名詞表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)、現(xiàn)象或抽象概念等的名稱。如：teacher, desk, England, love等 （1）可數(shù)名詞及其單復(fù)數(shù)（2）不可數(shù)名詞（3）專有名詞（4）名詞所有格 考點(diǎn)一 名詞的分類專有名詞第一個字母大寫，前面不加the人名如：Thomas, Uncle Bob國家、地名、河流、山川名如：China, Paris, Qifeng團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱如：Cambridge University時(shí)間名、節(jié)假日名稱如：June, Sunday, Christmas 第一個字母大寫，前面加the由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞如：the Great Wall考點(diǎn)一 名詞的分類普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個體名詞，表示某類人或事物中的個體如：pen, worker集體名詞，表示若干個體組成的集合體如：family, class, team不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞，表示無法分為個體的物質(zhì)或?qū)嵨锶纾簑ater, time, air抽象名詞，表示品質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、感情等抽象的概念如：happiness, honesty（誠實(shí)）注意：有些名詞既可做可數(shù)名詞，也可作不可數(shù)名詞。如：名詞用作可數(shù)用作不可數(shù)名詞用作可數(shù)用作不可數(shù)paper試卷，報(bào)紙紙light燈光glass玻璃杯玻璃room房間空間chicken小雞雞肉orange 橘子橘子汁( ) 1. _ is made of _. A. glass; glass B. A glass; glass C. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses( )2. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples( ) 3.I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges考點(diǎn)二 名詞的數(shù) 1.可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化（表示可以計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物稱為可數(shù)名詞）變化規(guī)則例 詞1 一般情況在詞尾加-spenpensdoctordoctors boyboys2在以-s, -sh, -ch, -x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加-esbusbuses dishdishes boxboxes 3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞將-f或-fe變?yōu)関再加-esknifeknives leafleaves wolfwolves 直接加-sroofroofs gulfgulfs變化規(guī)則例 詞4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，要將y變?yōu)閕再加-esfactoryfactories countrycountries familyfamilies storystories5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，只加-sboyboys daydaystoytoys 6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-es （中考常見4個）tomatotomatoes potatopotatoesheroheroes negronegroes （黑人）加-s （中考常見5個）photophotos radioradios pianopianoszoozoos kilokilos 在平常的學(xué)習(xí)中我們可以用一些耳熟能詳?shù)捻樋诹锴捎?jì)一些東西，讓雜亂的東西條理化，枯燥的東西趣味化。如： 1. 以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)，常見詞尾加-es的詞有四個：即tomato, potato, hero, negro我們可以這樣記： 黑人英雄愛吃西紅柿和馬鈴薯 2. 以f(e)結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)，需要把-f(e)改為v，再加-es常見的有9個，它們分別是：wife, knife , wolf,thief, shelf, self, life, half, leaf ?？梢赃@樣記：妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷嚇得發(fā)了慌；(wife，knife , wolf，thief )躲在架后保己命，半片樹葉遮目光。(shelf , self，life，half ，leaf )注意：由self構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞，其變化與self相同。如：myself ourselves 2.可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化表現(xiàn)形式例 詞1 單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同sheep, fish, deer等以及漢語中的計(jì)量單位如jin, yuan, li等2 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式glasses(眼鏡)，trousers, pants, shorts, clothes(衣服)3一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, staff4部分集體名詞即可作單數(shù)（整體），也可作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）class, family, team, group，couple表現(xiàn)形式例 詞5復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義times（時(shí)代）， papers（報(bào)紙）， looks（外表）, sands（沙灘），matters（禮貌）6改變名詞中的元音字母manmen ,womanwomen; footfeet , goosegeese , toothteeth ; mousemice 7 詞尾發(fā)生變化childchildren; oxoxen 8合成名詞主體名詞變復(fù)數(shù)girl friends, boy students, pencil-boxes 兩部分都變復(fù)數(shù)women teachers, men singers表現(xiàn)形式例 詞9表示國籍，即“某國人”單復(fù)數(shù)同形Chinese, Japanese, Swiss直接加-sGermans, Americans, Australians, Canadians, Indians-man, -woman結(jié)尾的，改為-men, -womenEnglishmanEnglishmen, FrenchmanFrenchmen 注意：有些名詞雖然以-s結(jié)尾卻表示單數(shù)，如：news, grass, physics, politics等5. Toms family _ big. Toms family _ film fans. (be)6. The team often _ (win) the matches. After winning, the team _ (have) a shower.( ) 7. He is _ . A. an EnglishB.a Englishman C.a EnglishD.English( ) 8. After P.E., I often feel very thirsty.Why not buy some _ to drink? A. bread B. noodles C. apple juice D. teasisarewinshave ( ) 9. There are fifty _ in our school. They are all friendly to us. A. woman teachers B. women teacher C. woman teacher D. women teachers( ) 10. Could you please get me some _? Im hungry. A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg ( ) 11. A/An_ can use his drawings to tell about beautiful mountains, the blue sea and many other things. A. actor B. scientist C. artist D. doctor考點(diǎn)三 名詞的量 1. 可數(shù)名詞的量 可數(shù)名詞的量可直接用“數(shù)字名詞的復(fù)數(shù)”表示，如：two eggs, ten books 2. 不可數(shù)名詞的量 常見的不可數(shù)名詞有：music, fun, news, information, advice, weather, homework, work, air, time, money, paper, traffic, practice, progress等。它們不能直接和表示數(shù)字的詞或a/an連用，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但可以借助量詞來表示數(shù)量，即“量詞名詞”，如： a piece of paper, a glass of water, two bowls of rice , five cups of tea 常用搭配：a piece of paper/news/bread/meat/ advice/information/ chalk 常見短語：a bottle of , a cup of coffee , a drop of water, a bag of rice,a block of ice, two pieces of, a pair of 3.可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的不確切量的表達(dá)方式 few, a few, many, several, a (large/small)number of + 可數(shù)名詞 little, a little, much, a large/small amount of, a great deal of+ 不可數(shù)名詞 some, any, plenty of , enough, a lot of/lots of+ 可數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞( ) 12. Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef, vegetables and _. A. some rice B. a few rice C. a little rices D. a rice( ) 13. In _ time, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. few year B. a few years C. few years D. a few years( ) 14. We bought _ for my mothers birthday. A. some meats B. some pieces meat C. a piece of meat D. pieces of meats( ) 15. Therere a lot of _ down there, but hardly any _. A. horse; people B. horses; peoples C. cow; people D. sheep; people考點(diǎn)四 名詞所有格（名詞的所有格是表示名詞之間的所有關(guān)系）1. s所有格(主要表示有生命的人或物的名詞)情況構(gòu)成方式運(yùn)用舉例單數(shù)名詞加smy dads dog，Williams pupils，Toms car以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加the teachers office，her parents bedroom不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加sChildrens Day，peoples life（人民的生活）表示兩人共同擁有只在最后一個名詞后加sMary and Peters desk（兩人共用的桌子）情況構(gòu)成方式運(yùn)用舉例表示兩人各自擁有在各個名詞后加sMarys and Lucys rooms（兩人各自的房間）表示某人家、店鋪等處所所有格后名詞可以省略my aunts(house), in the shoes (shop)注意：表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市的名詞，也可以用s 所有格。如：todays newspaper 今天的報(bào)紙 the worlds biggest problem 世界最大的問題an hours walk/ride走路/開車一小時(shí)的路程 eight days holiday = an eight-day holiday 八天的假期( ) 16. Is the schoolbag under the desk yours? No, its my _. He left it there just now. A. brother B. brothers C. brothers D. brothers( ) 17. This is_ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Jenny and Marias B. Jennys and Maria C. Jennys and Marias D. Jenny and Maria( ) 18.How far is your home from school? Its about two_ walk. A. hours B. hours C. hours D. hour ( ) 19. Where are you going, Lucy? _. A. To my uncle B. To my uncles C. At my uncle D. At my uncles2. of 所有格主要用于無生命的名詞，如： the gate of the school 學(xué)校大門 a window of the room 房間的窗子或者是名詞或名詞的定語較長，如： the death of Dr. Norman Bethune 諾爾曼白求恩大夫的死 the name of the boy sitting near the window 坐在窗邊那個男孩兒的名字3. 雙重所有格 雙重所有格的構(gòu)成形式：名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格，如： a teacher of mine/his/hers/yours/ours/theirs some friends of my fathers 我父親的幾個朋友 注意：有些名詞是用介詞to來表示所有格。如： the key to the door, the way to school, the answer to the question( ) 20. Mr Black is a teacher of _. She and her classmates like him very much. A. my sister B. my sisters C. my sisters D. my sisters( ) 21. I hear you have to get up early every morning. Right. Its one of the _ of my family. A. plans B. jobs C. programs D. rules( ) 22. Miss Black is a friend of _, she always looks after my sister. A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. Mary mothers 考點(diǎn)五 熟記下列慣用名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞組with ones own eyes 親眼 make friends with sb. 與某人交朋友shake hands with sb. 與某人握手 take notes 做筆記the sports meeting 運(yùn)動會do (morning/eye) exercises 做早操/眼操cut/break into pieces 切成/打成碎片 the Olympic Games=the Olympics 奧運(yùn)會 中考英語試題中，考查名詞所占的比例很大。考查的形式包括單項(xiàng)選擇、完形填空、閱讀理解、短文填空和書面表達(dá)。主要考查三個方面： 1、聯(lián)系上下文，考查同義詞、近義詞辨析； 2、可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞、抽象名詞、名詞詞組的意義和用法； 3、有關(guān)名詞的固定搭配和習(xí)慣用語等。 在復(fù)習(xí)中要特別注意上述題型的綜合訓(xùn)練，尤其是要注意： 1. 注意結(jié)合上下文的語境和句子結(jié)構(gòu)判斷詞義、詞性和單復(fù)數(shù)等； 2. 注意區(qū)分可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞，尤其是注意有的名詞既是可數(shù)名詞又是不可數(shù)名詞； 3. 注意掌握極少數(shù)的集合名詞和抽象名詞的用法； 4. 注意掌握一些名詞和名詞短語的固定搭配以及一詞多義的用法。