附錄A輥式破碎機(jī)、沖擊式破碎機(jī)和錘式破碎機(jī)的發(fā)展概況輥式破碎機(jī)、沖擊式破碎機(jī)和錘式破碎機(jī)的應(yīng)用范圍非常廣泛，能對(duì)各種不同硬度的、粘度和濕度都較大的物料進(jìn)行粗碎、中碎和細(xì)碎。特別值得指出的是這幾種破碎機(jī)的破碎效率高，能耗小。目前的輥式破碎機(jī)、沖擊式破碎機(jī)和錘式破碎機(jī)在設(shè)計(jì)、制造和應(yīng)用上都取得了一些新的進(jìn)展。英國(guó)Babbitless(GB)公司制造了一種破碎比高、能耗低的Dragon沖擊式破碎機(jī)。該機(jī)的系列產(chǎn)品有：PS10.05(轉(zhuǎn)子為1 0.5)，PS10.10(11)，PS12.13(1.21.3)三種規(guī)格。該公司制造的這種沖擊式破碎機(jī)可用于破碎白云石、硅質(zhì)石灰?guī)r等礦石，但不能破碎濕度和粘性都很大的物料。給料粒度為65150。實(shí)際上，該機(jī)最適合破碎塊狀物料，不適合破碎片狀物料。破碎產(chǎn)品粒度在40以下，生產(chǎn)能力為15150。該公司還制造了13種可逆轉(zhuǎn)的沖擊式破碎機(jī)。允許的給料粒度達(dá)380，生產(chǎn)能力超過(guò)600。該公司還生產(chǎn)了6種規(guī)格的輥式破碎機(jī)，生產(chǎn)能力為35195，產(chǎn)品粒度為650。英國(guó)Groft Barmac公司制造的Rotopactor破碎機(jī)， 是一種具有獨(dú)特形式的三級(jí)沖擊式破碎機(jī)。破碎作業(yè)時(shí)，物料以一定的加速度進(jìn)入破碎腔內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子與側(cè)壁之間，從而產(chǎn)生沖擊破碎。物料的輸送是從料斗經(jīng)中央分配器送到破碎腔內(nèi)快速旋轉(zhuǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)子上的。破碎產(chǎn)品落入排料槽內(nèi)。破碎腔的磨損很小，但對(duì)破碎區(qū)域還是要進(jìn)行專門的耐磨保護(hù)。轉(zhuǎn)子的通路要襯裝碳化鎢導(dǎo)向板，從而破碎腔的上部和底部要安裝鑄造襯板。轉(zhuǎn)子的表面硬度要求極高。這種破碎機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子，可用2個(gè)或3個(gè)部件組成兩種型式的轉(zhuǎn)子。該公司生產(chǎn)的這種破碎機(jī)系列有五種規(guī)格。驅(qū)動(dòng)功率為75500馬力，生產(chǎn)能力可高達(dá)250。這種破碎機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)可以進(jìn)行改型，機(jī)器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為閉式和開式。Groft公司最近安裝使用的一臺(tái)M型破碎機(jī)，裝有雙驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置和兩臺(tái)200馬力的電動(dòng)機(jī)，其生產(chǎn)率超過(guò)200。M型破碎機(jī)是一種小型破碎機(jī)，生產(chǎn)率為50。美國(guó)Eagle公司制造的Maxim多籠式破碎機(jī)，用于破碎混合物料。在每種多籠式破碎機(jī)中，都有以相反方向旋轉(zhuǎn)的(沿直線和中心給料點(diǎn))2、4或6個(gè)同心籠室。每個(gè)籠室都有一排沖擊破碎棒。破碎產(chǎn)品的粒度從20到200網(wǎng)目。這種破碎機(jī)有三種規(guī)格，破碎生產(chǎn)率為730、1560和30110。英國(guó)GEC公司制造的Dyad雙轉(zhuǎn)子擺動(dòng)錘式破碎機(jī)，生產(chǎn)能力高達(dá)1000。西德Hazemag公司制造的Hazemag型沖擊破碎機(jī)。由英國(guó)Peabody Holmes公司銷售到整個(gè)英國(guó)的采石場(chǎng)。APP2030型粗碎機(jī)和APKM1630型中碎機(jī)是兩種大型的沖擊式破碎機(jī)，現(xiàn)已交付英國(guó)采石場(chǎng)使用。兩臺(tái)設(shè)備的合同價(jià)格是125英鎊（合同中包括供給的電力驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置、專用的速度控制設(shè)備和能量回收裝置）。目前已有數(shù)百臺(tái)Hazemag沖擊式破碎機(jī)在石灰石和其他礦山上使用。其中大多數(shù)破碎生產(chǎn)能力都超過(guò)了500。美國(guó)Hewitt-Robins公司正在生產(chǎn)雙輥式和三輥式破碎機(jī)、沖擊式破碎機(jī)及錘式破碎機(jī)。雙輥式破碎機(jī)用于處理量大的作業(yè)，其生產(chǎn)能力超過(guò)810，該機(jī)采用了液壓破碎輥裝置、過(guò)載保護(hù)彈簧和橡膠輪驅(qū)動(dòng)方式。該公司生產(chǎn)的24英寸48英寸三輥兩端洗煤用破碎機(jī)，具有較小的破碎輥液壓裝置和皮帶輪驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置。生產(chǎn)能力（破碎產(chǎn)品粒度為2英寸時(shí)）可達(dá)320。Hewitt-Robins沖擊式破碎機(jī)，是一種效率高、破碎比大的沖擊式破碎機(jī)。其規(guī)格分別為36英寸54英寸和48英寸66英寸。該機(jī)的生產(chǎn)能力取決于格篩的通孔的尺寸，當(dāng)格篩通孔尺寸為3.5英寸時(shí)，其生產(chǎn)能力可達(dá)900。該公司還制造兩種規(guī)格的錘式破碎機(jī)，即：36英寸32英寸和48英寸32英寸，其格篩的格條和間距都是可調(diào)的。這種錘式破碎機(jī)的生產(chǎn)能力可達(dá)190，轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)為1350。而特殊高速大型錘式破碎機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)為1800。西德KHD Humboldt Wedag AG公司制造多種型號(hào)的沖擊式破碎機(jī)。PEG型沖擊式破碎機(jī)是用來(lái)粗碎像石灰石和石膏之類的礦物。該機(jī)有9種規(guī)格，其生產(chǎn)能力可達(dá)1650，給料粒度可達(dá)1.6，產(chǎn)品粒度為015。該公司制造的PEF型沖擊式破碎機(jī)的給料粒度很小，可達(dá)0.75，產(chǎn)品粒度為044。該公司還制造了用于碎煤作業(yè)的PEK型沖擊式破碎機(jī)，還有10中規(guī)格，最大生產(chǎn)能力達(dá)2000，給料粒度達(dá)0.75。KHD公司制造的WB25型雙輥破碎機(jī)，適用于破碎中等硬度物料。該機(jī)裝有與機(jī)架相連接的雙曲柄（肘板）裝置，從而保證了破碎力的合理分布。這種破碎機(jī)直徑為1.25，寬度為3，能破碎中等硬度的物料，其給料粒度為250，產(chǎn)品粒度為75，生產(chǎn)能力為2223。破碎機(jī)格篩的間隙可以通過(guò)機(jī)械方式調(diào)節(jié)，并裝有過(guò)載保護(hù)裝置。蘇聯(lián)Machinoexport公司生產(chǎn)的沖擊式破碎機(jī)，用于破碎中等硬度的耐磨礦石。這種破碎機(jī)需要的驅(qū)動(dòng)功率小，但破碎比大。該公司還制造用于粗碎、中碎和細(xì)碎多種型式的轉(zhuǎn)子式破碎機(jī)，有SMD-85A和SMD-86A；SMD-75和SMD-94A.這兩種轉(zhuǎn)子式破碎機(jī)都是單轉(zhuǎn)子破碎機(jī)。液壓裝置是用來(lái)釋放不可破碎的物料和在破碎腔堵塞時(shí)進(jìn)行卸載的。該公司制造的DDZW-1512型雙齒輥破碎機(jī)，用于破碎強(qiáng)度高達(dá)200的物料，其破碎生產(chǎn)能力為50150。齒輥可以是鈍刃型或者是平緩的椎體型，鈍刃型齒輥的允許給料粒度大。該機(jī)裝有間隙調(diào)節(jié)裝置和輥?zhàn)訌椥员Ｗo(hù)裝置。美國(guó)Mclanahan公司最近生產(chǎn)了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型、中型和特大型二段三輥破碎機(jī)。一臺(tái)二段三輥破碎機(jī)能代替兩臺(tái)獨(dú)立的破碎機(jī)所能完成的破碎作業(yè)。這種破碎機(jī)可將原煤或其他物料破碎到15以下。該公司制造的單輥破碎機(jī)，用于破碎巖石、礦石、碎石、煤和硬油母頁(yè)巖特別有效。對(duì)于粘性高或濕度大的物料，其產(chǎn)品粒度比沖擊式破碎機(jī)的產(chǎn)品粒度還要細(xì)。二段三輥破碎機(jī)的破碎輥在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)速度下，生產(chǎn)能力為75600。該公司制造的Mclanahan旋轉(zhuǎn)碎煤機(jī)，裝有鉆孔篩板，用于破碎軟煤餓中等硬度的煤，生產(chǎn)能力非常大。該機(jī)的特點(diǎn)是驅(qū)動(dòng)輪和筒體間具有非常精確的同心度。筒體內(nèi)裝有耐磨襯板，筒體兩端為無(wú)阻力的給料端頭和卸料端頭。該機(jī)能在一次運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)作業(yè)中同時(shí)完成破碎和篩分兩個(gè)作業(yè)。美國(guó)Mcnally Pittsburg公司制造專門用于破碎塊煤的碎煤機(jī)“Gearmatic”雙輥破碎機(jī)、重型雙輥破碎機(jī)、旋轉(zhuǎn)破碎機(jī)、二段四輥Gearmatic破碎機(jī)和單輥破碎機(jī)。Gearmatic破碎機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是：采用Mcnally公司研制的抗拉強(qiáng)度很高的齒輪傳動(dòng)裝置，為防塵而采用了良好的密封裝置。當(dāng)破碎機(jī)運(yùn)行時(shí)，可改變動(dòng)輥的位置來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)產(chǎn)品的粒度。該公司制造的二段四輥破碎機(jī)是由兩臺(tái)雙輥破碎機(jī)組裝而成的。盧森堡Mecan-Arbed公司制造的大型Arbed齒輥破碎機(jī)，用于粗碎或中碎作業(yè)，破碎脆性或中硬物料（且含濕度大和粘性高的物料）。該公司制造的齒輥破碎機(jī)共有13種規(guī)格，最小型的齒輥破碎機(jī)，驅(qū)動(dòng)功率為237，其生產(chǎn)能力為150200，產(chǎn)品粒度為50；最大型齒輥破碎機(jī)，驅(qū)動(dòng)功率為2600，生產(chǎn)能力為24003000，產(chǎn)品粒度為300400。西德QK公司制造的Mammut破碎機(jī)，是一種單轉(zhuǎn)子錘式破碎機(jī)，適用于單輥粗碎中硬到堅(jiān)硬的石灰石和水泥原料。這種破碎機(jī)共有12種規(guī)格：給料粒度為025，驅(qū)動(dòng)功率為1003500。該公司制造的Titan破碎機(jī)，所能破碎的物料類似于Mammut型破碎機(jī)，但給料粒度為12002300，生產(chǎn)能力為2201200，驅(qū)動(dòng)功率為21702900。該公司制造的沖擊式破碎機(jī)，有18種規(guī)格。最大給料粒度為4001600，生產(chǎn)能力為201800，破碎產(chǎn)品粒度為0150，驅(qū)動(dòng)功率為222000。該公司制造的HBK型錘式破碎機(jī)，主要用于破碎筑路工程需要的碎石（中硬到堅(jiān)硬）。QK公司制造的中碎錘式破碎機(jī)，有10種規(guī)格，用于破碎軟到中硬物料或粗碎水泥原料，電動(dòng)機(jī)功率為30400，破碎生產(chǎn)率為20280。捷克Pragoinvest公司制造8種規(guī)格的OKD型沖擊式錘式破碎機(jī)，用于破碎生產(chǎn)率高，破碎比也大。OKD破碎機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是，在大型轉(zhuǎn)子上面具有巨大的破碎腔。通過(guò)破碎錘的旋轉(zhuǎn)，將物料拋射到破碎腔壁上，使其受沖擊而破碎。未被破碎的大塊物料落入出料口處的格篩上，再次受沖擊而破碎。這種破碎機(jī)采用了液壓控制系統(tǒng)，在破碎機(jī)的后部排料口處裝有格篩和用于拆卸與安裝破碎錘的液壓裝置。西德PHB-Weserhutte（PWH）公司制造的單輥和雙輥破碎機(jī)，其破碎輥可以是平滑的光輥，或是在碎輥上刻槽，并裝有破碎齒。這種破碎機(jī)用于破碎中硬或是軟物料。該公司制造的PWH單轉(zhuǎn)子錘式破碎機(jī)，也是用于破碎軟到中硬物料的，并且有很高的破碎比，可使破碎產(chǎn)品的粒度小于3。澳大利亞Voest-Alpine公司制造兩種型式的雙輥破碎機(jī)。一種裝有調(diào)節(jié)破碎輥間隙的機(jī)械裝置和彈性卸載輥。兩種型式的破碎機(jī)都可以根據(jù)不同的需要，分別安裝上平輥、波紋輥和齒形輥。第一種機(jī)型用于破碎石灰石、石膏、珍珠巖等物料；第二種機(jī)型用于破碎硬的鐵礦石、燒結(jié)石、爐渣和焦炭等物料。該公司制造的Sand破碎機(jī)適用于破碎比大的場(chǎng)合。該公司還制造了重型中碎機(jī)，用于破碎卵石或難碎的巖石。Voest-Alpine公司還制造了一種Centro破碎機(jī)，該機(jī)裝有高速透平式轉(zhuǎn)子。用于細(xì)粒礫石的破碎，產(chǎn)品粒度為50。該機(jī)由上部集中給料，物料向剛性破碎腔壁方向運(yùn)動(dòng)。轉(zhuǎn)子具有磨損量最小的結(jié)構(gòu)和最佳的破碎效果。生產(chǎn)能力約為50，這種破碎機(jī)，適用于破碎05粒級(jí)占80%的砂石。該機(jī)有兩種規(guī)格：12501250和16001600，驅(qū)動(dòng)功率為5575。破碎與破碎機(jī)械本文主要論述了破碎的基本概念，介紹了常用的破碎機(jī)械的原理和技術(shù)、破碎機(jī)械的使用范圍和選擇，對(duì)雙輥式破碎機(jī)作了詳細(xì)的敘述，并介紹了破碎機(jī)的使用。1 破碎、破碎比和破碎流程1) 破碎在外力作用下，使物料顆粒分裂成更小顆粒的過(guò)程，稱為破碎或者粉碎。2) 破碎比衡量破碎機(jī)的破碎效果，常用破碎比這個(gè)概念。破碎機(jī)的破碎比就是原料粒度與破碎后產(chǎn)品精度之比。它表示破碎后原料減小的程度。破碎比有下列幾種計(jì)算方法。 用破碎前物料的最大粒度與破碎后產(chǎn)品最大粒度之比計(jì)算 式中 破碎前物料的最大粒度； 破碎后物料的最大粒度。由于各國(guó)的習(xí)慣不同，最大粒度取值方法不同。英美以物料80能通過(guò)篩孔的篩孔寬度為最大粒度直徑，原蘇聯(lián)以物料的95能通過(guò)篩孔的篩孔寬度為最大粒度的直徑。 用破碎機(jī)給料口有效寬度和排料口寬度之比 式中 破碎機(jī)給料口寬度； 破碎機(jī)排料口寬度；0.8 保證破碎機(jī)咬住物料的有效寬度系料。排料口寬度的取值，粗破碎機(jī)取最大排料口寬度；中破碎機(jī)取最小排料口寬度。用該式計(jì)算破碎比很方便，因在生產(chǎn)中不可能經(jīng)常對(duì)大批物料作篩分分析，但采用該式，只要知道破碎機(jī)給料口和排料口寬度，就可計(jì)算出破碎比。值得指出，某些破碎機(jī)、其排料粒度不是由排料口大小來(lái)決定的。 用平均粒度計(jì)算式中 破碎前物料的平均直徑； 破碎后物料的平均直徑。這種方法求得的破碎比，能較能真實(shí)地反映破碎程度，因而理論研究常采用它。3) 破碎流程原礦先進(jìn)入棒條篩1進(jìn)行預(yù)先篩分，這樣可以把原礦中細(xì)粒級(jí)分出、從而減輕破碎機(jī)負(fù)荷。篩上物料進(jìn)入旋回破碎機(jī)2里、經(jīng)過(guò)破碎后，所得產(chǎn)品與1號(hào)篩下物料都落到振動(dòng)篩3上，經(jīng)篩分后，篩上物料進(jìn)入中碎圓錐破碎機(jī)(簡(jiǎn)稱中碎機(jī))，篩下物料落到振動(dòng)篩5上。從中碎機(jī)4排出的產(chǎn)品也落到振動(dòng)篩5上。經(jīng)篩分后，篩上物料再進(jìn)入細(xì)碎圓錐破碎機(jī)(簡(jiǎn)稱細(xì)碎機(jī))里。這樣，振動(dòng)篩5既是預(yù)先篩分又是檢查篩分，檢查篩分的作用，是破碎機(jī)排料進(jìn)行篩分，其篩分尺寸大致等于預(yù)先篩分篩孔尺寸。篩上不合格的物料進(jìn)入細(xì)碎機(jī)6，其產(chǎn)品返回到振動(dòng)篩5，而篩下合格品落入料倉(cāng)7里，然后進(jìn)入球磨機(jī)8。振動(dòng)篩5上的不合格物料再進(jìn)入細(xì)碎機(jī)6。 這個(gè)流程中、細(xì)碎機(jī)為閉路破碎，旋回與中碎機(jī)斗式開路破碎。旋回破碎機(jī)為一段破碎(一次破碎)。中碎機(jī)為二段破碎(二次破碎)，細(xì)碎機(jī)為三段破碎(三次破碎)。整個(gè)流程也可稱為粗碎段、中碎段、細(xì)碎段及模碎段。 2 破碎機(jī)械的主要工作原理由于物料顆粒的形狀是不規(guī)則的，而且物料的物性不同，所以采用的粉碎方法也不同，利用機(jī)械力粉碎物料按施加外力不同有如下幾種方法：1) 壓碎 將物料置于兩塊工作面之間，施加壓力后，物料因壓應(yīng)力達(dá)到其抗壓強(qiáng)度而破碎，這種方法一般使用于破碎大塊物料。2) 劈碎 將物料置于一個(gè)平面及一個(gè)帶尖棱的工作平面之間，當(dāng)帶尖棱的工作平面對(duì)物料擠壓時(shí)，物料將沿壓力作用線的方向劈碎。劈裂的原因是由于劈裂平面上的拉應(yīng)力達(dá)到或超過(guò)物料拉伸強(qiáng)度極限。物料的拉伸強(qiáng)度極限比抗壓強(qiáng)度極限小很多。3) 折碎 物料受彎曲應(yīng)力作用而破碎。被破碎物料承受集中載荷作用的二支點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)支梁或多支點(diǎn)梁。當(dāng)物料的彎曲應(yīng)力達(dá)到物料的彎曲強(qiáng)度時(shí)，即被折斷而破碎。4) 沖擊破碎 物料受沖擊力作用而破碎，由于其破碎力是瞬時(shí)作用的，其破碎效率高、破碎比大、能量消耗少，沖擊破碎有如下幾種情況： 運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體對(duì)物料的沖擊； 高速運(yùn)動(dòng)的物料向固定工作面沖擊； 高速運(yùn)動(dòng)的物料互相沖擊； 高速運(yùn)動(dòng)的工作體向懸空的物料沖擊。5) 磨碎(研磨)物料與運(yùn)動(dòng)的工作表面之間受一定的壓力和剪切力作用后，其剪切應(yīng)力達(dá)到物料的剪切強(qiáng)度極限時(shí)，物料便粉碎，或物料彼此之間摩擦?xí)r的剪切、磨削作用而使物料破碎。 3 破碎機(jī)的分類和使用范圍破碎機(jī)的使用范圍由于類別的不同而不同，根據(jù)破碎機(jī)作用的方式可以將破碎機(jī)粗略地分為兩大類，破碎機(jī)和磨礦機(jī)。破碎機(jī)一般處理較大塊的物料，產(chǎn)品粒度較粗，通常大于8。其構(gòu)造特征是破碎件之間有一定間隙，不互相接觸。破碎機(jī)又可分為粗碎機(jī)、中碎機(jī)和細(xì)碎機(jī)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)磨礦機(jī)所處理的物料較細(xì)，產(chǎn)品粒度是細(xì)粒，可達(dá)0.074，甚至還要細(xì)些。其結(jié)構(gòu)特征是破碎部件(或介質(zhì))互相接觸，所采用的介質(zhì)是鋼球、鋼棒、礫石或礦塊等。但有的機(jī)械是同時(shí)兼有碎礦與磨礦作用，如自磨機(jī)。 米自磨機(jī)處理礦石粒度上限可達(dá)350400，產(chǎn)品細(xì)度達(dá)100200目的占40%左右。 根據(jù)破碎方式、機(jī)械的構(gòu)造特征(動(dòng)作原理)來(lái)劃分的，破碎機(jī)械大體上分為六類。 (1) 鄂式破碎機(jī)(老虎口)破碎作用是靠可動(dòng)鄂板周期性地壓向固定鄂板，將夾在其中的礦塊壓碎。 (2) 圓錐破碎機(jī)礦塊處于內(nèi)外兩圓錐之間，外圓錐固定，內(nèi)圓錐作偏心擺動(dòng)，將夾在其中的礦塊壓碎或折斷。 (3) 輥式破碎機(jī)礦塊在兩個(gè)相向旋轉(zhuǎn)的圓輥夾縫中，主要受到連續(xù)的壓碎作用，但也帶有磨剝作用，齒形輥面還有劈碎作用。 (4) 沖擊式破碎機(jī)礦塊受到快速回轉(zhuǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的沖擊作用而被擊碎。屬于這一類的又可分為：錘碎機(jī)；籠式破碎機(jī)；反擊式破碎機(jī)。 (5) 磨礦機(jī)礦石在旋轉(zhuǎn)的圓筒內(nèi)受到磨礦介質(zhì)(鋼球、鋼棒、礫石或礦塊)的沖擊與研磨作用而被粉碎。 (6) 其他類型的破碎磨礦機(jī) A、輥磨機(jī)：借轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的輥?zhàn)訉⑽锪夏胨椤?B、盤磨機(jī)：利用垂直軸或水平軸的圓盤轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)作為破碎部件。 C、離心磨礦機(jī)：利用高速旋轉(zhuǎn)部件和介質(zhì)產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)離心力來(lái)完成破碎作用。 D、振動(dòng)磨礦機(jī)：利用轉(zhuǎn)軸產(chǎn)生高頻率的振動(dòng)，使介質(zhì)與物料互相碰擊而完成破碎作用。 各類破碎機(jī)破碎機(jī)有不同的規(guī)格，不同的使用范圍。目前，選廠粗碎多用鄂式破碎機(jī)或旋回圓錐破碎機(jī)；中碎采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型圓錐破碎機(jī)；細(xì)碎采用短頭型圓錐破碎機(jī)；粗磨用棒磨機(jī)、細(xì)磨用球磨機(jī)。 4 雙輥破碎機(jī)的具體介紹雙輥破碎機(jī)適用于在水泥、化工、電力、冶金、建材、耐火材料等工業(yè)部門破碎中等硬度的物料，如石灰石，爐渣 ，焦炭，煤等物料的中碎，細(xì)碎作業(yè)。該系列對(duì)雙輥破碎機(jī)主要由輥輪、輥輪支撐軸承、壓緊和調(diào)節(jié)裝置以及驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置等部分組成。 雙輥破碎機(jī)出料粒度的調(diào)節(jié)：兩輥輪之間裝有楔形或墊片調(diào)節(jié)裝置，楔形裝置的頂端裝有調(diào)整螺栓，當(dāng)調(diào)整螺栓將楔塊向上拉起時(shí)，楔塊將活動(dòng)輥輪頂離固定輪，即兩輥輪間隙變大，出料粒度變大，當(dāng)楔塊向下時(shí)，活動(dòng)輥輪在壓緊彈簧的作用下兩輪間隙變小，出料粒度變小。墊片裝置是通過(guò)增減墊片的數(shù)量或厚薄來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)出料粒度大小的，當(dāng)增加墊片時(shí)兩輥輪間隙變大，當(dāng)減少墊片時(shí)兩輥輪間隙變小，出料粒度變小。 5 破碎機(jī)的使用正確的使用與維護(hù)破碎機(jī)，對(duì)提高處理能力、延長(zhǎng)其使用壽命是很重要的，也是安全生產(chǎn)所必須的。破碎機(jī)的類型及工作條件不盡相同，因而，使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意一下幾點(diǎn)：1) 破碎機(jī)的起動(dòng)。首先應(yīng)開動(dòng)油泵與冷卻系統(tǒng)，經(jīng)過(guò)35分鐘后，待右路暢通在啟動(dòng)破碎機(jī)電動(dòng)機(jī)。因?yàn)槠扑闄C(jī)是重載荷設(shè)備，所以無(wú)論何種類型，均應(yīng)空載起動(dòng)。對(duì)一些大型破碎機(jī)，有時(shí)還須借助外力起動(dòng)。2) 破碎機(jī)的操作。對(duì)已起動(dòng)的破碎機(jī)，應(yīng)先空轉(zhuǎn)幾分鐘，空轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)可以檢查基座、防護(hù)板鏈等，如無(wú)異常，開始給料。若是新安裝的破碎機(jī)，應(yīng)使其空轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)一些，可空轉(zhuǎn)兩到三個(gè)工作班后再加料。破碎機(jī)的給料必須是連續(xù)均勻的，防止過(guò)載，而且在整個(gè)給料口寬度上給料量應(yīng)一致，這樣可使破碎機(jī)受到的磨碎均勻，相對(duì)地延長(zhǎng)易磨損零件的壽命。對(duì)于干法破碎，入料水分不能過(guò)高，如錘式破碎機(jī)；濕法篩分時(shí)，則必須保持適當(dāng)?shù)乃?，防止因沖水不足而堵塞，減低處理能力。還應(yīng)防止堅(jiān)硬物料如錘頭及角鐵之類落入機(jī)內(nèi)。在操作時(shí)，應(yīng)遵循操作規(guī)程，防止違章造成人機(jī)事故。3) 破碎機(jī)工作時(shí)的檢查及看護(hù)。在破碎機(jī)工作時(shí)，應(yīng)檢查破碎產(chǎn)物粒度是否符合要求，如發(fā)現(xiàn)超過(guò)規(guī)定粒度的顆粒過(guò)多，應(yīng)找出原因，如篩棒縫隙過(guò)大、排料口過(guò)寬、錘子、鄂板或齒輥等磨損過(guò)度或是保險(xiǎn)裝置松動(dòng)等，并采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┘右韵?。同時(shí)注意軸承溫度不宜超過(guò)50，正常油溫應(yīng)在3035左右，為了保證潤(rùn)滑油的質(zhì)量，應(yīng)定期清洗油箱，排出污染物。如果是干油潤(rùn)滑，應(yīng)定期檢查并注入新油。4) 破碎機(jī)停車前，應(yīng)先停止給料，將機(jī)中的物料排凈，然后按順序關(guān)閉主電動(dòng)機(jī)及潤(rùn)滑電動(dòng)機(jī)。如果帶料停機(jī)，很容易造成機(jī)件損壞。萬(wàn)一出現(xiàn)事故停機(jī)，也應(yīng)將機(jī)中物料清除后，才能重新啟動(dòng)。5) 破碎機(jī)的維護(hù)。破碎機(jī)停機(jī)時(shí)，要檢查緊固螺栓是否牢固和易磨損部分的磨損程度，是否需要更換。對(duì)齒輥破碎機(jī)，還應(yīng)該除掉齒牙間的木料。檢查破碎機(jī)保險(xiǎn)裝置，使之保持良好狀態(tài)。除去日常維護(hù)工作外，還應(yīng)對(duì)破碎機(jī)及其附屬設(shè)備如潤(rùn)滑冷卻系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行定期檢修，例如小修、中修、大修等。除了以上的五點(diǎn)外，對(duì)破碎機(jī)的安裝，既要保證牢固可靠，位置正確，又要注意防振要求，并把可調(diào)部位調(diào)至適當(dāng)位置。這對(duì)延長(zhǎng)破碎機(jī)的壽命是很重要的！6 粉碎技術(shù)的發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)1) 設(shè)備日趨大型化，以簡(jiǎn)化設(shè)備和工藝流程。鋼球磨機(jī)直徑已達(dá)5.5以上，電功率達(dá)7000以上，臺(tái)時(shí)產(chǎn)量300以上。水泥工業(yè)使用的最大管磨機(jī)為，電機(jī)功率達(dá)8700。立式磨系列中磨盤直徑已達(dá)5以上，電機(jī)功率5000以上，臺(tái)時(shí)產(chǎn)量500以上。2) 采用預(yù)烘干(或預(yù)破碎)形式組成烘干(破碎)粉磨聯(lián)合機(jī)組。3) 磨機(jī)與新型高效分離設(shè)備和輸送設(shè)備相匹配，組成各種新型干法閉路粉磨系統(tǒng)，以提高粉磨效率，增加粉磨功的有效利用。4) 采用電子定量喂料秤熒光分析儀電子計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)，控制原料配料，為入窯生料成分均勻穩(wěn)定創(chuàng)造條件。磨機(jī)系統(tǒng)操作自動(dòng)化，應(yīng)用自動(dòng)化調(diào)節(jié)回路及電子計(jì)算機(jī)控制生產(chǎn)，代替工人操作，力求生產(chǎn)穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)前，粉磨設(shè)備的發(fā)展，主要還在節(jié)能方面，力求降低粉磨電耗。同時(shí)，也在采取積極措施盡量降低磨損件的磨耗。近年來(lái)，國(guó)外對(duì)超細(xì)粉碎及分級(jí)設(shè)備、工藝、微細(xì)顆粒粒度測(cè)定等方面的研究十分活躍，這是由于復(fù)合材料、新型陶瓷、電子材料等許多尖端技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展決定的。在先進(jìn)的工業(yè)化國(guó)家，微米級(jí)超細(xì)粉碎設(shè)備已過(guò)渡了其發(fā)明時(shí)期，而進(jìn)入成熟、配套、完善的階段，設(shè)備研究朝著亞微米級(jí)超細(xì)粉碎和微米級(jí)精密分級(jí)的方向發(fā)展。粉碎技術(shù)的發(fā)展主要表現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品微細(xì)化、微粉功能化、設(shè)備自動(dòng)化、節(jié)能新工藝和設(shè)備及低污染高強(qiáng)度材料的應(yīng)用等方面。附錄BDevelopment survey of roller type breaker,impact type breaker and hammer type breakerThe roller type breaker, the impact type breaker and the hammer type breaker application scope is extremely widespread, can to each kind of different degree of hardness, the viscosity and the humidity all big material carries on thick garrulous, is garrulous and is in broken bits. This kind of crusher stave efficiency is especially high, the energy consumption is small. At present overseas in the roller type breaker, the impact type breaker and in the hammer type breaker design, the manufacture and the application has all made some new progress.English Babbitless (GB) Corporation has made one kind of stave scaled height of burst, the energy consumption low Dragon impact type breaker. This machine series product includes: PS10.05 (rotor is 10.5), PS10.10 (11), PS12.13 (1.21.3) three kinds of specifications.This company makes this kind of impact type breaker available in stave dolomite, ore and so on silicon nature limestone, but cannot break the humidity and the coherent all very big material. For the material granularity is 65150.In fact, this machine most suits the stave massive material, does not suit the stave laminated material. The stave product granularity below 40, productivity is 15150.This company has also made the impact type breaker which 13 kinds may reverse. The permission amounts to 380 for the material granularity, productivity surpasses for 600.This company also has produced 6 kinds of specifications type breaker, productivity is 35195, the product granularity is 650.English Groft Barmac Corporation makes the Rotopactor breaker, is one kind has the unique form three levels of impact type breaker. When stave work, the material enters in the stave cavity by certain acceleration between the rotor and the sidewall, thus has the impact to be staving. The material transportation is delivers in the stave cavity from the hopper after the central divider on the fast revolving rotor. The stave product falls in the dump trough. The stave cavity attrition is very small, but must carry on the special wear-resisting protection to the stave region. The rotor circuit must lining the attire tungsten carbide guidance board, thus stave cavity upside and the base must install the casting backing. The rotor skin hardness request is extremely high. This kind of breaker rotor, available 2 or 3 parts compose two patterns the rotors.This company produces this kind of breaker series has five kinds of specifications. The actuation power is 75500 horsepower, productivity may reach as high as for 250. This kind of breaker drive may carry on the modification; the machine structural style divides into the enclosed type and the opens type.Croft Corporation recently installed the use the M breaker, which is loaded with the double drives and two 200 horsepower electric motors,its productivity surpasses for 200. The Mbreaker is one kind of small breaker, the productivity is 50.American Eagle Corporation makes the Maxim multi-cage type breaker, which is used in mixing the material stave. In each kind of cage type breaker, all has by reverse direction revolving (gives material along straight line and center) 2, 4 or 6 concentric cage rooms. Each cage room all has a row of impact stave stick. Stave product granularity from 20 to 200 meshes. This kind of breaker has three kinds of specifications, the stave productivity is 730 tons/hour, 1560 and 30110.English GEC Corporation makes the Dyad double rotors swinging hammer type breaker, productivity reaches as high as for 1000.West German Hazemag Corporation makes Hazemag impact breaker. Corporation sells the entire England's quarry from English Peabody Holmes. The APP2030 bulldozer and the APKM1630 intermediate crusher are two kinds of large-scale impact type breakers, presently pays the English quarry use. Two equipment contract prices are 125 pounds (in contract including supplies electric drive equipment, special-purpose speed control equipment and energy recycling installment).At present several hundreds Hazemag impact type breakers have been used in the limestone and other mines. In which majority breakers productivity has all surpassed for 500.American Hewitt-Robins Corporation is producing the double rolls type and three rolls type breaker, the impact type breaker and the hammer type breaker. The double rolls type breaker is used in the process load big work, its productivity surpasses for 810, this machine has used the hydraulic pressure crushing roller installment, and the over-load protection spring and the oak rubber tire drive type. This company produces 24 inches48 inches three rolls both sides coal washing used the breaker, and has the small crushing roller hydraulic unit and the belt pulley drive. Productivity (stave product granularity is when 2 inches) may amount to for 320 .The Hewitt-Robins impact type breaker is one kind of high efficiency, big the reduction ratio impact type breaker. Its specification respectively is 36 inches54 inches and 48 inches66 inches. This machine productivity is decided by the riddle through whole size. When the riddle clear size of opening is 3.5 inches, its productivity may amount to for 900.This company also makes two kinds of specifications the hammer type breakers, namely: 36 inches 32 inches and 48 inches32 inches, its riddle lattice bar and the spacing all are adjustable. This kind of hammer type breaker productivity may amount to for 190, the rotation is 1350. But the special high speed large-scale hammer type breaker rotation is 1800.West German KHD Humboldt Wedge AG Corporation makes many kinds of the impact type breakers. The PEG impact type breaker is used for the thick garrulous as like limestone, the gypsum and so on mineral. This machine has 9 kinds of specifications, and its productivity may up to 1650, may amount to 1.6 for the material granularity, the product granularity is 015. This company makes the PEF impact type breaker is very small for the material granularity, may amount to 0.75, and the product granularity is 044. This company also made the PEK impact type breaker used in the pulverized coal work, and some 10 specifications, biggest productivity amounted to for 2000, amounted to 0.75 for the material granularity. KHD Corporation makes the WB25 double rolls breaker, is suitable for the stave medium degree of hardness material. This machine is loaded with the double crank which connects with the rack (wrist plate) to install, thus has guaranteed the stave strength reasonable distribution. This kind of breaker diameter is 1.25, the width is 3, can break the medium degree of hardness material, it gives the material granularity is 250, the product granularity is 75, productivity is 2223. The breaker riddle gap may through the mechanical way adjustment, and is loaded with the over-load protection.Soviet Machinoexport Corporation produces the impact type breaker, is used for the stave medium degree of hardness the wear-resisting ore. This kind of breaker needs the actuation power is small, but the reduction ratio is big. This company also makes many kinds of pattern rotor type breaker which is used in thick garrulous, garrulous and broken bits, having SMD-85A and SMD-86A; SMD-75 and the SMD-94A. These two kinds of rotor type breakers are both the single rotor breaker. The hydraulic unit is the material and when the stave cavity jamming which is used for to release cannot break carries on the unloading.The DDZW-1512 double pin rolls breaker is made by the company is used in the stave intensity reaching as high as 200 mega bars materials, and its stave productivity is 50150. The pin roll may be the obtuse edge or is the gentle centrums; the obtuse edge pin roll gives the material granularity to be big. This machine is loaded with the gap adjusting device and the roll abounds elasticity protective device.American Mclanahan Corporation has produced the standard type recently, medium and the extra large type two sections and three roller s breaker.A two sections of three rollers stave function replaces the stave work which two independent breakers can complete. This kind of breaker may break the raw coal or other materials down to 15. This company makes the single roll breaker which is used for the stave rock, the ore, the crushed stone, the coal and the hard oil shale is especially effective. For coherency high or humidity big material, its product fineness compared with impact type breaker product granularity must be thinner. Under the standard speed, the crushing roller of the two sections and three rollers breaker, of which productivity is 75600.This company makes the Mclanahan revolving coal breaker, which is loaded with the drill hole lamina crib Rosa, using in the stave apple coal hungry medium degree of hardness the coal, and the productivity is extremely big. This machine characteristic is the driving gear and the tube bodies have the extremely precise concentricity. Tube in vivo is loaded with the wear-resisting backing, and the tube body both sides give the material reason and the ex-dinning reason for the non resistance. This function simultaneously completes breaks and sieves two parts in a revolution work.American Mcnally Pittsburg Corporation makes the stave lump coal specially the coal breaker “Geomantic” the double rolls breaker, the heavy double rolls breaker, the revolving breaker, two sections of four roller Geomantic breaker and the single roll breaker. The Geomantic breaker unique feature is: Using tensile strength very high gear which Mcnally Corporation develops, for dustproof has used the good packing assembly. When the breaker moves, can change the position of the action roller to adjust the product the granularity. This company makes two sections of four rollers breaker is made by two double rolls breaker assembly.Luxembourg Mecan-Arbed Corporation makes the large-scale Abed pin roll breaker, used in thick garrulous or the garrulous work, stave brittleness or hard material (also moisture content big and coherent high material).This company makes the pin roll breaker together with 13 kinds of specifications. The smallest pin roll breaker, of which actuation power is 237, and its productivity is 150200, the product granularity is 50. The actuation power of the largest-scale pin roll breaker is 2600, and productivity is 24003000, and the product granularity is 300400.The Mammoth breaker made by the West German QK Corporation is one kind of single rotor hammer type breaker, and is suitable in the single roll thick garrulous hardly to the hard limestone and cement raw material. This kind of breaker altogether has 12 kinds of specifications: For the material granularity is 025, the actuation power is 1003500. The Titan breaker made by this company, can break the material is similar to the Mammoth breaker, but gives the material granularity is 12002300, and productivity is 2201200, and the actuation power is 21702900.This company makes impact type breaker has 18 kinds of specifications. Giving the material granularity is most greatly 4001600, and productivity is 201800, and the stave product granularity is 0150, and the actuation power is 222000.The HBK hammer type breaker made by this company mainly is used in the crushed stone which the stave road building project needs (hardly to hard).QK Corporation makes the garrulous hammer type breaker have 10 kinds of specifications, using in stave as the ha