào)而可再生利用的產(chǎn)品。在其設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和銷(xiāo)毀時(shí)應(yīng)符合環(huán)保和人類(lèi)健康的要求,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指在其使用時(shí)不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境,產(chǎn)品壽命結(jié)束時(shí),產(chǎn)品可分解和再生利用。
2 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵中應(yīng)用
在鋼鐵企業(yè)中,機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)是以微處理機(jī)為核心,把微機(jī)、工控機(jī)、數(shù)據(jù)通訊、顯示裝置、儀表等技術(shù)有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來(lái),采用組裝合并方式,為實(shí)現(xiàn)工程大系統(tǒng)的綜合一體化創(chuàng)造有力條件,增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)控制精度、質(zhì)量和可靠性。機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵企業(yè)中主要應(yīng)用于以下幾個(gè)方面:
2.1 智能化控制技術(shù)(IC)
由于鋼鐵具有大型化、高速化和連續(xù)化的特點(diǎn),傳統(tǒng)的控制技術(shù)遇到了難以克服的困難,因此非常有必要采用智能控制技術(shù)。智能控制技術(shù)主要包括專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)、模糊控制和神經(jīng)等,智能控制技術(shù)廣泛于鋼鐵的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、控制、設(shè)備與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量診斷等各個(gè)方面,如高爐控制系統(tǒng)、電爐和連鑄車(chē)間、軋鋼系統(tǒng)、煉鋼———連鑄———軋鋼綜合調(diào)度系統(tǒng)、冷連軋等。
2.2 分布式控制系統(tǒng)(DCS)
分布式控制系統(tǒng)采用一臺(tái)中央機(jī)指揮若干臺(tái)面向控制的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)控計(jì)算機(jī)和智能控制單元。分布式控制系統(tǒng)可以是兩級(jí)的、三級(jí)的或更多級(jí)的。利用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程進(jìn)行集中監(jiān)視、操作、管理和分散控制。隨著測(cè)控技術(shù)的,分布式控制系統(tǒng)的功能越來(lái)越多。不僅可以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程控制,而且還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在線(xiàn)最優(yōu)化、生產(chǎn)過(guò)程實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)度、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃統(tǒng)計(jì)管理功能,成為一種測(cè)、控、管一體化的綜合系統(tǒng)。DCS具有特點(diǎn)控制功能多樣化、操作簡(jiǎn)便、系統(tǒng)可以擴(kuò)展、維護(hù)方便、可靠性高等特點(diǎn)。DCS是監(jiān)視集中控制分散,故障面小,而且系統(tǒng)具有連鎖保護(hù)功能,采用了系統(tǒng)故障人工手動(dòng)控制操作措施,使系統(tǒng)可靠性高。分布式控制系統(tǒng)與集中型控制系統(tǒng)相比,其功能更強(qiáng),具有更高的安全性。是當(dāng)前大型機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的主要潮流。
2.3 開(kāi)放式控制系統(tǒng)(OCS)
開(kāi)放控制系統(tǒng)(Open Control System)是計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展所引出的新的結(jié)構(gòu)體系概念?!伴_(kāi)放”意味著對(duì)一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信息交換規(guī)程的共識(shí)和支持,按此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng),可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同廠(chǎng)家產(chǎn)品的兼容和互換,且資源共享。開(kāi)放控制系統(tǒng)通過(guò)工業(yè)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)使各種控制設(shè)備、管理計(jì)算機(jī)互聯(lián),實(shí)現(xiàn)控制與經(jīng)營(yíng)、管理、決策的集成,通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)使現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表與控制室的控制設(shè)備互聯(lián),實(shí)現(xiàn)測(cè)量與控制一體化。
2.4 計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)(CIMS)
鋼鐵企業(yè)的CIMS是將人與生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)、生產(chǎn)管理以及過(guò)程控制連成一體,用以實(shí)現(xiàn)從原料進(jìn)廠(chǎng),生產(chǎn)加工到產(chǎn)品發(fā)貨的整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程全局和過(guò)程一體化控制。目前鋼鐵企業(yè)已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了過(guò)程自動(dòng)化,但這種“自動(dòng)化孤島”式的單機(jī)自動(dòng)化缺乏信息資源的共享和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的統(tǒng)一管理,難以適應(yīng)鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的要求。未來(lái)鋼鐵企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的焦點(diǎn)是多品種、小批量生產(chǎn),質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)廉,及時(shí)交貨。為了提高生產(chǎn)率、節(jié)能降耗、減少人員及現(xiàn)有庫(kù)存,加速資金周轉(zhuǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)、管理整體優(yōu)化,關(guān)鍵就是加強(qiáng)管理,獲取必須的效益,提高了企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。美國(guó)、日本等一些大型鋼鐵企業(yè)在20世紀(jì)80年代已廣泛實(shí)現(xiàn)CIMS化。
2.5 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)技術(shù)(FBT)
現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)技術(shù)(Fied Bus Technology)是連接設(shè)置在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的儀表與設(shè)置在控制室內(nèi)的控制設(shè)備之間的數(shù)字式、雙向、多站通信鏈路。采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)技術(shù)取代現(xiàn)行的信號(hào)傳輸技術(shù)(如4~20mA,DC直流傳輸)就能使更多的信息在智能化現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表裝置與更高一級(jí)的控制系統(tǒng)之間在共同的通信媒體上進(jìn)行雙向傳送。通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)連接可省去66%或更多的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)信號(hào)連接導(dǎo)線(xiàn)。現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)的引入導(dǎo)致DCS的變革和新一代圍繞開(kāi)放自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)化儀表,如智能變送器、智能執(zhí)行器、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)化檢測(cè)儀表、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)化PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就地控制站等的發(fā)展。
2.6 交流傳動(dòng)技術(shù)
傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在鋼鐵工業(yè)中起作至關(guān)重要的作用。隨著電力技術(shù)和微電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,交流調(diào)速技術(shù)的發(fā)展非常迅速。由于交流傳動(dòng)的優(yōu)越性,電氣傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在不久的將來(lái)由交流傳動(dòng)全面取代直流傳動(dòng),數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使復(fù)雜的矢量控制技術(shù)實(shí)用化得以實(shí)現(xiàn),交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的調(diào)速性能已達(dá)到和超過(guò)直流調(diào)速水平?,F(xiàn)在無(wú)論大容量電機(jī)或中小容量電機(jī)都可以使用同步電機(jī)或異步電機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)可逆平滑調(diào)速。交流傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在軋鋼生產(chǎn)中一出現(xiàn)就受到用戶(hù)的歡迎,應(yīng)用不斷擴(kuò)大。
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外文資料翻譯
Electromechanical integration technology and its application
An electromechanical integration technology development
Mechatronics is the machinery, micro-, control, aircraft, information processing, and other cross-disciplinary integration, and its development and progress depends on the progress of technology and development, the main direction of development of a digital, intelligent, modular, and human nature , miniaturization, integration, with source and green.
1.1 Digital
Microcontroller and the development of a number of mechanical and electrical products of the base, such as the continuous development of CNC machine tools and robots, and the rapid rise of the computer network for the digital design and manufacturing paved the way for, such as virtual design and computer integrated manufacturing. Digital request electromechanical integration software products with high reliability, easy operability, maintainability, self-diagnostic capabilities, and friendly man-machine interface. Digital will facilitate the realization of long-distance operation, diagnosis and repair.
Intelligent 1.2
Mechanical and electrical products that require a certain degree of intelligence, it is similar to the logical thinking, reasoning judgement, autonomous decision-making capabilities. For example, in the CNC machine increase interactive features, set up Intelligent I / O interface and intelligent database technology, will use, operation and maintenance of bring great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray, wavelet theory, chaos and bifurcation, such as artificial intelligence and technological progress and development and the development of mechanical and electrical integration technology has opened up a vast world.
Modular 1.3
As electromechanical integration products and manufacturers wide variety of research and development of a standard mechanical interface, dynamic interface, the environment interface modules electromechanical integration products is a complex and promising work. If the development is set to slow down. VVVF integrated motor drive unit with vision, image processing, identification and location of the motor functions, such as integrated control unit. Thus, in product development, design, we can use these standards modular unit quickly develop new products.
1.4 Network
As the popularity of the network, network-based remote control and monitoring of various technical ascendant. The remote control device itself is the integration of mechanical and electrical products, fieldbus technology to household appliances and LAN network possible, use a home network to connect various home appliances into a computer as the center of computer integrated appliances system, so that people in the home can be full enjoyment of the benefits of various high-tech, therefore, electromechanical integration products should be no doubt North Korea networks.
1.5 humanity
Electromechanical integration of the end-use product is targeted, how to give people electromechanical integration of intelligent products, emotion and humanity is becoming more and more important, electromechanical integration products in addition to improving performance, it also urged the color, shape and so on and environmental coordination, the use of these products, or for a person to enjoy, such as home robot is the highest state of human-machine integration.
1.6 miniaturization
Micro-fine processing technology is a necessity in the development, but also the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems, or MEMS) refers to quantities can be produced by the micro-collection agencies, micro-sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit until interface, communication and power is one of the micro-devices or systems . Since 1986 the United States at Stanford University developed the first medical microprobe, 1988 at the University of California, Berkeley developed the first micro-motor, both at home and abroad in MEMS technology, materials and micro-mechanism much progress has been made, the development of all sorts MEMS devices and systems, such as the various micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometer, micro-tactile sensor), various micro-component (micro-film, micro-beam, microprobes, micro-link, micro-gear, micro-bearings, micro-pump , microcoil and micro-robot, etc.).
1.7 Integration
Integration includes a mutual penetration of various technologies, and integration of various products of different structural optimization and composite, and included in the production process at the same time processing, assembly, testing, management, and other processes. In order to achieve more variety, small batch production of automation and high efficiency, the system should have a more extensive flexible. First system can be divided into several levels, allowing the system to function dispersed, and security and coordination with other parts of the operation, and then through software and hardware at various levels will be organically linked to its optimal performance, the most powerful.
1.8 with source of
Electromechanical integration refers to the product itself with energy, such as solar cells, fuel cells and large-capacity battery. As on many occasions not be able to use electricity, which campaigns for the mechanical and electrical integration products, has a unique power source comes with the benefits. Sources with the integration of mechanical and electrical product development direction of.
Green 1.9
The development of technology in people's lives brought great changes in the material at the same time has also brought rich resources, deterioration of the ecological environment consequences. Therefore, people calling for the protection of the environment, regression, and achieving sustainable development in the concept of green products such calls have emerged. Green products is low-power, low-wood consumption, clean, comfortable, coordination and utilization of renewable products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction of human beings should be in line with environmental protection and health requirements, electromechanical integration of green products is mainly refers to the use of time is not pollute the ecological environment, at the end of product life, and regeneration of decomposition products.
2 electromechanical integration in the application of technology in the iron and steel
In the iron and steel enterprises, the integration of mechanical and electrical systems are at the core microprocessor, the computer, industrial computer, data communications, display devices, meters and the combination of technologies such as organic, assembled by the merger means for the realization of a large-scale integrated system create conditions for effective integration, enhanced system control precision, quality and reliability. Electromechanical integration technology in the iron and steel enterprises in the mainly used in the following areas:
2.1 Intelligent Control Technology (IC)
As a large-scale iron and steel, high-speed continuous and the characteristics of the traditional control technologies encountered insurmountable difficulties, it is necessary to adopt very intelligent control technology. Control technologies include intelligent expert system, neural and fuzzy control, intelligent control techniques in steel product design, manufacturing, control, product quality and diagnostic equipment, and other aspects, such as blast furnace control system, electric furnace and continuous casting plant, steel rolling system , steelmaking - Casting integrated scheduling system - rolling, cold rolling, etc..
2.2 Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed control system uses a central command for the control of a number of Taiwan-site monitoring and intelligent computer control unit. Distributed control systems can be two, three or more levels. Using computers to concentrate on the production process monitoring, operation, management and decentralized control. With monitoring and control technologies, and the functions of distributed control system more and more. Not only can be achieved control of the production process, but also can be achieved online optimization, the production process real-time scheduling, production planning statistical management functions, as a measurement, control, integration of the integrated system. DCS control functions with diverse features and easy operation, the system can be extended, easy maintenance and high reliability characteristics. DCS is decentralized and centralized control monitoring, fault-minor, and the system has the chain protection features, the use of manual control system failure operational measures, the system is highly reliable. Distributed control system and centralized control system compared to their more functional, with a higher level of security. Is the large-scale integration of mechanical and electrical systems main trend.
2.3 Open Control System (OCS)
Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology led by the new structure concept. "Open" means a standard for the exchange of information in order consensus and support this standard design systems, different manufacturers products can be compatible and interoperable, and the sharing of resources. Industrial control systems through open communication network so that all control equipment, management, computer interconnections, to achieve control and management, administration, integrated decision-making, through fieldbus to the scene and control room instrumentation control equipment interconnected to achieve integrated measurement and control of.
2.4 Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)
CIMS is the iron and steel enterprises will be and the production and operation, production management and process control connecting to achieve from raw materials into the plant, production and processing of shipments to the entire production process and the overall integration process control. Currently iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved process automation, but this kind of "automated island" of single automation lack of information resources and the sharing of the unified management of the production process, can hardly meet the requirements of the iron and steel production. Future competition iron and steel enterprises is the focus of many varieties, small batch production, cheap and of good quality, timely delivery of goods. In order to improve productivity, saving energy, reducing staff and the existing inventory, accelerate cash flow, production, operation and management of the overall optimization, the key is to strengthen the management, access to the benefits of raising the competitiveness of businesses. The United States, Japan and some other large-scale iron and steel enterprises in the 1980s has been widely realization of CIMS.
2.5 Fieldbus Technology (FBT)
Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) is the connection settings in the field of instrumentation installed in the control room and control devices for digital, bi-directional, multi-station communication link. Fieldbus technology used to replace the existing signal transmission technology (such as 4 to 20 mA, DC DC transmission), it will enable more information in the field of Intelligent Instrumentation devices and higher-level control system in the joint between the communications media on the two-way transmission. Fieldbus connection can be through save 66% or more on-site signal connecting wires. Fieldbus lead to the introduction of the reform and the new generation of DCS around open fieldbus automation system of instruments, such as intelligent transmitter, intelligent, fieldbus detection instruments, fieldbus of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) local control stations and field development.
2.6 AC drive technology
Transmission technology in the iron and steel industry plays a crucial role. With power technology and the development of microelectronics technology, the development of AC variable speed very quickly. The AC drive to the advantages of electric drive technology in the near future from AC drive completely replace DC transmission, the development of digital technology, complex vector control technologies to achieve practical, AC variable speed system speed and performance has reached more than DC converter level. Now whether small or large-capacity electrical motor capacity synchronous motor can be used to achieve reversible induction motor or smoothing governor. AC drive system in the production of steel rolling emerged as a welcome users, applications continues to expand.
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