及物動詞與不及物動詞的區(qū)別從是否需要賓語來分.doc
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及物動詞與不及物動詞的區(qū)別從是否需要賓語來分,實義動詞分為及物動詞和不及物動詞兩類。 1)及物動詞 后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的實義動詞,叫做及物動詞(transitive verb)。如: I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委員會將會考慮我們的建議。 “How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里問:“這本書我可以借多久?” 2)不及物動詞 本身意義完整后面不須跟賓語的實義動詞,叫做不及物動詞(intransitive verb)。如: Birds fly.鳥會飛。 It happened in June 1932.這件事發(fā)生于一九三二年六月。 My watch stopped.我的表停了。 She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的會上發(fā)了言。 3)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞 英語里有不少實義動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。這樣的動詞又有兩種不同的情況: a)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時,意義不變。試比較: Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻開始嗎?(begin作不及物動詞) She began working as a librarian after she left school.她畢業(yè)后當圖書館管理員。(began作及物動詞) When did they leave Chicago?他們是什么時候離開芝加哥的?(leave 作及物動詞) They left last week. 他們是上周離開的。(left 作不及物動詞) b)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時,有時意義不盡相同。如: Wash your hands before meals.飯前要洗手。 Does this cloth wash well? 這布經(jīng)得起洗嗎? 4) 與漢語的比較 有時英語動詞的及物和不及物的用法,與漢語的用法不一樣,請注意下列兩種情況: a)有的動詞在英語里只能用作不及物動詞,而漢語則可用作及物動詞,如arrive到達,agree同意,1isten聽。英語里這些動詞后面常接介詞。如: We arrived at the railway station at noon.我們于中午到達火車站。(at不能省去)(比較:We reached the railway station at noon.) Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每個人都很有興趣地聽講課。(to不可省去)(比較:We all heard the lecture.) Do they agree to the plan?他們同意這個計劃嗎?(to不可省去) b)有的動詞在英語里能用作及物動詞,而在漢語里則不能用作及物動詞,如serve為…服務。 Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我們的兒童被教以全心全意為人民服務 及物動詞后可以加賓語,不及物動詞后不可以加賓語! 如果你想要分得仔細一點就看下面的講解和例句?。? (一、) 分清及物不及物: 分清動詞的及物不及物是在英語學習中必須解決的首要問題。動詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況: a.主要用作及物動詞。及物動詞后面必須跟賓語??梢杂糜冢?主+謂+賓";"主+謂+雙賓";"主+謂+賓+賓補"結構。如: He reached Paris the day before yesterday. Please hand me the book over there. They asked me to go fishing with them. 類似的還有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell.... b.主要用作不及物的動詞。不及物動詞后面不跟賓語。只能用與:"主+謂"結構。 This is the room where I once lived. 類似的還有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed.... c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞,其意義不變。如begin 都是作"開始"講。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 類似的還有:start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve.... d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞,其意義完全不同。 這類動詞作不及物動詞是一個意義;而作及物動詞時卻是另一個意義。如lift作不及物動詞時是指煙霧的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動詞時是"升高;舉起"。 He lifted his glass and drank. 類似的還有:beat vi.跳動 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生長 vt. 種植 play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.發(fā)出(氣味) vt. 嗅 ring vi.(電話、鈴)響vt.打電話 speak vi.講話 vt. 說(語言) hang vi. 懸掛 vt. 絞死 operate vi.動手術 vt. 操作 及物動詞不需要介詞 在英語錯誤中,"及物動詞+介詞+賓語"(transitive verb+preposition+object),是常見的一種。所謂及物動詞,就是謂語動詞(predicative verb),不必通過介詞引薦賓語。相反的,不及物動詞(intransitive verb)是不帶賓語的。有許多動詞,雖然性質是及物的,但不一定要有賓語,如下列的①a和②a便是這種情形: ①a. We study every day. b. Do you study English every day. ②a. Please write clearly next time. b. Can you write your composition now? 如果本質上就是不及物動詞,就不會有賓語;若要賓語,就要借介詞之助,一起連用才行,如③b和④b;③a和④a是錯的; *③a. The children are listening the music. b. The children are listening to the music. *④a. She is laughing the crippled man. b. She is laughing at the crippled man. 反之,及物動詞不必靠介詞,就可以帶賓語,如上述的①b和②b ,又如⑤和 ⑥: ⑤ John is giving a book to me. ⑥ Who will answer this question? 如果無意中把介詞加上,就錯了,如: *⑦ Who will answer to this question? 下列這句從房地產(chǎn)廣告中看到的句子,也犯了同樣的錯: "We have many buyers awaiting for available units here." "Awaiting"是個及物動詞,后面的介詞"for"是多余的,要去掉;不然把"awaiting"改為"waiting for"也行。 許多人習慣上喜歡把介詞加到及物動詞后面,然后才帶出賓語。最常見的是"emphasize/stress on/upon"和"discuss about",如: ⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains. ⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results. ⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems. 顯然的,這三句里的介詞"on/upon"和"about"是多余的,不必要的。 下面是些類似的錯誤: ● The young must obey to their elders. ● Do not approach to that odd-looking man. ● The audience attacked on the rude speaker. ● Nothing can escape from his parents eyes. ● Do you hope to serve for your nation? ● When did Susan marry with Paul? 介詞"to, on, from, for, with"都要去掉才對。 為什么會有這些錯誤呢?主因是分不清楚及物動詞和不及物動詞的性質。其次,就是對同一個動詞及其名詞的句型有些混淆。解決之道有二。第一,要把"及物動詞+賓語"和"不及物動詞+介詞+賓語"劃分清楚,如: I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him. He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday. 第二,把及物動詞轉化為名詞,然后加上適當?shù)慕樵~和賓語,如: Dont approach such a person. Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?- 配套講稿:
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