第第 9 講講 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語氣情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語氣 1. Hows your new babysitter? We _ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much. (2011浙江卷) A. should B. might C. mustnt D. couldnt 【答案及解析答案及解析】1. D考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。句意為“你的新保姆怎么樣？”“找不到更好的了。我們的孩子們都很喜歡她?！眘hould應(yīng)該；might可能，可以；mustnt禁止；couldnt不可能。 2. Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _.(2010浙江卷) A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved 【答案及解析答案及解析】2. A考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)句子的倒裝特征判斷此處是省略了if的虛擬語氣，原形是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _. 句意為：如果我早知道這個(gè)電腦程序，就可以節(jié)省大量的時(shí)間和精力了。 3. “You _ have a wrong number，” she said. “Theres no one of that name here.”(2010浙江卷) A. need B. can C. must D. would【答案及解析答案及解析】3. C考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如果表示非?？隙ǖ耐茰y(cè)要用must。句意為：“你肯定打錯(cuò)電話了，”她說，“我們這里沒有一個(gè)叫那個(gè)名字的人。” 4. The doctor recommended that you _ swim after eating a large meal.(2009浙江卷) A. wouldnt B. couldnt C. neednt D. shouldnt【答案及解析答案及解析】4. D考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)句子中的recommended(推薦)可知，從句應(yīng)用“should 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示虛擬，且此句為否定句。1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能獨(dú)立作謂語，其后接動(dòng)詞原形。2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般沒有時(shí)態(tài)的變化。4. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞原形表描述現(xiàn)在或?qū)戆l(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(modal verb be / do, modal verb be doing)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式表描述過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(modal verb have done)。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1. can, could(1)表能力(be able to)。(2)表許可may。(3)表客氣的請(qǐng)求，could比can更委婉。(4)表推測(cè)，僅用于否定句和問句。(5)(表示可能、許可)能夠；可以?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(6)cant / couldnt v. too adj. / adv. 再怎么也不過分cant / couldnt butv. 只好，不得不cant help doing禁不住做cant help but do不能幫助做2. may, might(1)表允許，許可can。You may go home now, Susan. 蘇珊，你現(xiàn)在可以回家了。常考情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(2)表可能性，may比might可能性更大。(3)may / might as well v. 還是好You may as well wait till Tuesday and go on a fast train.你還是等到星期二乘快車走為好。(4)表祝愿，祈求。May you succeed！祝你成功！(5)(用于讓步狀語從句中)即使；無論。Whatever he may say，I dont believe him. 無論他說什么，我都不相信他的話。?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞3. must(1)(表示義務(wù)、必要性、命令)必須，得，要。You must do as you are told. 你必須按照吩咐去做。(2)表強(qiáng)烈的勸告。(3)表把握性很大的推測(cè)。(4)must not表禁止，不允許。Cars mustnt be parked here. 此處禁止停車。?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(5)must的一般疑問句的否定回答用neednt或dont have to。(6)(表固執(zhí)，不滿等)偏偏，硬要，偏要表示與說話人愿望相反及不耐煩。Our threeyearold boy must do the opposite to what we ordered. 我們3歲的兒子很固執(zhí)，要他向東，他偏向西。(7)(表必然性)必定。Everyone must die. 每個(gè)人都必定會(huì)死。?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞4. shall(1)用于第一、三人稱表征求意見，請(qǐng)求指示。Shall she go to the concert with us this evening?今晚請(qǐng)她和我們一起去看演唱會(huì)嗎？(2)用于第二、三人稱， 表示說話人的命令、強(qiáng)制、允諾、威脅或決心等， 多見于法律條文等文件中。Dont worry。You shall get the answer this very afternoon. (允諾)He shall be sorry one day. I tell you. 我告訴你，他早晚有一天會(huì)后悔的。(警告)常考情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞5. should(1)(表驚訝、遺憾)竟然；居然。Its a pity that he should resign. 可惜他竟然辭職了。(2)(用于條件狀語從句中)一旦；萬一。Should you change your mind, let us know. (If you should change your mind，)你一旦改變主意，就通知我們。?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(3)(用于表示命令、建議、請(qǐng)求的動(dòng)詞后面的that從句中，且should可省略)應(yīng)該；必須。I suggested that he (should) change his mind. 我建議他改變主意。6. will /would(1)表請(qǐng)求，would用疑問句多與you連用比will更委婉，客氣。(2)表習(xí)慣性或反復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，will指現(xiàn)在，would指過去的習(xí)慣used to。(3)表意愿或固執(zhí)堅(jiān)持，事情作主語表固有的性質(zhì)。?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)：對(duì)肯定情況的推測(cè)： must be /do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?must be doing(說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行)must have pp. (已發(fā)生的或狀態(tài))對(duì)否定情況的推測(cè)：can /could not be /do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?cant /couldnt be doing(正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)can /could not have pp. (過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))把握性很大情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may be/do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?may be doing(說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生動(dòng)作)may have pp. (已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))may not be/do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?may not be doing(說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生動(dòng)作)may not have pp. (過去已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))把握性其次might be/do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?might be doing(說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生動(dòng)作)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞might have pp. (過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))might not be/do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?might not be doing(說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生動(dòng)作)might not have pp. (過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))把握性不大情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式：(1) could have done 本來能夠做而實(shí)際上未做(2) might have done 本來可以做而實(shí)際上未做(3) should / ought to have done 本來應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上未做(4) ought not to have done /shouldnt have done 本來不應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上做了 (5) neednt have done 本來不必要做而實(shí)際上做了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞if 虛擬條件句的形式 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣if 虛擬條件句的形式 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣注意：有時(shí)條件從句中的動(dòng)作和主句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致(表示錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的虛擬語氣)，這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。如： If you had_listened_to the doctor, you would_be_all right now. 如果你當(dāng)初聽了醫(yī)生的話，身體現(xiàn)在就好了。(從句動(dòng)作指過去，主句動(dòng)作指現(xiàn)在) 1. 省略連詞if，將were, had或should提至主語前。如： Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做這事。2. 用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。如： Without_air,_there would be no living things. 如果沒有空氣的話，就不會(huì)有生物了。But_for_your_help，I couldnt have done it. 要是沒有你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事。if 虛擬條件句的轉(zhuǎn)化 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣3. 假設(shè)的情況有時(shí)可以通過上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來。如：I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. 我那天很忙，否則，我就和他們一起去那兒了。(如果我那天不忙的話，我就)I would_have_finished the work, but I have been ill. 我本來該完成這項(xiàng)工作的，但我生病了。(如果我沒生病的話，我就會(huì)完成)if 虛擬條件句的轉(zhuǎn)化虛擬語氣虛擬語氣4. 省去條件從句成主句。如：You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自己洗衣服的。If my grandmother were with me!如果我的祖母與我在一起多好?。f 虛擬條件句的轉(zhuǎn)化虛擬語氣虛擬語氣 1. can可以作“有時(shí)候會(huì)”解，意思是平時(shí)或大部分時(shí)間不是這樣子，只是偶爾發(fā)生的事情。如： The climates of East China can_be pretty cold in winter. 華東地區(qū)冬天的氣候有時(shí)會(huì)相當(dāng)冷。 2. 在“It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that”這類句型里，that所引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常用 “should動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事是“重要”、“奇怪”、“自然”、“必要”等意義。如： It is important that every member (should)_inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每個(gè)成員知道這些規(guī)則。 3. 在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中： (1)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：從句動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式(be動(dòng)詞一般用were)。如： I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道這個(gè)問題的答案。(可惜不知道) (2)表示對(duì)過去情況的虛擬：從句動(dòng)詞常用“had過去分詞”。如： I wish (wished) I hadnt_spent so much money. 我后悔不該花那么多錢。 (3)表示對(duì)將來的主觀愿望：謂語動(dòng)詞形式為“would動(dòng)詞原形”。如： I wish it would_stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。 4. 在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should 動(dòng)詞原形”，表示建議、要求、命令等。如： I demand that he (should)_answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答復(fù)我。 5. 在“It is time (that)”句型中，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語氣表示將來，動(dòng)詞形式一般用過去式，意思是“是該干某事的時(shí)候了”。如： Its (high) time we did our homework. 是我們?cè)撟鲎鳂I(yè)的時(shí)候了。 6. if only 要是就好了。相當(dāng)于I wish(與wish 后的虛擬語氣類似)，如： If only you hadnt_told him the news.