第五課時時態(tài)和語態(tài)感 悟 高 考1.I _down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.(2017天津卷)A.was driving B.have drivenC.would drive D.drove答案A句意：我正開車去倫敦這時我突然發(fā)現(xiàn)我走錯路了。根據(jù)句意，故選A。2.He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he _.(2017江蘇卷)A.was being followed B.was followingC.had been followed D.followed答案Ahe和follow之間是動賓關系，即他被別人跟蹤，排除B、D；根據(jù)句意“在匆忙趕回家的路上，他從未回頭看是否被跟蹤”，用過去進行時最合適，故選A。3.Hes been informed that he _ for the scholarship because of his academic background.(2017江蘇卷)A.hasnt qualified B.hadnt qualifiedC.doesnt qualify D.wasnt qualifying 答案C句意：他已經被告知由于教育背景的原因而沒有資格獲得獎學金。qualify for sth達標，獲得參賽資格。由于條件不滿足而沒有資格做某事，是客觀事實，應用一般現(xiàn)在時，故選C。4.People _ better access to health care than they used to, and theyre living longer as a result.(2017北京卷)A.will have B.have C.had D.had had答案B句意：人們有比過去更好的醫(yī)療保險，他們更長壽。根據(jù)and后面句子時態(tài)可知為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，故選B。5.In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _ yet. (2017北京卷)A.havent invented B.havent been inventedC.hadnt invented D.hadnt been invented答案D句意：在美國20世紀50年代的時候，大多數(shù)的家庭家里只有一部電話，并且無線電話還根本沒有發(fā)明出來。根據(jù)句意可知用被動語態(tài)，排除A、C，事情發(fā)生在過去，與現(xiàn)在無關，不用現(xiàn)在完成時，而應用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)，故選D。6._ that pany to see how they think of our product yesterday?Yes. They are happy with it.(2017北京卷)A.Did you call B.Have you calledC.Will you call D.Were you calling答案A句意：你昨天有沒有給那家公司打電話問問他們對我們的產品感覺怎么樣？打了，他們感覺很滿意?？崭袼陬}干有一個很明顯的時間狀語yesterday，可知用過去時，故選A。要 點 精 析1.一般現(xiàn)在時(1)表示經常性、習慣性的動作和現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征。句中常用often, usually, every day等時間狀語。Planning so far ahead makes no senseso many things will have changed by next year.這么早做計劃沒有什么意義到明年很多事情就會變了。(2)表示客觀事實、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象以及不受時間限制的客觀存在。“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say，“because every step shows.”奶奶過去常說：“生活就如在雪地里走路，因為每一步都顯而易見?！?3)在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。Will you help me to look for an important file I left in my office this morning immediately you arrive?你能一到辦公室就幫我找一下我早上落在辦公室的重要文件嗎？(4)表示按計劃、時刻表規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動作，但限于少數(shù)動詞。如begin，e，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，return，open，close等。The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.飛機每星期三、五2：30起飛。2.一般過去時表示在過去某一時刻、某一時間段內存在的狀態(tài)或發(fā)生的動作，常與表示過去的時間狀語連用(或上下文語境有暗示)；用于表示過去的習慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到的事。The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.這位總統(tǒng)希望人民在他離任時比他上任時更富有。The three of us travelled around Europe for about a month last summer.去年夏天，我們三人在歐洲旅行了一個月左右。Excuse me.I didnt realize I was blocking your way.對不起，我原來不知道擋你的路了。3.一般將來時一般將來時表示將來會出現(xiàn)的動作或狀態(tài)，常用的時間狀語有：this evening, tomorrow, next week, in a few minutes, at the end of this term等。常用結構有：(1)“will/shall動詞原形”表示現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)；表示事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢；表示臨時性的打算或決定。Fish will die without water.離開水，魚就會死。By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold.等你看完這本書，你的飯就涼了。Mr. Li is ill in hospital.Oh, I didnt know. Ill go to see him tonight.李老師生病住院了。哦，我還不知道呢。我今晚去看他。名師點津條件狀語從句中的will表示“決心，意愿”，此時will不是助動詞，而是情態(tài)動詞表意愿。If you wont listen to us, just do as you please.如果你不愿意聽我們的，就請便吧。(2)“be going to動詞原形”表示現(xiàn)在打算或計劃將來要做的事；表示根據(jù)某種跡象認為最近或將來要發(fā)生的事。I am going to write to Henry this evening.我今天晚上打算給亨利寫封信。It looks as if it is going to rain.天看上去像是要下雨了。(3)“be to動詞原形”表示預先安排好的計劃或約定；表示說話人的意志、意圖、職責、義務、命令等；表示注定要發(fā)生的事情。I am to meet Mr. Brown at eleven oclock this morning.我要在今天上午11點見布朗先生。We are to take care of all these children.我們必須照顧所有的這些孩子。(4)“be about to動詞原形”表示“正要做某事，即將要做某事”，此結構不可與表示具體的將來時間的副詞或副詞性短語連用，而經常與when引導的從句連用。The meeting is about to begin.會議就要開始了。4.過去將來時過去將來時表示從過去某時看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。這種時態(tài)常用于賓語從句或間接引語中。He said that he would wait for us at the station.他說他將在車站等我們。She told her mother that she was going to a dance with Tom.她告訴母親，她要同湯姆一起去參加一個舞會。1.現(xiàn)在進行時(1)現(xiàn)在進行時主要用來表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。Ill go to the library as soon as I finish what I am doing.(2011遼寧卷)我一做完手頭上的活就去圖書館。(2)有些動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時可以表示預計即將發(fā)生的動作：go, e, leave, arrive, return, begin, do, die, lose等?！癟he moment is ing soon，” he thought to himself, waiting nervously.他緊張地等待著，心里想：“這一時刻很快就會來臨的?！?3)常與always, forever, constantly, continually, all the time等時間副詞連用，表示反復發(fā)生的或習慣性的動作，常表示不滿、抱怨或贊賞等情感。She is always finding fault with others.她總是挑別人的毛病。2.過去進行時(1)表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作。Did you catch what I said?Sorry. I was answering a text message just now.你聽懂我的話了嗎？很抱歉，剛才我在回短信。(2)表示某動作在某一階段內發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生。Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No, I was doing my homework all day yesterday.你讀完簡愛這本書了嗎？沒有，昨天我一整天都在寫作業(yè)。(3)表示某一動作發(fā)生時另一動作正在進行，其中的持續(xù)性動作用過去進行時，短暫性動作用一般過去時。The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.那位記者說，當他看到時，不明飛行物正在自東向西飛行。3.現(xiàn)在完成進行時(1)表示從過去某時開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去的動作。The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.經理自從上午九點起一直在告訴工人們如何改進項目。(2)表示從過去某時開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，在說話時剛剛結束。Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.你剛才去了哪里？我們一直在到處找你。4.將來進行時將來進行時可用于表示將來某個時刻正在發(fā)生的動作或者將來某一段時間內正在進行的動作。將來進行時常與一些標志性的時間狀語連用。這些常見的標志性狀語有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow等。Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?Im sorry, but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about five?今天下午兩點能給你回電話嗎？不好意思，那時我正飛往北京，五點怎么樣？1.現(xiàn)在完成時(1)表示從過去某一時間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。常與up to now, so far, already, yet, now, recently, in the past few years, just等表示時間的詞以及since引導的狀語從句連用。His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一本小說自從上個月出版之后就受到好評。(2)表示過去發(fā)生或已經完成的動作對現(xiàn)在產生的結果或影響。Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa.Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it.瞧，已經有人打掃了沙發(fā)。嗯，不是我，我沒做過那件事。(3)用于時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中，表示將來要完成的動作或一個動作先于另一個動作。When shall we restart our business?Not until we have finished our plan.什么時候我們重新開始我們的事業(yè)？直到我們已完成我們的計劃。I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.除非我親眼看到，否則我不會相信你的。(4)常用于以下固定句式中：在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third.timethat從句”中，that從句中的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.這是我們全家第一次到電影院看電影。在“It (This) is the adj.最高級名詞that從句”中，從句中的謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時。It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.這是我到這個學校以來聽過的最有教育意義的演講。2.過去完成時(1)表示過去某一時間或某一動作前已完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與by, by the end of, by the time, before, since, until等后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句連用。By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.杰克從英國回到家時，他的兒子已經大學畢業(yè)了。(2)過去某一時間的動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去另一時間，還可能持續(xù)下去。常與for, since等構成的時間狀語連用。By the end of last month he had worked in Shanghai for twenty years.到上個月月底他已經在上海工作了整整二十年。(3)某些動詞用于過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法，意為“本來期望/認為/打算”。這類動詞主要有：expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。I had planned to travel, but my daughter got sick.我本計劃去旅行，但我的女兒突然生病了。(4)常用于以下固定句式中：hardly/scarcely.when.; no sooner.than.中，主句常用過去完成時。Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.我剛到家大雨就傾盆而下。It was/had been一段時間since從句。since從句中謂語用過去完成時。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我們10年沒這么高興了。That/It was the first/second. timethat從句。that從句謂語要用過去完成時。It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.這是他第三次犯同樣的錯誤了。3.將來完成時表示在將來某一時間之前完成的動作，并往往對將來某一時間產生影響。常用的時間狀語為“by將來的某個時間”。We shall have fulfilled the task by the end of this week.我們在本周末將完成這項任務。英語中動詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。1.被動語態(tài)的構成時態(tài)謂語構成一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are done一般過去時was/were done一般將來時shall/will be done現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/are being done過去進行時was/were being done過去將來時should/would be done現(xiàn)在完成時has/have been done過去完成時had been doneIs honesty the best policy? We are taught that it is when we are little.誠實是最好的原則嗎？我們小時候被教的是肯定的回答。In the last few years thousands of films have been produced all over the world.過去幾年中全世界有數(shù)千部影片被制作出來。名師點津動詞短語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，要注意動詞短語的完整性，動詞后面的介詞或副詞不可遺漏。They sent for the doctor immediately.The doctor was sent for immediately.他們立即派人去請醫(yī)生。2.“get過去分詞”表示被動Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I get paid on Friday.媽媽，我想知道你能不能借給我?guī)酌涝?，讓我能用到星期五發(fā)工資的時候。3.主動形式表被動意義(1)連系動詞(如look, sound，smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主動形式表示被動含義，它們沒有被動語態(tài)形式。The building looks very beautiful.這座建筑看上去很美。(2)當open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物動詞且表示主語的某種屬性、特征或所處狀態(tài)時，通常用主動形式表示被動意義。The door wont shut.這門關不上。(3)某些“be形容詞to do”結構中的不定式通常要用主動形式表示被動意義。這類結構的特點是句子主語就是其后不定式的邏輯賓語，按理說其中的不定式要用被動形式，但習慣上卻要用主動形式表示被動含義。這類形容詞常見的有convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant等。The book is difficult to understand.這本書很難讀懂。(4)不定式用于某些動詞(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的賓語后作定語時，如果不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語，通常用主動形式表示被動意義。I want something to drink.我想喝點東西。名師點津(1)在be worth doing, need/want/require doing(to be done)結構中，其后的動詞是以主動的形式表示被動意義。The tree wants watering.這棵樹需要澆水了。(2)若不定式的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時，則不定式就需要用被動式。I have something to type.我有些東西要打(字)。Do you have a letter to be sent?你有信要我去幫你寄嗎？解 題 策 略1.利用試題中提供的時間狀語確定時態(tài)時態(tài)往往和一些特定的時間狀語連用。如：every., sometimes, at.，on Sunday等常和一般現(xiàn)在時連用；.ago，the other day，in 2006, last week, just now等常和一般過去時連用；now，at present，at this time等常和現(xiàn)在進行時連用；tomorrow，next week，in時間段等常和一般將來時連用；by the end of last week，before I went there等常標志著要用過去完成時。同時要注意，像副詞always, forever, constantly等常與進行時連用，表示說話者的贊揚、批評、生氣等語氣。Why do you know the pany so well?Oh，I _ there for three years.A.worked B.would workC.had worked D.was working答案A有些考生認為“for three years”是完成時的標志，于是誤選C。其實，過去完成時表示過去某個時間點之前的情況，顯然與語境不符，因此正確答案為A。2.利用上下文語境推測時態(tài)很多試題中沒有時間狀語，但是我們可以從試題所提供的語言環(huán)境或上下文來推測出動作發(fā)生的時間或從雙方的交談中“捕捉”到時間點，這就要求學生要有宏觀把握句子和分析句子的能力。Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No.I _ the book，so I already knew the story.A.was reading B.had readC.am reading D.have read答案B句意：你對這部電影的結局驚訝嗎？不，我已經讀過這本書，早知道結局了。從上下文句意看，讀故事在看影之前，應用過去完成時。3.利用時態(tài)的呼應來把握時態(tài)若主句是一般過去時，賓語從句的時態(tài)常用與過去相關的時態(tài)(表客觀事實、科學真理的從句總用一般現(xiàn)在時)；若主句是現(xiàn)在時或將來時，賓語從句的時態(tài)不受主句的限制，可根據(jù)需要選用時態(tài)。在時間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中，若主句為一般將來時，從句往往用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來，或主句為過去時，則從句也用相對應的過去時。If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring，you _ fresh watermelon in the fall.A.eat B.would eatC.have eaten D.will be eating答案D句意：如果你春天播下西瓜種子，那么秋天就會吃上新鮮的西瓜了。因為從句用了一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，那么主句就要用一般將來時。因in the fall在此句中意為“在秋天”，相當于during the fall，強調了完整的時間段，故用will be eating將來進行時，表示在未來一段時間內一直進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。4.固定搭配法判斷語態(tài)英語中有許多固定短語，如make use of, pay attention to, find fault with, take care of, take advantage of, keep pace with等，在試題中，常把短語中的名詞拿出來作句子的主語，剩下的動詞作謂語動詞，如果能夠看出它們構成固定的動詞短語，則問題迎刃而解。The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _.A.is made B.would makeC.was to be made D.had made答案C句意：在澳大利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)黃金這件事情使成千上萬的人相信要發(fā)財了。thousands在此處指代成千上萬的人，由led的時態(tài)可知A項不符合句意；而had made為過去完成時，發(fā)生在led動作之前，不符合語境；would make應該為would be made；故只有was to be made正確。5.用習慣表達法確定語態(tài)在英語中有一些習慣表達，它們往往用主動形式表被動意義，如need/want/require/deserve doing need/want/require/deserve to be done，be worth doing.等，在平時的學習中，要注意歸納和總結。Would you please make up a topic worth _ in tomorrows conference?A.discussing B.to be discussedC.to discussed D.being discussed答案Aworth作后置定語，修飾the topic；worth后常用doing，用主動形式表被動意義。針 對 訓 練1.Jack _ in the lab when the power cut occurred.(2016北京卷)A.works B.has workedC.was working D.would work答案C句意：杰克正在實驗室里工作這時突然停電了。此題考查句型be doing.when.結構，故選C。2.Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for?The new Star Wars.We _ here for more than two hours.(2016北京卷)A.waited B.waitC.would be waiting D.have been waiting答案D句意：請問，你們在等哪場電影？最新的星際大戰(zhàn)，我們在這兒已經等了兩個小時了。由句中時間狀語for more than two hours 可知，動作從過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并對現(xiàn)在產生直接影響，且動作還可能延續(xù)，故用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。3.I _ half of the English novel，and Ill try to finish it at the weekend.(2016北京卷)A.read B.have readC.am reading D.will read答案B句意：我已經讀完這本英文小說的一半了，我會爭取在周末讀完。前一分句表示到現(xiàn)在已經完成的動作，故用現(xiàn)在完成時。4.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _ with success in the end.(2016北京卷)A.rewarded B.were rewardedC.will reward D.will be rewarded答案D句意：學生們一直努力學習他們的功課，他們的努力終將得到成功的回報。由句意可知，reward這一動作發(fā)生在have been working之后，故用將來時態(tài)，efforts和reward之間為被動關系，所以用一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。故選D。5.The real reason why prices _，and still are，too high is plex，and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.(2015江蘇卷)A.were B.will beC.have been D.had been答案A句意：物價過去很高，現(xiàn)在依然居高不下，其真正原因是復雜的，不是兩三句話能圓滿解釋的。根據(jù)空格后面的and still are(而且現(xiàn)在仍然是)判斷，前面是指物價過去的情況，應用一般過去時，故選A。6.As you go through this book，you_ that each of the millions of people who lived through World War had a different experience.(2015湖南卷)A.will find B.foundC.had found D.have found答案A句意：當你讀這本書時，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)那些經歷過第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的數(shù)百萬人中的每一個人都有不同的經歷。句中as引導的是時間狀語從句，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時，所以主句需用一般將來時。7.I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy，but _ thankfully by the shop window.(2015湖南卷)A.am held back B.held backC.hold back D.was held back答案D句意：我有一種強烈的欲望，想伸手進去拿那個玩具玩，但幸虧我被商店櫥窗阻擋了。句子的主語I與hold back之間是被動關系，需用被動語態(tài)；再根據(jù)句中的had可知用一般過去時，故選D。8.I wasnt able to hide my eagerness when I _，“What do you wish me to do now？”(2015湖南卷)A.ask B.have askedC.am asking D.asked答案D句意：當我問到“你希望我現(xiàn)在做什么？”時，我無法掩飾自己急切的心情。句中的wasnt暗示空格處需用跟過去有關的時態(tài)，故選D。9.Always _ in mind that your main task is to get this pany running smoothly.(2015湖南卷)A.to keep B.to have keptC.keep D.have kept答案C句意：一直要記?。耗愕闹饕蝿帐鞘惯@家公司運轉順利。祈使句一般以動詞原形開頭，故用keep。keep in mind記住，是固定搭配。10.I think that conflict is unlikely to happen，but if it _，the interest of both China and the U.S.would be severely damaged.A.would occur B.had occuredC.were to occur D.occurs答案C句意：我認為沖突不可能發(fā)生，但是如果發(fā)生的話，中美兩國的利益將會受到嚴重損害。根據(jù)句意及主句中的would可知從句是與將來事實相反的假設，故可用were to occur，occurred或should occur。11.How amazing! I saw you appearing on the five oclock news.Oh that! The headmaster _ and I happened to pass by in front of the camera.A.was interviewed B.was being interviewedC.had been interviewed D.was interviewing答案B句意：真是太令人驚奇了！我看見你出現(xiàn)在五點鐘的新聞里。哦，你說那個啊！校長當時正在接受采訪，而我恰好從攝像機前經過。分析語境可知，兩人之間講的是過去的事情。根據(jù)句意可知，“我”恰好從攝像機前經過時校長正在接受采訪，故本題的時態(tài)為過去進行時。主語The headmaster與謂語動詞interview之間為被動關系，故was being interviewed符合題意。12.“But for the fact that you _here for 3 years，I_in this key high school now，facing its endless homework and exams！” the poor girl cried to her helpless father.A.studied；wouldnt have studiedB.studied；wouldnt be studyingC.had studied；wouldnt have studiedD.had studied；wouldnt be studying答案B句意：這個可憐的女孩哭著對她無助的父親說：“要不是你在這里學習過三年這個事實，我現(xiàn)在就不會在這所重點高中就讀，面對著無盡的家庭作業(yè)和考試！”根據(jù)句意可知，女孩的父親在這所重點高中學習為發(fā)生在過去的事實，故第一空應為一般過去時，即studied。根據(jù)but for以及句意可知，女孩現(xiàn)在不在這所重點高中就讀為對事實的假設，故第二空應為虛擬語氣。結合時間狀語now以及句意可知wouldnt be studying符合題意。