1第21講 主旨大意題 2 (2011湖南卷B篇)My father was Chief Engineer of a merchant ship, which was sunk in World War . The book Night of the Uboats told the story. Memories In September, 1940, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my fathers ship was getting ready to sail. We brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe. Then I remember my mother lying face down, sobbing. She had heard from a friend that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo(魚雷)3 I can remember the arrival of the telegram(電報), which in those days always brought bad news. My grandmother opened it. It read, “Safe. Love Ted.” My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my fathers knee, his arm in a bandage. He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s. Ten years later I read Night of the Uboats and was able to complete the story. 4 Torpedo One torpedo struck the ship. Father was in the engine room, where the third engineer was killed. He shut down the engines to slow the ship making it easier for it to be abandoned. By the time he got on deck(甲板) he was alone. Every lifeboat was gone except one which had stuck fast. When he tried to cut it free, it swung against the ship, injuring his hand and arm.He had no choice but to jump still with the photograph in his pocket. Three days later，he and other survivors were safe in Glasgow.All 23 with him signed the back of the photograph.5 Torpedo One torpedo struck the ship. Father was in the engine room, where the third engineer was killed. He shut down the engines to slow the ship making it easier for it to be abandoned. By the time he got on deck(甲板) he was alone. Every lifeboat was gone except one which had stuck fast. When he tried to cut it free, it swung against the ship, injuring his hand and arm.He had no choice but to jump still with the photograph in his pocket. Three days later，he and other survivors were safe in Glasgow.All 23 with him signed the back of the photograph.6 A Toast In my room is the book and the photograph. Often, glass in hand, I have wondered how I would have dealt with an explosion, a sinking ship, a jump into a vast ocean and a wait for rescue? Lest(以免)we forget, I have some more whisky and toast the heroes of the war. 65. What is the passage mainly about? A. A group of forgotten heroes. B. A book describing a terrifying battle. C. A ship engineers wartime experience. D. A merchants memories of a sea rescue. 7 介紹我的父親在二戰(zhàn)期間經(jīng)歷的一次沉船事件。 65. C主旨大意題。其他選項錯誤原因：A、B兩項在文中都沒有涉及；D項merchants memories應(yīng)該是作者(merchants child)的memories。8 主旨題是閱讀理解中最常見的題型之一，測試閱讀理解的基本能力。這種題型考查學(xué)生在語言水平上對文章的把握：能否分辨主題和細(xì)節(jié)、是否具備提綱挈領(lǐng)的能力。9 一、 主旨大意題的出題方式雖說比較固定，但也有大致如下3種情形： 1. 標(biāo)題與大意題 Whats the best title for this passage? What is the passage mainly about? What does the passage mainly tell us? What is the main idea of the passage?10 2. 寫作目的 寫作目的與文章主題不同，但與它關(guān)系密切，所以也可以算作主旨題的一種變體。二者的異同可以從下面的對比中看出：文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意，而寫作目的則闡述文章為何表達(dá)這個中心思想，等于文章大意論述方法(或作者口吻)。文章大意可以根據(jù)前面所述的方法找到。至于論述方法，可以根據(jù)高考閱讀理解的主體文章確定。11advice(建議，勸告)argue for(論證)，argue against(駁斥)(這兩種答案僅適用于議論文體裁)illustrate(說明)present(闡述)propose(提出)warn(警告) 既然全文的寫作目的與文章的主旨密切相關(guān)，那么段落的寫作目的也與段落的大意密切相關(guān)，只有反映了段落大意的答案才是段落的寫作目的。 3. 作者態(tài)度 解答作者態(tài)度(attitude)或語氣(tone)題，關(guān)鍵在于把握作者對全文主體事物(與主題有關(guān))或某一具體事物的態(tài)度。表達(dá)作者態(tài)度褒義、中性和貶義的手段主要有：1)加入形容詞定語；2)加入副詞狀語；3)特殊動詞。英語中有些動詞也表明說話者的正負(fù)態(tài)度，如：fail(未能)，ignore(忽視)，overestimate (估計過高)等動詞表示一種負(fù)態(tài)度。 由上可知，確定作者態(tài)度，可以有兩種思路：問全文主體事物的(包括主題)，可以根據(jù)闡述主題或有關(guān)主體事物的相關(guān)句中的形容詞、副詞或動詞確定作者的態(tài)度；如果問的是對某一具體事物的態(tài)度，則可以定位到具體相關(guān)句，然后確定答案。 二、解題方法： 1. 把握文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，抓主題句，概括段落大意，根據(jù)論述詳略確定。 主題句表達(dá)中心思想，其他句子均圍繞它進行說明或議論。它在文章中的位置通常為第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等地方。所以閱讀時對這些地方要特別關(guān)注。 高考閱讀理解文章的主要邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)有： 1)時間順序。按時間先后說明某一理論的發(fā)展，或某一研究成果由過去至現(xiàn)在的情況。屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題通常在首段或末段。 2)總分順序。首段做總的說明，其他段落分別說明或具體論述首段的觀點。屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章主題在首段。 3)分總順序。前面幾段分別說明，末段總結(jié)。主題在末段。 4)對比。進行對比的各事物之間的基本共同點或差異為主題。 5)分類。分類說明的各大項相加為主題。 2. 文章標(biāo)題的選擇或擬定 標(biāo)題用來幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章討論的中心，把握作者的觀點和意圖，點明文章主題。標(biāo)題可以是單詞，短語，也可以是句子。它的特點是：短小精悍，涵蓋性強，簡潔新穎。 要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方式。一般來說，標(biāo)題的擬定方式是：以話題為核心，將控制性概念的詞按一定的語法濃縮為概括主題句句意或中心思想的詞組。要選好標(biāo)題，還要注意三個原則，一是概括性原則，要求標(biāo)題應(yīng)在最大程度上覆蓋全文，囊括文章的主要內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章的主題要旨。 二是針對性原則，針對性原則是對標(biāo)題外延的一種界定。概括性原則要求文章標(biāo)題包括文章的主要內(nèi)容。但如果標(biāo)題過大，就違背了針對性原則。針對性原則要求標(biāo)題不能太過于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主要特點。即標(biāo)題的外延既不能太大也不能太小。要量體裁衣，大小適度。三是醒目性原則。標(biāo)題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。相應(yīng)的要避免下列三種錯誤： 概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，以點代面，以偏概全，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小)；過度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴大范圍)；以事實、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。