考點05 介詞和介詞短語高考頻度： 【命題解讀】介詞在英語中比較活躍，然而在高考中直接考查介詞的題不是很多，但是介詞卻是考生最容易犯錯誤的語法項目之一。【命題預測】預計2019年高考對介詞的考查將不再局限于單個介詞，將會更加注重對介詞固定搭配中的介詞的考查，精細化考查介詞短語的辨析。在學習介詞時，應重點掌握介詞的基本用法，同時注意總結其與名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞等搭配構成的短語的意思和用法?！緩土暯ㄗh】 1. 掌握介詞的常見用法及易混介詞的辨析； 2. 掌握介詞與其他詞所構成的一些固定短語； 3. 掌握在定語從句中介詞的使用情況。介詞的分類分類特點例詞簡單介詞即一個介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。合成介詞由兩個介詞構成合成詞into, onto, throughout, upon, within短語介詞由短語構成according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。雙重介詞由兩個介詞搭配而成from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。分詞介詞由現(xiàn)在分詞轉化而來considering(就而論), including，regarding，concerning等。兼類介詞由形容詞直接轉化而來like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等?？枷?介詞短語的功能介詞不能獨立在句中做成份，介詞后必須與名詞、代詞、或動名詞構成介詞短語在句中充當一個成分，表示人、物、事件等與其它人、物、事件等之間的關系。介詞短語的功能例 句作定語They didnt find the solution to the problem.作狀語We have breakfast at seven.（表時間）They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）What do you mean by doing such a thing?（表方法）Nothing in the world could live without air or water.（表條件）作表語When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.作賓語補足語I found the old building in a bad condition.考向 ?？冀樵~的辨析介詞是英語中最活躍的詞類之一，使用頻率相當高，其用法跟冠詞一樣復雜。但根據(jù)近年來高考命題的情況來看，考生需要掌握以下內容。1.表示相同或相似概念的介詞（短語）的區(qū)別表示的概念介詞（短語）區(qū) 別例 時間inonatat在一個時間點上；in在一段的時間之內；on在具體日子。at 8 oclock, at noonin the 1990s, in Januaryon Monday, on a warm morningsincefromsince 指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間，和完成時連用；from指從時間的某一點開始。We have not seen each other since 1995.I hope to do morning exercises from today.in,afterin指在一段時間之后，也可以指一段時間之內=within；after表示某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中。Well be back in three days.After seven the rain began to fall.What shall we do after graduation?in the endat the end ofby the end ofin the end作最后、終于解，單獨作句子成分，后不接介詞of；at the end of 表示在末梢，到盡頭，既可指時間，也可以指地上或物體，不可單獨使用；by the end of 作在結束時，到末為止解，只能指時間。不可單獨使用。In the end they reached a place of safety.At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.By the end of last month he had finished the novel.位置betweenamong一般說來，between表示兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間。You are to sit between your father and me.He is always happy among his classmates.注意：但有時說的雖然是三個以上的人或東西，強調的是兩兩相互間接關系時、在談到一些事物或一組事物，而把它們視為分居兩邊時以及在談事物間的差別時，就用between。Agreements were made between the different countries.The little valley lies between high mountains.They dont know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.inontoin表示在某范圍內；on指與什么毗鄰；to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外。Changchun is in the northeast of China.Mongolia is on the north of China.Japan is to the east of China.oninon只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。There is a book on the piece of paper. There is an interesting article in thenewspaper. He dug a hole in the wall.inintoin通常表示位置（靜態(tài)）；into表示動向，不表示目的地或位置。We walked in the park.We walked into the park.throughacrossthrough表示從內部通過，與in 有關；across則表示從一端至另一端在表面上的通過，與on有關。Water flows through the pipe.The old man walked across the street.in the corneron the cornerat the cornerin the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的內面；on the corner表示在角上，on指的不是內面，也不是外面，而含內外兼有之意；at the corner指在拐角處，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。The lamp stands in the corner of the room.I met with him at the street corner.He sat on the corner of the table.除了besidesexceptbutexcept forbesides指除了還有，再加上；except指除了，減去什么，不能放在句首。but 與except意思近似，表示除了外經(jīng)常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑問詞后面。except for表示如無就，只是表明理由細節(jié)。All went out besides me. All went out except me.I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.表示的概念構成例 動作（表進行概念、表被動的關系）at+名詞at dinner/table在吃飯 at work在工作 at war交戰(zhàn) at cards 在玩牌 at work 在辦公 at play 在玩耍 at rest在休息 school在上學 at press正在排印at church在做禮拜beyond+名詞beyondbelief難以置信 beyondcontrol不聽管教。 beyondpare無可比擬 beyonddescription難以形容beyondexpression無法表達 beyondsuspicion無可懷疑in+名詞或in+名詞+of+名詞in the army在當兵 in need of需要 in action在運轉in progress在進行 in operation在運行中 inuse開始使用 insight看得見 instore貯藏著incourseofconstruction正在興建當中。 in(good)repair維修良好的incourseofshipment.定的貨正在運輸途中。 inchargeof負責inthechargeof由負責 inpossessionof擁有inthepossessionof被擁有on+名詞on business辦事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假on watch值班 on duty值勤/日on guard在值勤 on strike在罷工on sale出售 on loan借貸on the march在行軍 ontrial在試用 on the air在廣播 onfire在燃燒on the move 在移動，搬遷，離開 onshow/display/ exhibition在展出under+名詞under control在控制之中 under discussion在討論underdevelopment在發(fā)展中 under observation在觀察中under test在被測試 under construction在建設中under fire在炮火中 under examination在檢查/調查中under consideration在考慮中 under repair在修理中underarrest被逮捕 underattack受到襲擊undermedicaltreatment在治療中 understudy在研究中其他against ones opinion反對某人的見解for ones opinion同意某人的見解abovereproach無可指責，無可非議 abovesuspicion不受懷疑abovecriticism無可指責at the mercy of在支配下；任由擺布forsale供出售 forrent供出租 withinsight看得見1.（2017新課標卷I短文改錯）At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, he agreed.【答案】刪除for【解析】時間名詞有every，each，last等詞修飾時，其前不用介詞。故刪除for。2. （2017新課標卷III語法填空）I was searching _67_ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing.【答案】for3.（2017北京單項填空）Many people who live along the coast make a living _ fishing industry. A. at B. in C. on D. by【答案】B【解析】句意：許多住在海邊上的人都是靠漁業(yè)來謀生的。此處用介詞in,不用by,因為by后面通常接做什么事情來謀生，此處是指在捕魚這個行業(yè)里，在這個行業(yè)里謀生，用in，故選B。4.（2017江蘇單項填空）Determining where we are _ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.A. in contrast to B. in defense ofC. in face of D. in relation to【答案】D 5. （2017北京單項填空）When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be _ trees that are over 1,000 years old.A. among B. against C. behind D. below【答案】A【解析】句意：當你開車穿過加利福尼亞的紅木森林時，你將會穿梭于超過千年歷史的樹木之間。be among 位于之間；be against 反對；be behind 在后面；be below在之下。根據(jù)句意，故選A。6. （2017新課標II卷語法填空）It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _crowds_(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and _62_ work.【答案】A from【解析】考查介詞，to and from來回，故填from。2.常見同一形容詞與不同介詞搭配時意義上的差別常見形容詞搭配意義absent(be) absent from缺席(be) absent in不在這里而在afraid(be) afraid of擔心(be) afraid for為而擔心angry(be) angry with sb.對某人生氣(be) angry at/about sth.因某事而生氣anxious(be)anxious for sth急于想得到(be)anxious about sth./sb.對某事/某人擔心different(be) different from與不同(be) different to不關心familiar(be) familiar with精通，熟悉(be) familiar to為熟知（悉）good(be) good at擅長于(be) good for對有益(be) good to對友好/態(tài)度好popular(be) popular with sb.受歡迎(be) popular for因而流行strict(be) strict with sb.對某人要求嚴格(be) strict in sth.對某事要求嚴格3容易混淆的含有介詞固定搭配的詞組類 型舉 例差一冠詞，大相徑庭in front of（在前面)in the front of（在前部） in charge of（負責）in the charge of（由負責）out of question（毫無疑問）out of the question（不可能） at table（在吃飯；在吃飯時）at the table（在桌子旁邊）有無介詞，意義不同know sb.認識某人know about sb.了解某人 shoot sb.擊中某人shoot at sb.向某人射擊search sb.搜身search for sb.搜尋某人 believe sb.相信某人的話believe in sb.信任某人的人格benefit sb.使某人受益benefit from sb.從某人那里得到益處畫蛇添足，誤加介詞serve the people為人民服務（容易在serve后加for） enter the room進入房間（容易在enter后加into）follow me跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind） marry sb.與某人結婚（容易在marry后加with）go abroad出國（容易在go后面加to） live upstairs住在樓上（容易在live后面加 in）母語思維，誤用介詞be caught in the rain被雨淋著（不用by） leave for some place動身去某地（不用to）set an example to sb.為某人樹立榜樣（不用for） in the direction朝著方向（不用to）do a favor for sb.幫某人一個忙（不用to） different from和不同（不用with）with the help of在的幫助下（不用under） steal sth. from sb.偷某人的東西（不用of）read sth. to sb.給（為）讀（念）（不用for）【難點釋疑】一、常用介詞辨異1. about，on，of 關于on多用于慎重的、正式的語言交際場合。常見于學術上的論文或演說等題目，可供專門研究這一問題的人閱讀，有論及之意。 about表示的內容多為普遍、不那么正式，有述及之意。of作關于講，表示提及、涉及某人（事）時，只表示事情存在或發(fā)生，并不涉及詳情；有時與about意義相近，但有時意義很不同，常與動詞know、hear、learn（聽說）、speak、talk、think、tell等連用。 2. except，except for，except that，but，besides，beside except除之外，指不包括，后面常接名詞、代詞（人稱代詞常用賓格），還可接介詞短語、副詞和動詞不定式，此時相當于but，但不定式常不帶to。 except for除了，只有，意思和except一樣，主要指說明基本情況后，而在細節(jié)上加以修正，后面常接名詞性短語。 except that除了，只是，意思和except、except for一樣。但在用法上，其后常接名詞性從句，也可接when、where等詞引導的其他從句。 but所含除外的意思不如except明確。but多用在代詞（主要是不定代詞、否定代詞和疑問代詞）之后。 besides表示除外還有，所排除的事物常包括在所述范圍之內。另外，besides可用作副詞，相當于also，有而且，加之，何況之意。 beside也是介詞，表示在附近，只不過形似besides，容易相互混淆。 如果在區(qū)別前后有同類的詞語時，就用except，否則就用except for。3. including，included including是一個介詞，意為包括，它一般放在包括對象的前面。 included是一個過去分詞，意為包括。它一般用于被動語態(tài)中，也可放在包括對象的后面。 4. in，later，during 都與時段名詞搭配 in作介詞，同時段名詞搭配，即in + 時段名詞，一般用于將來時。 later表示以后，常同時段名詞搭配，即時段名詞 + later，常與過去時連用。 during作介詞時，同時段名詞搭配，即during + 時段名詞，常與現(xiàn)在時或將來時等連用。5. in，with，by 用 with通常指用具體的或有形的工具、器官等，有時也表示用某種手段、音調等。 by作介詞表示用時，一般指用方式、手段等。后面常接動名詞或名詞，后面接名詞時，該名詞前面一般不加修飾語。 in指用語言、字體、墨水、體裁、風格、方式、現(xiàn)金、順序等。二、介詞的省略1. 當表示時間的詞前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等時，介詞常省略。e any day you like. 你想哪天來就哪天來。2. 表示時間的名詞前有不定冠詞，且不定冠詞作每一解時，前面不用介詞。An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天吃一個蘋果，醫(yī)生不找我。3. 習慣搭配中介詞的省略一些常和動詞、名詞或形容詞搭配的介詞常省略，常見的此類搭配有：spend money/time (in) doing sth，waste money/time (in) doing sth，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth，be busy doing sth，stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。三、介詞不可遺漏的情況1. 含有不及物動詞的不定式在形容詞easy，hard，difficult，fortable等后作狀語，且構成不定式的動詞與句子的主語存在動賓關系或主語是不定式動作發(fā)生的地點時，介詞不能遺漏。 The chair is fortable to sit on/in. 這把椅子坐著舒服。The man is difficult to work with. 這個人很難共事。2. 當非謂語動詞表示被動意義時，相關介詞也不可省略。 The problem is well worth paying attention to. 這個問題很值得關注。3. 在被動語態(tài)中，動詞短語中的介詞不能遺漏。 Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 你應該注意你的發(fā)音。4. 在定語從句中，當從句的謂語和先行詞構成動賓關系且從句謂語為不及物動詞時，必須加上介詞。 The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我們經(jīng)常去的那個圖書館離我們的學校不遠。5. 在too.to.，enough. to.，so. as to.等結構中，含有不及物動詞的不定式作結果狀語，構成不定式的動詞為不及物動詞，且該動詞與主語構成動賓關系或主語為不定式動作發(fā)生的地點時，介詞不能遺漏。The ice is too thin to skate on. 冰太薄了，不能在上面滑。題組一 基礎過關單句改錯1. I lent to her some money in order that she could go for a holiday. _2. Joe wasted a lot time before he got down to work. _3. The biggest problem was in that almost all munication systems were destroyed. _4. Only a few months ago, this area suffered by the worst drought in a century. _5. It was very kind for them to invite me to visit their country. _6. Appreciate and honor what you have instead focusing on what you do not. _7. The boy wanted to join in the army but was turned down because he was under age. _8. I just couldnt laugh to his jokes the way I used to. _題組二 能力提升I.單項填空1.This experience teaches me a lesson: Never judge a person simply _ the first impression.A.in the form ofB. with the help ofC. on the basis ofD.in case of2.It was quite_ me why people preferred to go to the island on such a cold night.A. againstB. overC. beyondD. above3. _ our disagreements, we have been able to find some mon ground.A. BeyondB. ForC. DespiteD. By4.Sometimes its tough to get off the couch and go for a run. With so many digital devices at your fingertips, how can you possibly keep_?A.in turnB.in shapeC.in returnD.in charge5.I feel that one of my main duties _a teacher is to help the students to bee better learners.A. forB. likeC.asD. with6.These ments came specific questions often asked by local newsmen.A. in memory of B. in response to C. in touch with D. in possession of7.Most people work because its unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work.A. As a result B. In addition C. By contrast D. In conclusion8.A mon memory they all have_ their school days is the school uniform.A. ofB. onC. toD. with9.Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live_nature.A. in view ofB. in need of C.in touch with D. in harmony with10.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _ Thomas Edison.A. thanks to B. regardless of C. aside from D. but forII.語篇填空As I walked _1_the city streets，I passed a young man searching through a small block of land that contained a mix of leaves and rubbish. I was somewhat puzzled why someone _2_him would be searching through rubbish. Finding this a little odd，I asked him，What are you searching _3_？ He replied very simply that he was looking for money.After talking _4_him for a little longer，I found out that he had bee homeless after getting laid _5_ from his job. Since then，he had been working _6_ part-time jobs in a doctors office and in a food bank to earn some money. But he made so little that he lost heart. The man seemed fairly talented，although he was a little dirty.I told him that our thoughts create our reality，and I suggested that he not give _7_ and think _8_ a positive way. During the whole talk，what I stressed was that he was young and that everything was possible. Although he didnt respond _9_ the spot，my sense told me that what I said seemed to have an effect _10_ him.題組三 體驗真題1. （2018新課標卷II完形填空）I still cant believe what a coincidence it was. Im just so glad I was there _60_ to help my son.A. on board B. in time C. for sure D. on purpose2. （2018新課標卷II短文改錯）They would say to me that playing card games would help my brain. Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.3. （2018北京卷單項填空） Good morning, Mr. Lees office. Good morning. Id like to make an appointment _ next Wednesday afternoon. A. for B. on C. in D. at4. （2018江蘇卷單項填空）Chinas softpowergrows_ theincreasingappreciationandunderstanding of China globally.A. in line with B. in reply toC. in return for D. in honour of5. Bob thought he couldnt go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went _.A. at first B. after allC. above all D. at random6.（2017天津單項填空）We offer an excellent education to our students. _, we expect students to work hard.A. On average B. At best C. In return D. After all7.（2017天津完形填空） My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $50,000 25 a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger.A. in search of B. in need of C. in place of D. in support of8. （2017新課標I卷語法填空）There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical munity（醫(yī)學界） a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side (effects) (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical munity was trying to fight.9. （2017新課標I卷短文改錯）It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.10. （2017新課標II卷短文改錯）They have also bought for some gardening tools. beside, they often get some useful information from the internet.11.（2016天津卷單項填空）The dictionary is _: many words have been added to the language since it was published. A. out of controlB. out of dateC. out of sightD. out of reach12.（2016浙江卷單項填空）The study suggests that the cultures we grow up _ influence the basic processes by which we see world around us.A. onB. inC. atD. about13.（2016全國新課標卷II語法填空）Most of us are more focused 44 our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. 14.（2016浙江）That young man is honest , cooperative , always there when you need his help ._, hes reliable.A. Or else B. In short C. By the way D. For one thing15.（2015重慶）Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 _ the average.A. below B. on C. at D. above題組一基礎過關單句改錯1. 去掉to 【解析】句意：我借給她一些錢，以便她能去度假。動詞lend后可接雙賓語，所以to多余。2. 在time 前加of 【解析】句意：喬在開始工作前浪費了不少時間。a lot of為固定用法，意為許多，后接可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式或不可數(shù)名詞。注意：a lot為副詞短語，表程度。3. 去掉in 【解析】句意：最大的難題是，幾乎所有的通訊系統(tǒng)都被破壞了。根據(jù)語境及句子結構可知，句中用that引導表語從句。4. by from 【解析】句意：僅在幾個月前，這個地區(qū)遭受了一次本世紀以來最為嚴重的旱災。suffer from為固定用法，意為忍受，遭受。 6. 在instead后加of 【解析】句意：感激并且尊重你所擁有的，而不是將注意力放在你沒有的東西上。instead of 為復合介詞，意為而不是。7. 去掉 in 【解析】句意：這個男孩想?yún)④?，但因為年紀小被拒絕了。join表示參加，加入(某個組織)時， 后面不加介詞in；表示參加(某項活動)時，才加 in。8. 第一個to at 【解析】句意：我就是不能像以前那樣因他講的笑話而發(fā)笑。laugh at為固定搭配，意為嘲笑，因而發(fā)笑。題組二能力提升 I.單項填空1.C 【解析】考查介詞短語辨析。in the form of以的形式，with the help of在的幫助下，on the basis of 以為基礎，in case of如果，假使。結合語境可知選C。2.C 【解析】考查介詞。句意：我很不理解為什么人們愿意在那樣冷的一個晚上登那個島。against反對，over翻越，在上面，above在上面，超過，均不符合句意。be beyond sb.某人無法理解，符合句意，故選C。3.C 【解析】考查介詞的用法。句意：盡管我們存在分歧，但仍能找到一些共同點。despite即使，盡管，符合句意。4.B 【解析】考查介詞短語辨析。句意：有時，很難從沙發(fā)上站起來，稍微活動一下。手邊有那么多數(shù)碼設備，你怎么可能保持健康呢？in shape健康，符合句意。in turn輪流，相應地；in return作為回報；in charge負責。5.C 【解析】句意：我覺得作為教師，其主要職責之一就是幫助學生成為更好的學習者。as作介詞有作為的意思，符合語境。6.B 【解析】句意：這些評論是對某些經(jīng)常被當?shù)匦侣勅藛柕降膯栴}的回應。in memory of紀念； in response to回應； in touch with聯(lián)系；in possession of擁有。分析句子成分知道空格處充當介詞短語作狀語的作用，根據(jù)常識和句意，評論應該是對問題的回應。所以答案是B。8.A 【解析】考查介詞辨析。of關于，表示從屬關系； on表示在之上； to表示對于； with表示和在一起。句意：他們共有的關于他們學校的記憶是校服。have a memory of對有記憶，是固定短語，故選A。9.D 【解析】考查短語辨析。 in view of在眼里； in need of需要； in touch with和接觸； In harmony with與和諧相處。這四個短語后面都應該接名詞，該句意思為：人的生活是自然的一部分，因此，我們生存下來的唯一的方法就是與自然和諧相處。根據(jù)句意，故選D。10.D 【解析】句意：要不是愛迪生的發(fā)明，今天我們身邊享用的很多東西都將不復存在。thanks to 多虧，具有很強的迷惑性，如將題干改成_Thomas Edison, nowwecanbenefitfrom manyofthethings aroundus.則選A項；B項不管，不顧；C項除了；D項要不是，常用于隱藏式（含蓄式）虛擬條件句。故選D項。II.語篇填空1.along/down2.like3.for4.with5.off6.on7.up8.in9.on10.on題組三體驗真題1. B 【解析】考查介詞詞組詞義辨析。我高興的是我在那兒及時幫助了我的兒子。A. on board在船上；B. in time及時；C. for sure肯定；D. on purpose目的。故選B項切題。2.for改為with 【解析】考查介詞。play the games with sb.表示“和某人一塊玩游戲”，故把for改為with。3.A 【解析】考查介詞。句意：早上好，Lee先生辦公室。早上好。我想預約下周三下午（和Mr. Lee見面）。make an appointment for意為“為預約”，是固定搭配，故A選項正確。4.A 【解析】考查介詞短語詞義辨析及語境理解。句意：中國的軟實力增長與日俱增全球對中國的賞識和理解相一致。A. in line with按照；與.一致；B. in reply to答復；C. in return for作為 . 的報酬；D. in honour of為紀念。故選A。6.C 【解析】句意：我們給我們的學生們提供極好的教育，作為回報，我們期待我們的學生們努力學習。A. 平均起來，一般說來；B. 最多，充其量；C. 作為回報；D. 畢竟，終究。根據(jù)句意故選C。7. D 【解析】根據(jù)上文raise $50,000可知，此處表示為了支持三十年前為了結束饑餓而創(chuàng)辦的一項活動。A. 為了尋找；B. 需要；C. 代替；D. 為了支持。故選D。8.as 考查介詞。句意：這一趨勢最初