高中英語(yǔ)高考系列復(fù)習(xí)高考系列復(fù)習(xí)5555一輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解：主旨大意型解試題分析與答題技巧 閱讀理解試題分析與答題技巧閱讀理解試題分析與答題技巧(二二) 主旨大意型主旨大意型 一、題型特點(diǎn) 這類(lèi)試題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析歸納文章的段落大意、重要情節(jié)、人物特征、環(huán)境特點(diǎn)的能力。這種試題要求考生能把握文章的總體，并真正理解主題和中心句；要求能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，難度較大，屬于高層次題。二、題干表現(xiàn)形式：題干表現(xiàn)形式： 1). 主題型主旨大意題的題干表現(xiàn)形式:The main idea of the passage isThe passage is mainly aboutThe passage is mainly discussesWhich of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about?2). 目的類(lèi)主旨大意題The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to The passage is meant to .The purpose of this article is to 3). 標(biāo)題類(lèi)主旨大意題The best title for the passage might beThe best title for the passage would be 三、應(yīng)試技巧三、應(yīng)試技巧一、主題句的特點(diǎn)一、主題句的特點(diǎn) 主題句所表達(dá)的意思具有概括性 句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單明了, 作者一般不會(huì)采用長(zhǎng)句或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子作為文章的主題句 文章或段落的其他句子都是對(duì)主題句的進(jìn)一步解釋,說(shuō)明,論證或擴(kuò)展. 應(yīng)試技巧應(yīng)試技巧 如何尋找主題句如何尋找主題句 Passage 1 The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.PASSAGE 2 Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive. Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with. Still more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of birth control and learn to recycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future. Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. “ she said “ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said. 2). 首尾呼應(yīng)為突出主題, 作者先提出主題, 結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題, 這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方式也較為多見(jiàn). 通常, 前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù), 后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味 A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. 3). 文尾在表述細(xì)節(jié)后, 歸納要點(diǎn), 印象, 結(jié)論建議或結(jié)果, 以概括主題. 這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫(xiě)作方式 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.4). 文中 通常前面只提出問(wèn)題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出, 而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展.5). 無(wú)主題句即主題句隱含在全文中, 沒(méi)有明確的主題句. 必須根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時(shí)過(guò)于寬泛，要恰如其分。 Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. Q: What is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D. A good lawyer needs good education. 【解題思路】 此文沒(méi)有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)(detail)性的事實(shí)。因此就答案本身看，個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì)。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來(lái)，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一個(gè)沒(méi)有言明的主題思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bingham接受過(guò)良好的教育，所以答案是 6). 注意標(biāo)志詞 文章或段落的主題句常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一些標(biāo)志性的提示后. On the whole, in short, therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above, I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer 應(yīng)試技巧應(yīng)試技巧三、選項(xiàng)分析三、選項(xiàng)分析正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)含有抽象名詞和概括性詞語(yǔ)含有抽象名詞和概括性詞語(yǔ). 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中, 含有含有approach, concept, chance, opportunity, various, both, general, many, difficult, way, necessity, necessary, importance 等詞的選項(xiàng)一般是正確選項(xiàng)等詞的選項(xiàng)一般是正確選項(xiàng).四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中, 內(nèi)容相近或完全相反的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中往往有一個(gè)是正確選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容相近或完全相反的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中往往有一個(gè)是正確選項(xiàng)那些概括全文那些概括全文, 內(nèi)容全面內(nèi)容全面, 含義深刻含義深刻, 說(shuō)明道理的選項(xiàng)一般是答案項(xiàng)說(shuō)明道理的選項(xiàng)一般是答案項(xiàng), 而選項(xiàng)內(nèi)而選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容片面容片面, 單一的內(nèi)容一般是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)單一的內(nèi)容一般是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng). 錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)以偏概全. 只是局部信息, 或是一句沒(méi)有展開(kāi)論述的話(huà).過(guò)于籠統(tǒng). 即歸納的主題太泛, 與細(xì)節(jié)脫節(jié)或是沒(méi)有對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)加以充分論述.把觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加與作者. 讀者往往根據(jù)自己的常識(shí)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行判斷而忽視了作者的見(jiàn)解.無(wú)關(guān)信息, 既在文章中沒(méi)有提到或找不到語(yǔ)言依據(jù)的信息 An old English saying goes, “Spare the rod, Spoil the child.” In order to make a child on him and let him eat bitter foods, do hard work and plunge him into such unit or organization where he of she can get the greatest training and knowledge. In the first place Doing hard work is also necessary for a child . Finally , dont always keep the child at home From the above, we can see that, for a child to accomplish anything in the world, the best way is to have a strict demand on him, let him live a hard life and go where there are difficultiesl Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language; but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign language. Now there so many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign language very much better that they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronunciation, and consequently never set about tacking it in the right way.