初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every, sometimes, at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái)　?注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth "到時(shí)間了" "該了" It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該了" It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺(jué)了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺(jué)了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示寧愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。 I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。 比較： 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含義：她已不在人間。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去) 注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。 1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. 2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would. Could you lend me your bike? 3. used to / be used to used to + do："過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。 Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (過(guò)去常常散步) be used to + doing： 對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。 He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步) 典型例題 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - Its 69568442. A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant 答案A. 本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看 出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。 4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 1) shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。 will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱。 Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2) be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。 a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3) be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 5. be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)， be going to 表將來(lái) will 表意愿 If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it a s soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 6. be to和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排) 7. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái) 1）下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 8、 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí). This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。 典型例題 (1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。 (2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。 （錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month. （對(duì)）I havent received his letter for almost a month. 9. 比較since和for Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。) 小竅門： 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。 1) (對(duì)) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 10. since的四種用法 1) since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn) (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +從句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種類型 1）主語(yǔ)句中有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如： He saw her in the shop yesterday. She was seen in the shop yesterday. 2) 主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) Li Lei gave me a chemistry book. I was given a chemistry book by Li Lei. A chemistry book was given to me by Li Lei. 3）主動(dòng)句中含賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加"to"。此類動(dòng)詞為 感官動(dòng)詞：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch The teacher made me go out of the classroom. -> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). We saw him play football on the playground. -> He was seen to play football on the playground. 若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是帶to的不定式，那么被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)仍保留to: Mother told me not to be late I was told not to be late by mother. 5）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 6）表示"據(jù)說(shuō)"或"相信" 的詞組 n believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō) It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It is believed that 大家相信 It is hoped that 大家希望 It is well known that 眾所周知 It is thought that 大家認(rèn)為 It is suggested that 據(jù)建議 It is taken granted that 被視為當(dāng)然 It has been decided that 大家決定 It must be remember that務(wù)必記住的是 It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 11. 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果) Ive known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷) 2) 用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做直到" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到，才" He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。 典型例題 1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn) 12. 不定式作賓語(yǔ) 1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式 afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake 舉例： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。 2）動(dòng)詞+不定式 ； 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。 3） 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。 注意:疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 The question is how to put it into practice. 問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。 13. 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句： a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?b. We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例題: The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。 2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。 典型例題 Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。 3) to be +形容詞 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認(rèn)為這本書沒(méi)什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didnt expect there to be so many people there.我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。 注意 ： 有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。 Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。 14. 不定式作主語(yǔ) 1） Its easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough Its so nice to hear your voice. 聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。 Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。 2) Its very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。 注意：1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is to的句型 (對(duì))To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見(jiàn)。 (錯(cuò))It is to believe to see. 4. Its for sb.和 Its of sb. 1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： Its very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門外語(yǔ)是很難的。 2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。 for 與of 的辨別方法： 用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如： You are nice. (通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。 He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。) 3) 祁使句（Imperative Sentence） 祈使句往往是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的請(qǐng)求、命令、要求、建議，等等。祈使句的主語(yǔ)常被省略，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)主語(yǔ)很明確地是聽(tīng)話人"you"。當(dāng)然，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或表示某種感情，句子也會(huì)帶上主語(yǔ)。 祈使句的謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞原形；它的否定形式是句首用Don't + 動(dòng)詞原形，或是Not to + 動(dòng)詞原形。例如： Be quiet , please ! （大家）請(qǐng)安靜。 Stand up ! 起立！ Don't smoke in the office . 請(qǐng)不要在辦公室吸煙。 Don't be standing in the rain . 別站在雨里。 Not to be careless when you're driving a car . 開(kāi)車時(shí)不要粗心大意。 4) 感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentence） 感嘆句表示說(shuō)話人的喜悅、氣憤、驚訝等強(qiáng)烈的情緒。這類句子中，有很多是由What或How引起的。What 用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞，How則強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。這類句子的構(gòu)成只需將所強(qiáng)調(diào)或是說(shuō)，所感嘆的對(duì)象放到句首；句子無(wú)需倒裝，句子要用正常語(yǔ)序。 當(dāng)然，如果不用這種句型，而句子（無(wú)論是那種句子）本身又表示了上述的種種情緒，那么該句也就成了感嘆句。例如： What a fine day it is today ! 今天天氣多好??！ How fine it is today ! 今天天氣多好??！ What a lovely son you have !你有個(gè)多可愛(ài)的兒子啊！ How lovely your son is ! 你的兒子多可愛(ài)