高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破9 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣課件 外研版
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1、路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮 吾將上下而求索吾將上下而求索走向高考走向高考 英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)外研版外研版 高考總復(fù)習(xí)高考總復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破 第二部分第二部分語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破(九九)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣 第二部分第二部分考考 綱綱 解解 讀讀命命 題題 分分 析析知知 識(shí)識(shí) 歸歸 納納語(yǔ)語(yǔ) 法法 專(zhuān)專(zhuān) 練練2341考考 綱綱 解解 讀讀考點(diǎn)考綱解讀can的用法掌握can,could的用法,并能與其他表示推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在語(yǔ)氣上進(jìn)行區(qū)分。should的用法掌握will,would,shall,should,ought to的意義和用法,特別是表示判斷、允諾、斥責(zé)等語(yǔ)氣以及
2、在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的用法。must的用法掌握must,need,dare的用法,特別是表示推測(cè)的語(yǔ)氣和用法,特別是“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞havep.p.”的用法和意義。may的用法掌握may,might的用法,特別是表示推測(cè)的語(yǔ)氣和用法。虛擬語(yǔ)氣掌握if條件從句,as if引導(dǎo)的從句,wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法;掌握insist,suggest,order等后的從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。命命 題題 分分 析析 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一直是高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)填空中非常重要的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目。高考對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考查主要有:(1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法;(2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè);(3)“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞have done”結(jié)構(gòu)。高考對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考查
3、力度呈現(xiàn)出了上升趨勢(shì),含蓄條件句和特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣將是語(yǔ)法填空的一個(gè)考查重點(diǎn)。知知 識(shí)識(shí) 歸歸 納納 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 一、考點(diǎn)知識(shí)歸納 考點(diǎn)一情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)和可能性 1情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can可用于肯定句中表示客觀的(理論的)可能性,也可以表示“一時(shí)或暫時(shí)的”情況,而表示具體事情實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性時(shí),can一般不用于肯定句中。如: Accidents can happen on such rainy days. 這樣的多雨天氣可能會(huì)發(fā)生事故。(客觀的可能性) Peter may come with us tonight,but he isnt sure yet. 彼得今晚可能來(lái)我們這兒,但他還沒(méi)確定。(實(shí)
4、際可能性,不用can) 2表示具體事情實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性: (1)表示具體事情實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性的層次比較(見(jiàn)下表)詞形肯定式否定式疑問(wèn)式must必定,必然/will很可能,大概不會(huì),不該會(huì)嗎?would可能性比will小語(yǔ)氣比wont弱語(yǔ)氣比will弱should按說(shuō)應(yīng)該按說(shuō)不應(yīng)該 應(yīng)該嗎?詞形肯定式否定式疑問(wèn)式ought to 按說(shuō)應(yīng)該/can/不可能有可能嗎?could微弱的可能不可能語(yǔ)氣比can弱may或許,也許,也未可知,也說(shuō)不定可能不/might比may還弱比may not還弱/ (2)表示具體事情實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性時(shí),may,must常用于肯定句中,一般不用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中(may
5、not表示“可能不”);can常用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句中,表示疑惑、驚訝或不相信等意思;could既可用于肯定句中,又可用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句中。如: This cant/couldnt be done by him. 這不可能是他干的。(表不相信) This may not be done by him. 這可能不是他干的。(表不確定) He could be on his way home now. 他現(xiàn)在可能在回家的路上。(could不如may/might常用) Can this be done by him? 這可能是他干的嗎?(表示疑惑、驚訝) I didnt hear the ph
6、one.I must have been asleep. 我沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)電話鈴響。當(dāng)時(shí)我一定睡著了。(表肯定) Are you going to Jeffs party? 你要去參加杰弗的聚會(huì)嗎? Im not sure.I might go to the concert instead. 我不確定。我可能去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)。(表不確定) (3)would, could, should, might并不一定與過(guò)去時(shí)間有關(guān),而表示可能性弱于它們相應(yīng)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式。如: This may/might be done by him. 這件事有可能是他干的。(語(yǔ)氣依次遞減) (4)should用來(lái)表示推測(cè)時(shí)意為“應(yīng)該
7、”,即含有“按道理來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)如此”的意思。 (5)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行推測(cè)要用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be現(xiàn)在分詞”這種結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在高考題中出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)不太多,但也要引起注意。如: My mother must be watering the flowers in the garden now. 我媽媽現(xiàn)在肯定正在花園里澆花。 The students may be climbing the mountain at the moment. 此刻學(xué)生們可能正在登山。 3情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟完成式表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的推測(cè)參見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)三。 考點(diǎn)二情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示必要性 must常用來(lái)表示必要性,意為“必須”。表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)必
8、須做某事用“must動(dòng)詞原形”;表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)不必做某事時(shí),用dont have to do sth.或dont need to do sth.或neednt do sth.;表示過(guò)去沒(méi)必要做某事時(shí),分為以下情況:表示過(guò)去沒(méi)必要做某事,但事實(shí)上卻做了,用neednt have done sth.表示過(guò)去沒(méi)必要做某事,而不涉及是否做,可用didnt have to do sth.或didnt need to do sth.或It was not necessary to do sth.等。如: You neednt have worked that late last night.It was
9、harmful to your health. 你昨晚不必工作到那么晚。那對(duì)你的身體沒(méi)好處。 Did you work very late last night? 你昨天晚上工作到很晚嗎? No, I didnt. I didnt need to work very late. 不是很晚。我沒(méi)必要工作到很晚。 should也可以表示必要性,意為“(義務(wù)上)應(yīng)該”。should表示必要性時(shí),在語(yǔ)氣上比must(必須)弱?!皊hould動(dòng)詞原形”,表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)應(yīng)該做某事(的必要性);“shouldhave過(guò)去分詞”,表示過(guò)去本該做某事(的必要性)。如: I should go and visit
10、 him this afternoon, but I wonder if I will be free. 今天下午我應(yīng)該去看望他,但我不知道我是否有空。(表示將來(lái)的必要性) You should have come to the conference yesterday. What was the reason for your absence? 你昨天應(yīng)該參加那個(gè)會(huì)議。你缺席的原因是什么?(表示過(guò)去的必要性) 考點(diǎn)三“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式”表示推測(cè)、必要性等用法一覽情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式用法例句musthave done表示對(duì)過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為進(jìn)行推測(cè),意為“想必/準(zhǔn)是/一定做了某事”。The light
11、s were out. They must have been asleep.can/couldhave done表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的懷疑和不肯定,通常用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。I saw Mr.Wang just now. He couldnt have gone to Beijing.Can he have gone to his uncles?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式用法例句couldhave done可用于肯定句中,表示對(duì)過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情的遺憾或責(zé)備,意為“本來(lái)可以,本能夠”。You could have done better, but you were too careless.may/mi
12、ght(not)have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去已發(fā)生行為的推測(cè),用于肯定句中,表示“也許已經(jīng)”;在否定句中表示“可能不”,不用于疑問(wèn)句中。用might則表示語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定。Its too late. I think he may have gone to bed.He may not have finished the work.She might have caught a cold.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式用法例句should/ought (not)to have done用于肯定句中,表示“本該做某事,而實(shí)際上卻未做”;用于否定句中,則表示“不該做的事反而做了”。You should have co
13、me to the meeting earlier.He ought not to have treated his parents like that.need/neednthave done肯定式表示“本來(lái)有必要做某事”;否定式表示“做了本來(lái)不必去做的事”。You neednt have taken a taxi, for it was very near.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式用法例句had betterhave done用于事后的建議,含輕微責(zé)備的口吻,意為“當(dāng)時(shí)最好做了某事”,其否定式had better not have done表達(dá)相反的含義。Youd better not have s
14、colded her.would ratherhave done表示“當(dāng)時(shí)寧愿做了某事”;其否定式表達(dá)相反含義。兩者都表示“后悔”之意。I would rather have taken her advice. 如:I am starving to death. I can eat two bowls of rice now. 我快餓死了,現(xiàn)在我能吃兩碗米飯。(現(xiàn)在的能力) If you have a good sleep, you will be able to work out this problem. 如果你好好睡一覺(jué),你將能夠解出這道題。(將來(lái)的能力) The fire spread
15、 through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out. 盡管這場(chǎng)大火迅速蔓延到了整個(gè)賓館,但是每個(gè)人都能夠逃出去。(過(guò)去有能力做并且成功地做了某事) I could have worked out the problem,but l didnt. 我本來(lái)可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,但沒(méi)有解決。(過(guò)去有能力做但卻未做) 2表示請(qǐng)求、允許、允諾 當(dāng)對(duì)方是決策者時(shí),你代表你(們)自己(I,we),或代表第三者(he,she,they)向?qū)Ψ?you)請(qǐng)示或提出建議時(shí)用(shall常用于一、三人稱,will/would常用于第二人稱):
16、Shall/May(Might)/Can(Could)I/we.?Shall he/she/they.?Would/Will you.?如: Shall we begin our class? 我們可以開(kāi)始上課嗎? Shall the driver wait outside? 司機(jī)在外邊等著可以嗎? When shall my father be able to leave hospital? 我父親什么時(shí)候可以出院? Would you do me a favor?請(qǐng)幫我一下,好嗎? could/might/would/should表委婉的語(yǔ)氣。如: Could/Might I use yo
17、ur bike tomorrow morning? 明天上午我能用一下你的自行車(chē)嗎? Yes,you can/may.(No,Im afraid not.) 行,你可以用。(不,恐怕不行。) 不可說(shuō):Yes,you could/might.回答允許時(shí),用could/might表委婉是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?。如?Could I borrow your dictionary? 我能借你的詞典嗎? Yes,of course you can. 是的,當(dāng)然可以。 當(dāng)你自己()是決策者,給對(duì)方(you)或第三者(he,she,they)以命令、警告、允諾或威脅時(shí),要用shall。此外,當(dāng)頒布法律、規(guī)定時(shí),也要用sh
18、all。如: You shall leave the room at once,and he also shall.(I order you and him to leave the room at once.) 你馬上滾出去,他也一樣。(說(shuō)話者的命令) It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 在所有試卷收上來(lái)之前,應(yīng)試者必須留在座位那里。(規(guī)則或規(guī)定) 3其他用法 (1)“can not but動(dòng)詞原形”表示“不得不,
19、只好”。如: I can not but choose to go. 我只好去。 (2)may well和may/might as well結(jié)構(gòu) “may well動(dòng)詞原形”是一種常用結(jié)構(gòu),意為“完全能,很可能”,相當(dāng)于be very likely to。如: Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her. 她的模樣變化太大,你很可能認(rèn)不出她了。 “may/might as well動(dòng)詞原形”意為“最好,滿可以,不如”。如: You may as well do it at once. 你最好馬上就
20、做這件事。 cannot(或never等否定詞)與enough連用表示“再也不為過(guò)”。如: You cannot be careful enough to cross the road. 過(guò)馬路時(shí)你怎么小心都不為過(guò)。 may可以用于祈使句中,表示祝愿。如: May you return in safety. 愿你平安歸來(lái)。 “Why/Howshould”結(jié)構(gòu)表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某事不能理解、感到意外、驚異等,意為“竟會(huì)”。如: Why should you be so late today? 你今天怎么來(lái)得這么晚? How should I know? 我怎么會(huì)知道?(意為:我不知道。) must表示
21、“偏要、硬要(做某事)”。如: Must you make so much noise? 你非得弄出這么多噪音嗎? 考點(diǎn)五情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常規(guī)用法 1can和could(could為can的過(guò)去式)的基本用法 (1)表示能力; (2)在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中表示“懷疑,猜測(cè)”或“可能性”; (3)表示“許可”時(shí)can可以和may換用; (4)如果要表示委婉的語(yǔ)氣,可用could代替can,這時(shí)could不再是can的過(guò)去式; (5)can和be able to都可表示能力。但是can只有現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式,而be able to則有更多的形式;can表示有能力做某事,而be able to則表示通過(guò)努力,克服困
22、難做成某事。 2may和might(might為may的過(guò)去式)的基本用法 (1)表示允許或征詢對(duì)方許可,有“可以”之意。如:You may use my dictionary.在回答對(duì)方說(shuō)“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”時(shí),一般不用may或may not,以避免語(yǔ)氣生硬,而是用比較婉轉(zhuǎn)的說(shuō)法進(jìn)行回答。如:May I use this dictionary?Yes,please.或Im afraid not.在請(qǐng)求對(duì)方許可時(shí),如果用Might I.就比用May I.語(yǔ)氣更婉轉(zhuǎn)些。如:Might I have a look at your new computer?但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”對(duì)方
23、做某事時(shí),要用must not代替may not。如:May I swim in this lake?No,you mustnt. Its too dangerous. (2)may和might都可以表示可能性,表示“或許,可能”之意, 如果用might表示可能性,則語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定。如:They may(might)be in the library now. 3must的基本用法 (1)must表示“必須,應(yīng)該”之意,其否定式為must not,縮寫(xiě)形式為mustnt,表示“不準(zhǔn),不許可,禁止”之意。如:We must study hard and make progress every d
24、ay./You mustnt touch the fire. (2)對(duì)以must開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句作否定回答時(shí),要用neednt或dont (doesnt) have to,而不用mustnt,因?yàn)閙ustnt表示的是“禁止,不許可”之意。如:Must we finish the work tomorrow?No,you neednt(dont have to),but you must finish it in three days. (3)在肯定句中must可以表示推測(cè),表示“一定,必定”之意。 如:Whose new bike can it be? It must be Liu Dongs.H
25、is father just bought him a new one. 4have to的基本用法 have to和must的意思相近,只是must側(cè)重表示說(shuō)話人的主觀看法,而have to則表示客觀需要。如:I must study hard./I had to give it up because of illness. 5ought to的基本用法 (1)表示義務(wù),意為“應(yīng)當(dāng)”,語(yǔ)氣比should強(qiáng)。如:Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations. (2)表示推測(cè),注意與must表示推測(cè)時(shí)的區(qū)別:He must be home by n
26、ow.(斷定他已到家)/He ought to be home by now.(不十分肯定)/This is where the oil must be.(比較直率)/This is where the oil ought to be.(比較含蓄) (3)在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中ought to用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句時(shí)to可以省略。如:Ought you smoke so much?/You oughtnt smoke so much. 6dare的基本用法 (1)dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),主要用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句和條件句中。如:Dare he break the traffic regulations again
27、? (2)在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中dare常作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,其用法與其他實(shí)義動(dòng)詞相同。如:She dares to stay at home alone at night. 7need的基本用法 (1)need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句和條件句中。如:He neednt worry about us now. (2)need也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句中,其后可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞或帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)。如:You need to practise reading aloud every day. 8shall的基本用法 (1)shall用于第二、第三人稱時(shí),表示說(shuō)話人的意愿,可表
28、示命令、警告、強(qiáng)制、威脅或允諾等。如:He shall go first,whether he wants to or not. (2)在疑問(wèn)句中,shall用于第一、第三人稱,表示說(shuō)話人征詢對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示。如:Shall I open the door? (3)在比較正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,如法律條文中所規(guī)定的權(quán)利或義務(wù)往往用shall來(lái)表示。 典例示例 What does the sign over there read? No person _ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette,cigar or pipe in this area. 剖析:shall答語(yǔ)所
29、表達(dá)的是警告,故選shall。 9should的基本用法 (1)should可以表示建議或勸告,表示“應(yīng)該”之意。如:You should learn from each other. (2)should可以用在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)的假設(shè),譯作“萬(wàn)一,竟然”,這時(shí)也可將should置于從句之首,即將should放在主語(yǔ)前面,而省略if。如:If anyone should come(Should anyone come),say I am not at home.萬(wàn)一有人來(lái)訪,就說(shuō)我不在家。 (3)should還可以表示謙遜、客氣、委婉之意,譯為“可,倒”。如:I should say
30、 that it would be better to try it again.我倒是認(rèn)為最好再試一試。 10will的基本用法 (1)用于各種人稱,可以表示意志或決心。如:I have told him again and again to stop smoking,but he will not listen. (2)在疑問(wèn)句中,用于第二人稱,表示說(shuō)話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或詢問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿。如:Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium? (3)will可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,有“總是”或“總要”之意。如:Every
31、 morning he will have a walk along this river. 11would的基本用法 (1)would作為will的過(guò)去式時(shí),可用于各種人稱,表示過(guò)去的意志或決心。如:He promised he would never smoke again. (2)在疑問(wèn)句中,用于第二人稱,表示說(shuō)話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或詢問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿,語(yǔ)氣比will委婉。如:Would you like some more coffee? (3)在日常生活中,用“I would like to.”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意,以使語(yǔ)氣委婉。如:I would like to do Exer
32、cise 2 first. (4)would可以表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,比used to正式,但沒(méi)有“現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣”的含義。如:Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. (5)表猜測(cè)。如:It would be about ten when he left home./What would she be doing there?/I thought he would have told you about it. 12used to,had better,would
33、rather的基本用法 (1)used to表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在已不存在。 在間接引語(yǔ)中,其形式可以不變。如:He told us he used to play football when he was young.在疑問(wèn)句、否定句、否定疑問(wèn)句中,可有兩種形式。疑問(wèn)句:Did you use to/Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否定句:I usednt to/didnt use to go there.(usednt也可寫(xiě)作usent)否定疑問(wèn)句:Usent you to/Didnt you use to be
34、 interested in the theatre?在其反義疑問(wèn)句或簡(jiǎn)略回答中,也有兩種形式。如:She used to be very fat,didnt/use(d)nt she?/Used you to get up early in the morning?Yes,I did/used to. (2)had better意為“最好”,后接不帶to的不定式。如:We had better go now.Yes,we had(wed better/we had better)/Hadnt we better stop now?(Had we better not stop now?)/I
35、 think Id better be going.(用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表示“最好立即”)/You had better have done that.(用于完成時(shí)態(tài),表示未完成的動(dòng)作) had better對(duì)同輩或晚輩使用,對(duì)長(zhǎng)輩不可用。 (3)would rather意為“寧愿”,表選擇,后接不帶to的不定式。如:Id rather not say anything./Would you rather work on a farm?/Wouldnt you rather stay here?No,I would not.Id rather go there.would rather表選擇,其后
36、可接than。如:I would rather work on a farm than in a factory./I would rather watch TV than go to see a film./Id rather you didnt talk about this to any one. 二、方法技巧總結(jié) 方法一:語(yǔ)境分析法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞體現(xiàn)的是說(shuō)話人的一種語(yǔ)氣,所以在解答此類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí),一定不能單憑翻譯,一定要注意說(shuō)話者的語(yǔ)氣,結(jié)合具體的情境來(lái)進(jìn)行分析。并且要運(yùn)用已有的知識(shí),作出正確合理的判斷。如,表示請(qǐng)求許可時(shí),常分為三種情況:can/could/may/might多與I連用。wo
37、uld/will多與you連用。shall多與第一、三人稱連用。 典題示例 _ he come to see you? 剖析:Shall從形式上看,這是一個(gè)問(wèn)句,是對(duì)請(qǐng)求許可的考查,從人稱上看是第三人稱,所以用shall表提議。 (2010四川改編)_ I take the book out? Im afraid not. 剖析:May句意:“我可以將這本書(shū)帶出去嗎?”“恐怕不行”。從句意可以看出,這是對(duì)“請(qǐng)求許可”的考查,用may符合句意。 提示:若表示推測(cè)又可分為幾種情況:cant表示“不可能”;can用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí)表示“可能嗎?”;may/might用于肯定句,表示“可能”(語(yǔ)氣不強(qiáng)烈,而
38、且有語(yǔ)境提示);may/might not表示“可能不”,也有語(yǔ)境提示;must用于肯定句,表示“一定”,語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)烈;should用于肯定句,表示“排除特殊情況下按說(shuō)/理應(yīng)該”;can用于肯定句時(shí),表示“客觀上理論上的可能性”,即理論上看是可能的,但實(shí)際未必發(fā)生,也可表示“一時(shí)或暫時(shí)的情況”;mustnt不是表推測(cè)的用法,而是“禁止干某事”。 Its usually warm in my hometown in March,but it _ be rather cold sometimes. 剖析:can句意:三月份,我的家鄉(xiāng)通常比較溫暖,但有時(shí)也非常寒冷。本題考查can用在肯定句中表示“一時(shí)的
39、或暫時(shí)的情況”。 方法二:正確把握某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法。 在有些情況下,可能用好幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞都合理,但有些情況下,必須是唯一的。如:can not(never)動(dòng)詞tooadj./adv.,can not(never)動(dòng)詞(adj./adv.)enough(再也不為過(guò));cant help doing(禁不住干);cant help but do./can not but do(不得不做);may/might well(很可能);may/might as well(還是為好);How could it be.(怎么可能);Why/How should(人稱代詞he,she.)陳述句(表示說(shuō)話
40、人對(duì)某事感到意外);should表示“竟然”,must表示“硬要,一定要”。 典題示例 My mother is a great cook and we _ never get enough of her cookies. 剖析:can句意:我媽媽是個(gè)很棒的廚師,我們永遠(yuǎn)吃不夠她做的餅干。can not/never與enough連用,表示“再也不為過(guò)”。 Mr.Bush is on time for everything.How_ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? 剖析:could句意:布什先生干任何事情都很守時(shí),開(kāi)幕式他遲到了,
41、這怎么可能?How could it be.?“怎么可能?”為常用搭配。若第二句改為How _ he be late for the opening ceremony?就應(yīng)該選用should表示“竟然”。 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 一、考點(diǎn)知識(shí)歸納 考點(diǎn)一虛擬語(yǔ)氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的應(yīng)用虛擬條件句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)If主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞用were)主語(yǔ)should/would/ could/might動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)If主語(yǔ)had過(guò)去分詞主語(yǔ)should/would/ could/mighthave過(guò)去分詞虛擬條件句主句與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)If主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞用were)If主
42、語(yǔ)were to動(dòng)詞原形If主語(yǔ)should動(dòng)詞原形主語(yǔ)should/ would/could/might動(dòng)詞原形 If I had time, I would attend the meeting. 如果有時(shí)間,我就會(huì)參加會(huì)議。 If I were you, I should seize the opportunity to go abroad. 如果我是你,我就該抓住這次出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì)。 If I had taken your advice,I would not have failed in the exams. 如果我聽(tīng)了你的勸告,我就不會(huì)考試不及格了。 If you came tomor
43、row,we would have the meeting. 如果你明天來(lái),我們就開(kāi)會(huì)。 If it were to rain tomorrow,the sports meeting would be put off. 如果明天下雨,運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將會(huì)推遲。 If he should not come tomorrow,we should put off the meeting till next Monday. 如果他明天不來(lái),我們就將會(huì)議推遲到下周一。 使用虛擬條件句時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn): 1在條件句中的省略 如果虛擬條件句中含有were,should,had三個(gè)詞,可將if省略,把這三個(gè)詞前置到主語(yǔ)
44、之前,形成部分倒裝。如: If I were in your position,I would do the same. Were I in your position,I would do the same. 如果我處于你的位置,我也會(huì)這樣做。 If you had come earlier,you would have met her. Had you come earlier,you would have met her. 如果你早點(diǎn)來(lái),你就會(huì)見(jiàn)到她了。 If he should come tomorrow,I would give him the dictionary. Should
45、he come tomorrow,I would give him the dictionary. 如果他明天來(lái),我就把這本詞典給他。 2錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬句 當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),這種虛擬條件句稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬句。動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。如: If you had taken the doctors advice,you would be better now. 如果你聽(tīng)從了醫(yī)生的建議,你現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好多了。 If you had studied hard before,you would be a college student now.
46、 如果你以前努力學(xué)習(xí),你現(xiàn)在就是一名大學(xué)生了。 3含蓄條件句 有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件句表示出來(lái),而是暗含在上下文中,比如通過(guò)with,without,but for,otherwise,or等詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。如: What would you do with a million dollars?(if you had a million dollars)你會(huì)用一百萬(wàn)美元來(lái)干什么? We couldnt have finished the work in time without your help.(if we hadnt got your help) 沒(méi)有你的幫助我們不會(huì)及時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作。
47、 I was so busy then.Otherwise,I would have told him the answer.(If I had not been so busy then) 那時(shí)我是如此的忙。否則我會(huì)告訴他答案的。 He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or I would have known nothing about it.(If he had not telephoned to inform.) 他打電話告知我你的生日,否則我會(huì)對(duì)此一無(wú)所知。 考點(diǎn)二虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他從句中的應(yīng)用 1虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的用法 在“It i
48、s important (strange, natural, necessary,.)that.”句型中,that所引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用“should動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu),should可以省略,表示某事是“重要的”;“奇怪的”;“自然的”;“必要的”等。如:It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.重要的是每個(gè)成員都應(yīng)該知道這些規(guī)則。 2虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句中的用法 (1)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,表示與現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反,或?qū)?lái)的一種主觀愿望,從句通常省略連詞that。
49、表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬:從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞一般用were)。如:I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。(可惜不知道);表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬:從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用“had過(guò)去分詞”。如:I wish(wished) I hadnt spent so much money.我后悔不該花那么多錢(qián)。 3虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的用法 在suggestion,demand,order,proposal,request,advice等名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)動(dòng)詞原形”。如:
50、We all agree to his suggestion that we(should)go to Dalian for sightseeing. 我們都同意他的建議,我們應(yīng)該去大連觀光。 4虛擬語(yǔ)氣在狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法 (1)在even if/even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中,主句和從句都用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,動(dòng)詞形式與含有非真實(shí)條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣相同。如:Even if he had been ill,he would have gone to his office.即使生了病,他也要去辦公室。 (2)由as if/as though引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)形式為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去
51、式(be動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式一般用were)或“had過(guò)去分詞”。如:He treated me as if I were a stranger.他那樣對(duì)待我,好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.她談?wù)撃遣坑捌秃孟袼_實(shí)看過(guò)一樣。 提示:如果表示的事情可能會(huì)發(fā)生,那么方式狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 5虛擬語(yǔ)氣在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法 在“It is time (that).”句型中,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞形式一般用過(guò)去式或should do (should不省略),意思是“該
52、干某事了”。如:Its (high) time we did our homework.我們(早)該做作業(yè)了。 6虛擬語(yǔ)氣在簡(jiǎn)單句中的用法 (1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),表示說(shuō)話人的謙虛、 客氣、禮貌或委婉的語(yǔ)氣,常見(jiàn)于日常會(huì)話中。如:It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好別太晚睡覺(jué)。 (2)用在一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)中。如:I would rather not tell you.我寧愿不告訴你。 (3)用“may動(dòng)詞原形”可表示“祝愿,但愿”,此時(shí)may需置于句首(多用于正式文體中)。如:May you be happy!
53、祝你快樂(lè)! May good luck be yours!祝你順利! 二、方法技巧總結(jié) 方法一:體會(huì)時(shí)間概念,準(zhǔn)確應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣中條件句與主句的形式 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,有時(shí)主句與條件句表示的時(shí)間不一致,這時(shí)要分別對(duì)待,依據(jù)各自的時(shí)間,使用正確的形式。 典題示例 If you hadnt taken such a long time to get dressed, we _(be) there by now. 剖析:would be句意:如果不是你穿衣服花了那么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的話,我們現(xiàn)在就到那里了。從句用了與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,而主句是與現(xiàn)在情況相反,這時(shí)主句應(yīng)該用would。 方法二:把握特殊動(dòng)詞,使
54、用正確的表達(dá)方式 虛擬語(yǔ)氣常用在某些特殊動(dòng)詞后的名詞性從句中,常見(jiàn)的有insist, command, order, suggest, advise, propose, recommend, urge, require, request, demand。這些詞后的從句常用的虛擬語(yǔ)氣式是(should) do,同時(shí)也要注意這些動(dòng)詞的同根名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句中也要用(should do)表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。看到句式Its time.,以及would rather后跟從句都要注意用正確的形式。但也要注意insist表示“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”,suggest表示“表明,暗示”時(shí),其后的從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 典題示例 The order came that the medical supplies _(send) to Beijing for the H1N1 flu soon. 剖析:be sent當(dāng)表示愿望、請(qǐng)求、建議、命令等意義的動(dòng)詞后面接從句時(shí),從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,同時(shí)他們對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞后跟的同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句也要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。形式為should do, should可省略,句中that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句修飾order,所以用(should) be sent, should可省略。
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