精品資料Unit4 Earthquakes Period4Section1: A text structure analysis of A NIGHT THE EARTH DIDNT SLEEPI. Type of writing and summary of the main ideaType of writingThis is a piece of descriptive writingMain idea of the passageThe article describes the cause, the course and the result of Tang Shan earthquake in 1976. It shows us the terrible image of earthquake. At the same time it hits us that we must realize that we can do something to minimize the damage caused by earthquake.Topic sentence of 1st paragraphStrange things were happening in the countryside in northeast Hebei.Topic sentence of 2nd paragraphEverything began to shake and it seemed that the world was at an end.Topic sentence of 3rd paragraphEverywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed.Topic sentence of 4th paragraphAll hope was not lost.II. A text structure analysis Read the text “A NIGHT THE EARTH DIDNT SLEEP”, and then complete the following chart.Time/ order What happenedResult three days before the earthquakeat about 3:00 amSaw: crackswater in the wells- rose and fell,來(lái)源:animals- too nervous , hide fish jumped out of bowls & ponds bright light in the skywater pipes-cracked and burstheard: sound of planessmelt: smelly gas in the cracks of the wellsPeople thought little of theevents and went to bed as usualat 3:42 amfelt: everything shook one-third nation felt itheard in Beijing 100 kilometers awaya huge crack cut across houses, roadssaw: steam burst from holes in the groundhard hills of rock-rivers of dirtcity lay in ruins 4 400,000 people killed/injured75% factories 90% home were gonebricks covered dams/bridges fell not safe railway tracks useless cows never milkpigs/chickens diedwells filled with sandrescue workers and doctors trapped under the ruinsbuildings fell downwater/food/electricity hard to getafter that hope not lostarmy sent 150,000 soldiersworkers built shelters for survivorsfresh water was taken to the citythe city began to breathe again來(lái)源:III. A retold version of the text One possible versionStrange things happened in Tang Shan. For three days the water in the village wells rose and fell. The well walls had deep cracks and a smelly gas came out the cracks. The chickens, pigs and mice were too nervous. Fish jumped out of bowls and ponds. Bright light appeared in the sky. People heard the sound of planes even when no planes were in the sky. The water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst.At 3:42 am everything began to shake. It seemed that the world was at the end! One-third of the nation felt it. A huge crack cut across the city. In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins. Two-thirds of the people died or were injured. Nearly everything was destroyed in the city. 75% of its factories and 90% of its homes were gone. Then later that afternoon, another big earthquake shook Tangshan. People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.But all hope was not lost. The army sent 150,000 soldiers to help them. Workers built shelters for survivors. Slowly, the city began to breathe again.Section 2: Background information on EARTHQUAKESI. Zhang HengZhang Heng (張衡) (78AD139AD) was an astronomer, mathematician, artist and literary scholar（文學(xué)學(xué)者）in the Eastern Han Dynasty of China.Born in todays Nangyang County, Henan, he was a good writer at age 12. At the age of 16, he left home to pursue(從事) his studying the capital city. He spent at least 10 years of his youth in literary studies and writing. He published several well-recognized literary writings. He switched to(轉(zhuǎn)向) astronomy after age 30.In the year 123 he corrected the calendar to bring it into line with the seasons.In 132 Zhang Heng invented the first seismograph(地震儀) for measuring earthquakes. His device was in the shape of a cylinder(圓柱體) with eight dragon heads around the top, each with a ball in its mouth. Around the bottom were eight frogs, each directly under a dragon head. When an earthquake occurred, a ball fell out of the dragons mouth into a frogs mouth, making a noise. He also invented the odometer(里程表)Zhang Heng was the first person in China to construct a rotating celestial globe.In one of his publications he also proposed = 730/232 (or about 3.1466) . II. Earthquake Survival TipsWould you know what to do during a really big earthquake? Experts have looked into matter carefully. It may be worth you while to look over the following tips they have for us.If the ground begins shaking while you are driving, pull over and stay in your car. If you are in a building, try to get near a strong wall. The corner of the room or the space under a big doorway is the safest. As soon as the quake is over, check the gas pipe in the building. Gas fires often result from earthquakes. These tips may prove to be lifesavers. We should, therefore, keep them in mind. Remember to always hope for the best but prepare for the worst.Escape in the Schooll If it has an earthquake when having classes, the students should listen to the teachers instruction, protect their heads and hide under the desks.l If it has an earthquake when the students are in the sports ground, they can crouch on the spot and protect their heads with hands. Be sure to keep away with high building and dangerous objects.l Dont go back to the classroom.l Retreat in order after the earthquake.Escape in Public PlacesListen to the command of the site workers. Dont be scared and dont rush towards the exits. Try to avoid crowds. Avoid to be squeezed to the wall or barriers.l At theaters and gyms: crouch down or slip under the chairs; avoid suspending lights and electric fans; protect the head with schoolbags; after the earthquake, listen to the command of the workers, retreat in an organized way.l In department stores, bookstores, museums or subway: find firm counters, commodities (low furniture etc.) or a pillar, or the corner of a wall to crouch down on the spot, protect the heads with hands or other objects; keep away from glass windows, glass counters or show counters; keep away from tall cupboards; keep away from advertisement boards and other suspending objects.l On buses or trolley buses: Grasp the handles to avoid being injured; lower the center of gravity; hide near the seats; get off after the earthquake passed.Section3: Words and expressionsI. Words for reading1. imagine vt. form a picture of in the mind；think of (sth.) as probable：想象；認(rèn)為（某事）可能發(fā)生或存在。賓語(yǔ)為名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、從句。賓語(yǔ)從句為否定意義時(shí)，要用否定轉(zhuǎn)移，與think, believe, suppose, expect用法相同，成為I/ We dont imagine,意為“我（們）認(rèn)為不如：We can imagine her sadness.我們可以想象她的悲傷。I didnt imagine (my) becoming a teacher in my childhood.在童年時(shí)代，我并未想象能成為一名教師。Can you imagine how much I was surprised to hear the news?你能想象我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這個(gè)消息有多驚訝嗎？I dont imagine so. = I imagine not.我認(rèn)為不是這樣。cf. imagine, guess, supposeimagine意為“想象，幻想”，指在腦海中形成一個(gè)清晰明確的印象，或認(rèn)為某事物可能發(fā)生或存在;guess： form an opinion, give an answer, make a statement, based on supposition, not on careful thought, calculation, or definite knowledge: “猜測(cè)，臆測(cè)”，指未知道前的猜測(cè);suppose: let it be though that; take it as a fact that:認(rèn)定，假定； guess; think: “想象，推測(cè)”，意指“假定或假設(shè)中的情形”。2. cf. shake, trembleshake: move, be moved, quickly or violently up and down, forwards and backwards: 最普通用詞，可指人或物 “搖動(dòng)，發(fā)抖”。指人時(shí)常用于感情激動(dòng)、寒冷、懼怕引起的身體顫動(dòng)。在表示 “因而顫抖”時(shí)，多用with。在表示 “使受震撼，使（信念等）動(dòng)搖”，常用于be shaken by/with/at中。tremble: shake involuntarily ( with fear, anger, cold, physical weakness, etc.) 顫栗,震顫,發(fā)抖(因恐懼,憤怒,寒冷,體弱等)，常常與shake相互替換，但指握手，搖頭或捧腹大笑時(shí)用shake, tremble只用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：The poor boy was shaking with cold.這個(gè)孩子正凍的發(fā)抖。They were badly shaken by the news.他們對(duì)這個(gè)消息大為震驚。The host shook hands with all the guests.主人跟所有的客人握手。Her voice was trembling with anger.她氣的聲音發(fā)抖。3. cf. rise, raiserise vi. ( of the sun, moon, stars, river, price, temperature, etc.) appear above the horizon:指自然“上升”，常用于日、月、云、霞、煙、水蒸氣、物價(jià)、溫度、河水、潮水及人的職位等：He rose from his chair and began his speech.他從椅子上站起來(lái)開(kāi)始了他的演說(shuō)。Her temperature is still rising.他的體溫還在上升。He has risen in rank.他已經(jīng)升職了。raise vt. 1. lift up; move from a low(er) to a high(er) level; cause to rise: 外部的力量，“舉起、提高”： The peoples living standard has greatly been raised.人民的生活水平已大大的提高了。 2grow or produce (crops); breed (sheep, etc.); bring up a family: 飼養(yǎng)、種植”、養(yǎng)育、撫育： They can raise rice here.他們這兒能種水稻。4. burst into / burst out : send out suddenly; break out into; suddenly begin to burst into + doing: She burst into tears. = She burst out crying.她突然哭起來(lái)了。burst out + n.：All of them burst into laughter = All of them burst out laughing.他們?nèi)即笮ζ饋?lái)了。5. cf. destroy, ruin, damagedestroy: break to pieces; make useless; put an end to: 毀滅；摧毀；毀壞；破壞。表示在肉體上、精神上或道義上徹底摧毀，使之無(wú)法復(fù)原，也可以表示對(duì)某物體進(jìn)行完全的毀壞: All his hopes were destroyed.他所有的希望都?xì)缌恕n atom bomb would destroy a city. 一顆原子彈可以摧毀一座城市。ruin: sth. which has decayed, been destroyed, etc.:敗壞，毀壞，崩潰的狀態(tài)。 指對(duì)物體或生命徹底的破壞，但往往是非暴力的，也往往不是一次的打擊結(jié)果，常指對(duì)美好的或希望中的事物的破壞: Smoking ruined his health.吸煙毀了他的健康。She ruined his prospects.她毀了他的前途。damage: harm or injury that causes loss of value: 損害；損毀（使失去價(jià)值）。一般指對(duì)物體或生命的局部損壞：Their houses were damaged by the enemys shellfire.他們的房屋被敵人的炮火擊毀了。6.cf. hurt, wound, injure hurt: cause bodily injury or pain to; damage; pain ( a person, his feeling): 使受傷；使疼痛；傷害； 使傷心。一般用語(yǔ)，即可指肉體上的傷害，也可指精神上的傷害，還可用作不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“疼痛、惹起痛苦”: What he said hurt me deeply.他說(shuō)的話使我非常傷心。wound: hurt or injury to the living tissue of the body, caused by cutting, shooting, tearing, etc., esp. as the result of attack: 指外傷，如槍傷、刀傷、劍傷，尤指在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，戰(zhàn)斗中受傷: He got wounded in the fighting.他在戰(zhàn)斗中受了傷。injure: hurt; damage, esp. for result of an accident;一般指由于意外或事故而受傷。如：He was badly injured in the accident.他在這次事故中受了重傷。Smoking will injure your health.吸煙會(huì)毀了你的健康。7. cf. shock, astonish, surpriseshock vt./n: to cause usually unpleasant or angry surprise to (sb.): 震驚，打擊，吃驚程度最大，后面常跟介詞at/by構(gòu)成詞組be shocked at/by，表示“對(duì)吃驚”，或接不定式表示原因，也可作名詞，意為“震動(dòng)，打擊”: He was shocked by what you said.他對(duì)你說(shuō)的話感到震驚。He was shocked to know his son playing all day.他知道他的兒子整天玩大為震驚。The news gave me a great shock.這個(gè)消息給了我很大的打擊。astonish vt./n: surprise greatly. 語(yǔ)氣比surprise要強(qiáng)，含有令人難以置信: I was astonished to see him in Tibet.在西藏見(jiàn)到他，真感到驚異。The news astonished everyone.這個(gè)消息使每個(gè)人都很震驚。surprise vt./n: (feeling caused by) sth. sudden or unexpected: 最普通用詞，意為“使驚訝，使吃驚”，含有“意想不到”之意。如： I was surprised to see the great changes in my hometown.看到家鄉(xiāng)的巨大變化他驚訝不已。His failure didnt cause much surprise (was not a great surprise.)他的失敗未引起很大的驚奇（并非很意外的事）。II. Words for using language1.congratulation n 1）（with on）an expression of joy for sb. success, good fortune, luck, etc. : 慶賀，祝賀，常用復(fù)述形式，并與介詞on搭配，構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)congratulations on sth. /doing . 2）Congratulations ( on your winning the races)！恭喜（你獲得了勝利）！I offered my congratulations on his success. 我對(duì)他的成功表示了祝賀。3）congratulate v. (with on.) to speak to ( a person) with praise and admiration for a happy event or sth. successfully done: 意為“向某人表示祝賀，向某人道賀”，構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)congratulate sb. on sth. /dong. congratulate oneself that結(jié)構(gòu)中：We congratulated him on having passed the examination.我們祝賀他通過(guò)了考試。He congratulates himself on having chosen a good woman to be his wife.他暗自慶幸自己挑選了一位賢惠的女子作妻子。2. cf. especially, speciallyespecially: to an exceptional degree; in particular: 特殊地，尤其，常用于正式文體中: This is a very common word, especially in spoken English.這是一個(gè)很普通的詞，尤其在英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)中。She likes the country, especially in spring.她喜歡這個(gè)國(guó)家，尤其是春天。specially: for a particular purpose: 特別地，專門(mén)地，表示“為了特別的目的”：This cake was specially made for you. 這個(gè)蛋糕是專門(mén)為你做的。3. cf. be known as, be known for, be known to sb.be known as作為而聞名；be known for以/因而聞名；be known to sb.為而熟悉。如：He was known as a excellent singer.他作為一名優(yōu)秀的歌手而聞名。The city is known for its long history.這座城市以它的悠久的歷史聞名。 He is known to the police as a thief. 警察都知道他是個(gè)小偷。III. Explanation of difficult sentences1. It seemed that the world was at an end.似乎世界末日來(lái)臨。seem連系動(dòng)詞，似乎，好象1）seem + (to be ) + adj./n.2）seem + to do3）seem + like + n.4）It seems/seemed (to sb.) + that-clause如：Our English teacher seems to be a kind man. He seems to know everything = It seems that he knows everything. It seems like years since we last met. It seems that I have seen her before. = I seem to have seen her before.2. Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed.人們無(wú)論朝哪里看，幾乎一切都被毀了。everywhere 用作連詞，等于wherever, no matter where，引起讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。如：Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.無(wú)論我去哪兒，我都看到一樣的東西。You see it everywhere you look.無(wú)論你往哪兒看，你都會(huì)看到它。3. 90% of its homes were gone.90%的家都不存在了。是過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，意為“不在”“走了”“丟了”“用完了”，或指人“死了”。分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)代表的量是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞而定。如：His job was gone.他的工作丟了。My watch was gone.我的表不見(jiàn)了。Hell be gone for quite a little while.他要離開(kāi)很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。50% of the students in our class are girls.我們班50%的學(xué)生是女生。Two-thirds of the earth surface is covered with water.地球表面的三分之二是水。4. The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.救援人員組成小分隊(duì)，將被困的人挖出來(lái)，將死者掩埋。those who相當(dāng)于意為“凡的人”，表示的是兩者以上的不定數(shù)量，who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句用復(fù)數(shù)，不能用that代替。（注意：anybody who, he who中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。）the dead意為“死難者”。形容詞或分詞前加表示同一類人或物，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Those who want to see the film write your names on the paper.想看電影的人把你們的名字寫(xiě)在這張紙上。Anybody who breaks the law will be punished.任何人犯法都要受到懲罰。He who laughs last laughs best.誰(shuí)笑在最后，誰(shuí)笑的最好。The rich are not always happy.有錢(qián)人并不總是幸福的。5. To the north of the city, most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from the coal mines. 在城市的北部，一萬(wàn)礦工中的大多數(shù)從礦井中被救出。in the north, to the north與on the northin表示“在其中”，在境界內(nèi)；to表示在境外，不接壤；on表示接壤。如：China lies in the east of Asia.中國(guó)位于亞洲東部。Japan lies to the east of China.日本位于中國(guó)的東面。（指在中國(guó)境外）China faces the Pacific on the east.中國(guó)東臨太平洋。（指東部境界與太平洋相接）