The SubjectThe SubjectUnit 1 GrammarUnit 1 GrammarObjectives1. 辨認主語的形式；辨認主語的形式；2. 認識主語在句中的作用。認識主語在句中的作用。Ashrita Furman is a sportsman who likes the challenge of breaking Guinness records.Over the last 25 years, he has broken approximately 93 Guinness records. Somersaulting is a tough event as you have to overcome dizziness, extreme tiredness and pain.Covering a mile in the fastest time while doing gymnastically correct lunges is yet another event in which Ashrita is outstanding.Lunges are extremely hard on your legs.From then on, Ashrita refused to accept any physical limitation.Ashrita always acknowledges his teacher in his record-breaking attempts.We call the red words Subjects.SUBJECT The subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something. 1. What is Subject? You can find the subject of a sentence if you can find the verb. Ask the question, “Who or what verbs or verbed?” and the answer to that question is the subject. For instance, in the sentence The computers in the Learning Center must be replaced, the verb is must be replaced. What must be replaced? The computers. So the subject is computers. Noun, adjective, non-finite verb (動詞不定式動詞不定式 Infinitive、動名詞、動名詞 Gerund、分詞、分詞 Participle), it, nominative personal pronoun and the subject clause and so on. 2. What can be used as Subject? A tree has fallen across the street.The ambulance is arriving.名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動詞的名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動詞的ing形式、從句等可作句子的主語。形式、從句等可作句子的主語。1. 名詞作主語名詞作主語You are a middle school student.He lent me his new bike.Three is enough.Two and two makes four.2. 代詞作主語代詞作主語3. 數(shù)詞作主語數(shù)詞作主語To find the truth is very difficult.Its is very difficult to find the truth.Smoking is bad for your health.Seeing is believing.4. 不定式作主不定式作主語語5. 動名詞作主動名詞作主語語A. 動名詞與不定式都可在句子中作主語。動名詞與不定式都可在句子中作主語。動名詞作主語時一般來說指的是一個概動名詞作主語時一般來說指的是一個概念或一個既成事實。念或一個既成事實。如：如：Teaching English is my job. Teaching English 是一個概念名詞，而是一個概念名詞，而不是一個動作。不是一個動作。B. 當一個不定式短語作主語時，我們常用當一個不定式短語作主語時，我們常用It作形式主語，而把真正的主語作形式主語，而把真正的主語動詞動詞不定式放到句子后邊。不定式放到句子后邊。這樣的句型還用在這樣的句型還用在Its for sb. to do Its of sb. to do 中。如果中。如果Its后邊的形后邊的形容詞與人的天資、秉性有關時，必須用容詞與人的天資、秉性有關時，必須用Its of sb. to do ；這類形容詞包括；這類形容詞包括 good, bad, clever, stupid, wise, foolish, cruel, mean等。如果等。如果Its后邊的形容詞與后邊的形容詞與人的天資、秉性無關時，則要用人的天資、秉性無關時，則要用Its for sb. to do 。The rich should help the poor.Old and young walked side by side.The disabled are being carefully taken care of.6. 名詞化的形容詞作主語名詞化的形容詞作主語7. 名詞化的過去分詞作主語名詞化的過去分詞作主語Whenever you come will be fine.8. 從句作主語從句作主語作主語的從句稱為主語從句，可由作主語的從句稱為主語從句，可由that，whether，wh- 等詞引導。等詞引導。Between six and seven in the morning is the time I go jogging.Nearby is a good place for camping.9. 有時介詞短語、副詞或其短語有時介詞短語、副詞或其短語 位于主語位置是倒裝結構位于主語位置是倒裝結構 (1) It is + 形容詞形容詞 (possible, clear, true, necessary, likely, nice 等等) + that(2) It is + 名詞名詞 (a pity, no use, a fact, no wonder 等等) + that用用 it 作形式主語的句型有：作形式主語的句型有：(3) It + 不及物動詞不及物動詞 (follows, happens, turns out, goes without saying) + that(4) It is + 過去分詞過去分詞 (thought, known, mentioned, said, expected, suggested, may be safely said, must be admitted, has been decided) + that 在以上句型中在以上句型中It是形式主語，真正的主是形式主語，真正的主語是語是that引導的從句。引導的從句。在這樣的主語從在這樣的主語從句中句中that不能省略不能省略，就其本質(zhì)講，用，就其本質(zhì)講，用That is well-known; That is said也是可以的。但是經(jīng)過長期使用，上也是可以的。但是經(jīng)過長期使用，上述句型已經(jīng)被固定下來。述句型已經(jīng)被固定下來。How they will manage to cross the river remains to be seen. 3. A simple subject can be more than one word, even an entire clause. 4. In English, the subject of a command, order, or suggestion you, the person being directed is usually left out of the sentence and is said to be the understood subject.e.g. 1. (You) Step lively there or Ill leave you behind. 2. Before assembling the swing set, (you) read these instructions carefully.A. I thank you.B. I never heard of it.C. It looks like it.D. It sounds like common sense to me.E. It serves him right.5. In familiar speech, the subject is sometimes left out when it is a pronoun. We call it omission of the subject.In spoken English we often hear sentences like this:A. Thank you.B. Never heard of it.C. Looks like it.D. Sounds like common sense to me.E. Serves him right._ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.A. The president will attend B. The president to attendC. The president attended D. The presidents attending本題考查動名詞復合結構作主語。動名本題考查動名詞復合結構作主語。動名詞復合結構作主語，須用名詞的所有詞復合結構作主語，須用名詞的所有格，然后加動名詞，其余選擇均構不成格，然后加動名詞，其余選擇均構不成合理句子結構。合理句子結構。Underline the subject in these sentences. In groups, check your answers. Then discuss whether you agree with the ideas in the sentences or not.1 Everything that we do is a step in one direction or another. Even the failure to do something is in itself a deed. It sets us forward or backward. (Henry Van Dyke)2. Some conceptions of a gentleman are these: a gentleman is always considerate for the feelings of others; he has tact he knows how to say and to do the right thing at the right time. (Unknown)3 To regret ones errors to the point of not repeating them is true repentance. (Ernest Hemingway)4 The best companion is one who is wiser and better than ourselves, for we are inspired by his wisdom and virtue to nobler deeds. (William Makepeace Thayer)5 Being happy is better than being king. (West African saying)WorryingTwo headsThose who do not learn from historyTo travel hopefullyFailing to planare doomed to repeat it.are better than one.never did anyone any good.is planning to fail.is a better thing than to arrive.Match A man who asks A man who never asksThe one who understandsThe one who speaksWhat is donedoes not speak.cannot be undone.does not understand.is a fool for life.is a fool for five minutes.Review復習主語：復習主語：1. 主語的定義；主語的定義；2. 可以用作主語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)可以用作主語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù) 詞、詞組、動詞不定式、詞、詞組、動詞不定式、-ing形形 式、過去分詞和從句。式、過去分詞和從句。Individual activity1. We wrote a letter of thanks to _ had helped us. A. who B. those C. whom D. whoever 2. Toms mother kept telling him that he mustnt smoke, but _ didnt help. A. he B. which C. it D. theyQuiz I: Multiple choice 3. _ you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. If C. That D. Whether4. Just after finishing writing the composition, _. A. the doorbell rang loud B. Nancy heard the doorbell rang C. someone knocked at the door D. the doorbell was rung5. - The exam was easy, wasnt it? - Yes, but I dont think _ could pass it. A. somebody B. anybody C. nobody D. everybody6. They live on a busy main road. _ must be very noisy. A. There B. It C. That D. They7. _ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. (2006遼寧遼寧) A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever8. _ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. (2006山東山東) A. No matter what B. No matter which C. Whatever D. Whichever9. _ felt funny watching myself on TV. (2007全國全國II) A. One B. This C. It D. That10. _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. (2007上海上海) A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where11. Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street? Victoria Street? _ is where the Grand Theatre is. (2008遼寧遼寧) A. SuchB. There C. ThatD. This12. You and I could hardly work together, _? (2009湖南湖南) A. could you B. couldnt I C. couldnt we D. could we13. It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future. (2009天津天津) A. as B. which C. whether D. that14. The doctor thought _ would be good for you to have a holiday. (2010 全國全國II ) A. this B. that C. one D. it 15. It never occurred to me _ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. (2010陜西陜西) A. which B. what C. that D. if Quiz II: 在空格中填入一個適當?shù)脑~在空格中填入一個適當?shù)脑~或或 用所給詞的適當形式填空。用所給詞的適當形式填空。1. _ (play) football in the street is dangerous.2. It would be nice _ (see) him again.3. The _ (disable) should not be looked down upon.4. _ was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that.Playingto seedisabledIt5. _ he will be sent abroad or not has not been decided so far.6. _ a book sells well depends on various factors.7. So naughty is the _ that he often upsets his parents who are busy with their work.8. His _ (express) told me that he got angry then.WhetherWhether / Thatboyexpression1. 大山里靜謐的氛圍是我最喜愛的。大山里靜謐的氛圍是我最喜愛的。 The peaceful atmosphere of the mountains is the thing I love the most.Quiz III: Translation2. 參加比賽給我很大的成就感。參加比賽給我很大的成就感。 Participating in the competition gives me a great feeling of accomplishment.3. 在電話上談話幾個小時是我不能理解在電話上談話幾個小時是我不能理解 的事。的事。 Speaking on the phone for hours is not something I can understand.4. 到奧運會上去比賽是我的夢想。到奧運會上去比賽是我的夢想。 To compete at the Olympics is my dream.5. 她為學校所做的一切使學生和教職員她為學校所做的一切使學生和教職員 工非常感激。工非常感激。 What she did for the school was greatly appreciated by the students and staff.Finish the Exercises 1-2 on Page 53 in your Workbooks.