Module8Unit 3 The world of colours and light1、calculate vt. 計算；估計，推算，推測be calculated to do / for sth. 旨在，打算做某事It is calculated that 據(jù)計算calculate on / upon depend / rely on 指望， 期待It is calculated that at least 47,000 jobs were lost last year. 據(jù)計算，去年至少喪失了47,000個工作崗位。This advertisement is calculated to attract the attention of housewives. 這個廣告是為引起家庭主婦們的注意而設(shè)計的。We cant calculate on having fine weather for the sports meeting. 我們不指望有好天氣開運動會。 我們能指望他們的幫助嗎？_Can we calculate on their help?2、 commit v. 犯罪，承諾，委托，托付They committed outrages on innocent citizens. 他們對無辜的市民犯下了暴行。commit himself He would not _ in any way.他不愿做出任何承諾。3、reward n. 報答，賞金，報酬 An act of kindness deserves a reward. 善意的行為應(yīng)該得到獎賞。 By rights, half the reward should be mine. 按理說，有一半獎賞應(yīng)該是我的。 You have received a just reward. 你已得到了應(yīng)有的報酬。 3、rewardvt. 獎賞，給報酬 They rewarded the winners with gifts of fruits and flowers. 他們獎給優(yōu)勝者一些水果和鮮花。 award, reward這兩個動詞均有“給予獎勵”之意。award 側(cè)重指官方或經(jīng)正式研究裁決后對有功者或競賽優(yōu)勝者所給予的獎勵。reward 指對品德高尚或勤勞的人所給予的獎勵，也可指為某事付酬金。deserves a reward她積極努力，應(yīng)得到獎賞。She _ for her efforts.4、 abandon vt. 完全放棄；離棄；拋棄The sailors abandoned the burning ship. 航員們放棄了那艘著火的船。n. 放任，狂熱The girls jumped up and down and waved their arms with abandon. 那些女孩子跳上跳下盡情地揮舞著手臂。abandoned adj. 墮落的，放縱的；被遺棄的abandonment n. 放棄abandoner n. 放棄者；遺棄者abandon oneself to沉湎于；縱情于D句意：他姐姐拋棄她丈夫和3個孩子去荷蘭定居。abandon表示“完全、永遠地拋棄”。His sister _ her husband and three children and went to live in Holland. A. gave up B. quitted C. stopped D. abandoneddeserted那個士兵叛國助敵。 The soldier _ his country and helped the enemy. quitted她放棄了自己的工作。 She _ her job.forsake她懇求丈夫不要拋棄她。 She pleaded with her husband not to _ her. given the dog up最后我們當那只狗已經(jīng)走失了，而不再存有希望。 We had at last.abandoned她遺棄了她的孩子。 She _ her child. 1、cut up 切碎；使受苦His mother has to cut up all the food for him. 他的媽媽不得不為他將所有的食物切碎。Jean was really cut up when her husband left her. 在丈夫拋棄她之后，簡痛苦極了。2、make sth. out of sth. 用某材料做成某物 be made (out) of / make sth. out of 由制成 make sth. out of與 make sth. of的意思相同。make sth. out of 常用于口語。The box is made out of cedarwood. 這盒子是用杉木做的。They make bottles out of glass. 他們用玻璃做瓶子。1、Hardly had we left the dormitory the next morning when we realized we had left our map in the room.第二天早晨我們剛離開宿舍，就想起把地圖落在房間里了。此句含有句型：hardlywhen“一就”，由于hardly位于句首，用倒裝語序。正常語序是We had hardly left the dormitory the next morning when we realized we had left our map in the room. hardlywhen這種句式主句常用過去完成時，when引導(dǎo)的從句常用一般過去時。hardly置于句首時，主句用倒裝語序。該句式中hardly可以改成scarcely。I had hardly / scarcely closed my eyes when the telephone rang. 我剛合上眼，電話鈴就響了。Hardly/ Scarcely had he arrived when he had to leave again. 他剛一到達，又不得不離開。(1)no soonerthan用法與之相似。No sooner had he finished his homework than the light went out.他一做完作業(yè)， 燈就熄了。(2)當never, seldom, little, barely, not until, nowhere, by no means 等否定詞放在句首時，句子一般采用倒裝形式。Little do I know about French.對于法語我知之甚少。Nowhere in the world can you find such a beautiful place.你在世界上任何地方都找不到如此漂亮的地方。 Little _ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. A. he realized B. he didnt realize C. didnt he realize D. did he realizeDlittle是具有否定意義的詞，位于句首時句子用部分倒裝。2 、Had you come with us, I guarantee you would have enjoyed Europe too.如果你們和我們一起來了，我保證你們也會在歐洲玩得很開心的。本句是一個省略了連詞if，含有虛擬語氣的倒裝句，該句的完整語序是：If you had come with us, I guarantee you would have enjoyed Europe too.在虛擬語氣的條件句中，若含有助動詞should，had 或連系動詞were時，可以把連詞 if 省略，且把should，had 或were倒裝到主語的前面。Had he come last night, he would have met his sister at home.昨晚要是他回來了，他就會在家見到他妹妹了。Should he visit me tomorrow, I would buy him a bicycle.他若是明天來我就買一輛自行車給他。Were he you, I think he would lend his computer to me.若他是你，我認為他就會把他的計算機借給我了?！咀⒁狻吭谔摂M條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。如我們可說Were I not to do, 而不能說 Werent I to do。Were I not to come tomorrow, I would send you an email to let you know.如果明天我不來，我就發(fā)郵件告訴你。_ tomorrow, we would have to put off the sports meet. A. Were it rain B. Should it rain C. Would it rain D. Will it rainB句意：如果明天下雨，我們將不得不推遲運動會。與將來事實相反的非真實條件句，省略if，把should提到了句首。怎樣寫好說明文一、說明文的概述說明文(Exposition)是介紹、說明客觀事物的一種文體。它主要說明這種事物的形態(tài)、性質(zhì)、成因、構(gòu)造、功能等特征。它只是客觀地介紹、解釋事物，使讀者獲得知識和信息，并不需要發(fā)表主張、作出證明。一般說來，知識簡介、商品介紹、游覽手冊、科技讀物、工作總結(jié)、實驗報告等，都屬說明文之列。寫說明文應(yīng)該目的明確、材料準確翔實、語言簡練。寫作方法上，可以按事物的時間、空間、結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯順序來寫。也可以采取舉例、比較、下定義等方法。1說明文寫作注意事項(1)限制要說明的事物和范圍，比如寫一篇題為“The Progress in English Study”的說明文，就必須引用一些實例來說明。由于題目要求寫英語學(xué)習(xí)方面的進步，就不能列舉其他學(xué)科的成績。(2)有足夠多的、確切的例子闡述論證。如寫“Our Head Teacher”的說明文時，必須選用一些具體的事例，如老師如何備課，課堂上怎樣使學(xué)生在活躍的氣氛中學(xué)習(xí)以及課后的輔導(dǎo)等。選例時不宜太多，否則會給人以堆砌例證、羅列現(xiàn)象之感，但也不要一篇文章只選一例，因為即使事例較典型，若只選一例其說服力也不夠有力。(3)用正確、恰當?shù)捻樞驍[出事實、觀點，對選出的典型事例要進行合理的安排，主次分明。(4)盡可能使說明的內(nèi)容有趣、生動，選用典型、新穎的素材，吸引讀者。2說明文的結(jié)構(gòu)說明文的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)遵循引子、正文、結(jié)束語3部分的要求。引子部分點出主題，正文部分引證說明主題，結(jié)束語部分重申一下主題，以起到強調(diào)的效果。二、寫作模板第一段：總體介紹(包括要說明事物的外貌、特點、性能等)。例如：Senior high school students are having a new course called General Technology.第二段：具體說明，可列舉一些典型事例。例如：All Senior Two students should learn such a course, by which students can achieve a lot. First, Second 第三段：總結(jié)評價(包括喜愛、夸贊等情感)。例如：They enjoy it mainly because the course is closely related to everyday life.三、典例分析1試題要求從去年開始，高中學(xué)生有了一門新的課程通用技術(shù)(General Technology)。請你給某英文報紙寫一份不少于120詞的通訊稿，介紹這一課程及其實施情況。內(nèi)容要點如下：(1)對象：高二學(xué)生(2)目的：培養(yǎng)基本技能，提高設(shè)計能力(3)要求：能使用不同類型的常見工具，修理、設(shè)計和制作一些物品。畢業(yè)前通過書面測試。(4)同學(xué)們的反響、體會或評價。2內(nèi)容分析這篇習(xí)作要求考生寫一則通訊稿，內(nèi)容是介紹通用技術(shù)這一新課程及其實施情況。在體裁上它屬于一篇說明文。題干已經(jīng)清楚地說明了寫作的基本要求，考生可以在闡述這些要點的同時適當?shù)丶右酝卣?，從而將通用技術(shù)這一新課程的開設(shè)對象、開設(shè)目的、開設(shè)要求及開設(shè)的效果得以明晰。注意事項：寫作的內(nèi)容應(yīng)充實豐富；使用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)敘述；注意主動句、被動句，簡單句和復(fù)雜句式的綜合運用，以提高作文的檔次。 3佳作賞析 Senior high school students are having a new course called General Technology. The new course, with the purpose of developing their basic skills and improving their design ability, is taught for Senior Two students. General Technology is expected to have students learn to use different kinds of common tools. Therefore, they are supposed to be able to repair, design and make some little things with the help of what they have learned. Meanwhile, they ought to pass the written test before graduation. Most students are extremely interested in the knowledge and abilities they have acquired from the new course, since what are taught in the course are what they really want to obtain in reality. 4滿分揭秘 該篇作文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，開頭一段說明通用技術(shù)這一新課程的開辦目的和開辦對象，第二段重點說明學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)要求，最后說明同學(xué)們對該課程的反響和體會。全文運用了大量的長句，這是其一大亮點，作者注意到主動句和被動句的綜合運用，使語言極富變化，這些無疑都使該文成為一篇成功之作。