M5Unit 3 Science and nature（2）1、on the one hand, on the other hand 一方面一方面，另一方面另一方面。常用來(lái)陳述相反的兩種意見或情況。常用來(lái)陳述相反的兩種意見或情況。On the one hand, some people believe in the existence of the monster. On the other hand, there is still no proof. 一方面，一些人相信有怪物存在，另一方面，又沒有證據(jù)。英語(yǔ)中用來(lái)表示意見不同或相對(duì)時(shí)，常用：however, on the contrary(恰好相反), while, whereas等。D這里是兩種相對(duì)立的情況。A項(xiàng)用于for one thing, for another (thing) “其一，其二”，表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系；B項(xiàng)的意思是“換句話說(shuō)”；而C項(xiàng)不與but連用。I would like a job which pays more, but _ I enjoy the work Im doing at the moment. A. for another thing B. in other words C. however D. on the other handOn the one hand, I would like to go to the cinema with him, but on the other hand, I have to stay at home to look after my sister.一方面我想和他一起去看電影，而另一方面我又不得不待在家里照看妹妹。_2、 Not everything that is best for nature is good for people.并非所有對(duì)自然有益的東西都對(duì)人類有益。not every / everynot也是部分否定句型，表示“并非每個(gè)都”。Not every film directed by Zhang Yimou is interesting.Every film directed by Zhang Yimou is not interesting. 并非張藝謀導(dǎo)演的每一部電影都有趣。此外，not all / allnot 并非所有的都，構(gòu)成部分否定句式。Not all the students will go to the movies tonight./All the students will not go to the movies tonight. 并非所有的學(xué)生今晚都去看電影。同時(shí)，not both / bothnot也是部分否定句型，表示“并非兩者都”。Not both of your answers are right. / Both of your answers are not right. 并非你的兩個(gè)答案都正確。如果要表示全部否定，則常用以下句型：none of， no one / nobody / nothing，或neitherNot all the girls like beautiful clothes.We havent enough books for everybody; some of them will have to share.并非每個(gè)女孩都愛漂亮的衣服。_我們沒有足夠的書給每一個(gè)人，有些人將共用。_1C句意：“當(dāng)被問及他們對(duì)校長(zhǎng)的意見時(shí)，許多老師都希望看到他讓位給年輕人?！眎n terms of 談及； in need of 需要； in favor of 支持； in praise of 歌頌。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)該選擇C。1When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men.(2011湖北) A. in terms of B. in need of C. in favor of D. in praise of2D句意：錯(cuò)誤在所難免，找出錯(cuò)誤的原因，那么所犯的錯(cuò)誤就有價(jià)值。所以選worthwhile。2Mistakes dont just happen; they occur for a reason. Find out the reason, and then making the mistake becomes _.(2010湖北) A. favourable B. precious C. essential D. worthwhileved形式形式過(guò)去分詞兼有動(dòng)詞、副詞和形容詞的特征，可以帶賓語(yǔ)或受狀語(yǔ)修飾。過(guò)去分詞和賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)。及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一般表示完成和被動(dòng)含義，不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞只表示完成的含義。1v.ed形式的句法功能：(1)作定語(yǔ)Our company needs more qualified staff.我們公司需要更多合格的員工。(2)作表語(yǔ)The child looked very excited.這個(gè)孩子看起來(lái)很激動(dòng)。(3)在表示希望或要求等動(dòng)詞之后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。這些動(dòng)詞有want, like, wish, prefer, need, declare, report, order, acknowledge等。I dont want the children taken out in such weather.我不希望在這種天氣把孩子們帶出去。(4)當(dāng)過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，分詞就變成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。The tape recorder was found stolen.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)磁帶錄音機(jī)被偷了。2v.ed形式的兩種用法比較：過(guò)去分詞用作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，相當(dāng)于形容詞，表示狀態(tài)；過(guò)去分詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作。The road is completed.道路已竣工。My grandfather was buried here last year.我的祖父去年葬在此地。高考湖南卷的單選題中v.ed形式必考，每年一題，總計(jì)1分。1v.ing形式與v.ed形式的用法比較：(1)在語(yǔ)態(tài)上v.ing形式表示主動(dòng)的意思(表示它所修飾的人或物的行為)；v.ed形式則表示被動(dòng)的意思(表示它修飾的人或物是動(dòng)作的承受者)。This country is a developing country.這個(gè)國(guó)家是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。That country is a developed country.那個(gè)國(guó)家是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。(2)在時(shí)間上v.ing形式一般表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；v.ed形式則往往表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。This is Mr. Smith speaking.我是史密斯先生。This machine part is broken.這個(gè)機(jī)器零件壞了。(3)v.ed形式可以作定語(yǔ)，表示被動(dòng)，表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作；v.ing形式的被動(dòng)式也可以作定語(yǔ)，表示被動(dòng)，但表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。The bridge being built will be important in this areas traffic.正在建造的這座橋在該地區(qū)的交通中將起到重要作用。The bridge built last year has played an important part in this areas traffic.去年建造的這座橋在該地區(qū)的交通中起了重要作用。(4)v.ed形式可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，表示被動(dòng)，有時(shí)表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)并不表示已經(jīng)完成；v.ing形式的被動(dòng)式也可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，表示被動(dòng)，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。Ill have my bike repaired after school.放學(xué)后我要去修自行車。The students found their school being decorated.學(xué)生們發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)校正在裝修。(5)過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)通常表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)或感受，而ing分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征。英語(yǔ)中這樣的分詞還有很多：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。Hearing the news, we felt very surprised.聽到那個(gè)消息，我們感到很驚訝。The news is very surprising.這個(gè)消息很令人驚訝。 2過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般必須和句子的主語(yǔ)相一致。如果過(guò)去分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子主語(yǔ)不一致，必須使用過(guò)去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩被問到為何來(lái)這里時(shí)，他沉默不語(yǔ)。 Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在農(nóng)村出生并長(zhǎng)大，他對(duì)生物很感興趣。 3動(dòng)詞have后所接的3種賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)： (1)have somebody/something do sth. 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)必須省去to, 不定式動(dòng)作由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出，表示一次性的動(dòng)作。I had the workers do the job for me.我讓工人們替我完成了工作。 (2)have somebody /something doing somethinging分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，分詞動(dòng)作也由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)或正在進(jìn)行。They had the tractor working all the time.他們讓拖拉機(jī)一直工作著。 (3)have somebody/something done 過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，通常有兩種情況： 主語(yǔ)讓別人做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)的意志。He had his hair cut yesterday.他昨天理發(fā)了。 主語(yǔ)遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境，說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的一種無(wú)意識(shí)的被動(dòng)行為。He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。 He had one eye lost in the war.在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，他失去了一只眼睛。4分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)： 分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，否則，就必須在分詞前另加上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)(名詞或主格代詞)的這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)叫獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 (1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)常放在句首。表示時(shí)間、條件、原因時(shí)，其作用分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間、條件、原因狀語(yǔ)從句。表示伴隨方式時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句。 Supper finished (After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. 吃完晚飯，我們開始討論野餐的事。 All the tickets having been sold out (As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next weeks show. 所有的票都賣出去了，我們只好等著看下周的演出。 (2)表示獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being常省略。 The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street. 足球賽一結(jié)束，人群便涌到大街上。 Nobody (being) in, I didnt enter the hall.里面沒有人，我沒進(jìn)大廳。 (3)表示伴隨方式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)可用“with賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替換。 He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 他雙手放在頭下，躺在那里思考著。 The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides(with flowers and grass growing on both sides). 這條河看上去更加漂亮，因?yàn)閮砂堕L(zhǎng)滿了鮮花和綠草。 5with賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)中常見的結(jié)構(gòu)，其賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以是現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等，在句中可作定語(yǔ)，也可作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因、方式等。 The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide.孩子們眼睛睜得大大地看著我們。 I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up.沒人叫我，我會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)火車的。 With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest. 考試結(jié)束了，我們有一段長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間可以休息。 6垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。有些慣用的分詞短語(yǔ)在句里可以沒有邏輯上的主語(yǔ)而獨(dú)立存在，它們往往作為句子的獨(dú)立成分來(lái)修飾全句。如： generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided等。 Talking of the computer, I like it very much.談到電腦，我非常喜歡。 Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning. 考試到時(shí)間，我們已經(jīng)決定明早一早出發(fā)。1. He is a man of few words, and seldom speaks until _ to. A. spoken B. speaking C. speak D. be spoken A此題容易誤選B，認(rèn)為until 是介詞，后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)用動(dòng)名詞形式。其實(shí)，此題應(yīng)選A，until spoken to 為 until he is spoken to 之省略。句意“他是個(gè)沉默寡言的人，別人不同他說(shuō)話，他很少同別人說(shuō)話”。按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，一些表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式、 讓步等的狀語(yǔ)從句，若其主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致，且從句謂語(yǔ)包含動(dòng)詞be, 那么可將從句的主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞be省略。2. _ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. A. Found B. Founded C. Founding D. Being foundedB此題應(yīng)選B，但容易誤選A。比較：find 意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，其過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞均為 found；found意為“建立”，其過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞均為 founded。3. I found I could easily make myself _ by using sign language. A. understood B. understand C. to understand D. being understoodA但容易誤選B，即硬套“make 名詞或代詞 動(dòng)詞原形”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。但是對(duì)于該結(jié)構(gòu)同學(xué)們忽略了一點(diǎn)，就是該結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞應(yīng)與其后的動(dòng)詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，而對(duì)于此題，myself 與其后的動(dòng)詞 understand 顯然不是主謂關(guān)系，而是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，或者說(shuō)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故此時(shí)的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)。