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1、第二講第二講 代詞代詞在英語(yǔ)中，代詞使用頻率高，種類多樣，用法各異，因此，對(duì)代詞的考查是歷年高考語(yǔ)法和詞匯知識(shí)中的重要一環(huán)。高考對(duì)代詞的考查主要集中在不定代詞和替代詞上，考查它們意義和功能的差別以及它們之間語(yǔ)法特征的差異。一、代詞的分類1人稱代詞主格I，you，he，she，it，we，you，they賓格me，you，him，her，it，us，you，them2物主代詞形容詞性my，your，his，her，its，our，your，their名詞性mine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，yours，theirs3指示代詞this，that，these，those，suc

2、h，some4反身代詞myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself, ourselves，yourselves，themselves5相互代詞each other，one another6疑問(wèn)代詞who，whom，whose，which，what，whoever，whichever，whatever7關(guān)系代詞that，which，who，whom，whose，as8不定代詞one/some/any，each/every，none/no，many/much，few/little/a few/a little，other/another，all/both，neith

3、er/either二、人稱代詞 數(shù)和格人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格賓格主格賓格第一人稱Imeweus第二人稱youyouyouyou第三人稱he，she，ithim，her，ittheythem1.人稱代詞有性、數(shù)、格和人稱的變化。兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列使用時(shí)的排列順序通常是：?jiǎn)螖?shù)，按照231的順序即you，he and I。復(fù)數(shù)，按照123的順序即we，you and they。如果犯了錯(cuò)誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)說(shuō)話者通常把第一人稱放在前面。Who broke the window？誰(shuí)打破了窗戶？I and Henry.我和享利。2人稱代詞在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。主格形式在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分，賓格形式在

4、句中作賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等，口語(yǔ)中也常用賓格形式作表語(yǔ)。如：She is a nice girl.她是一個(gè)好姑娘。We all like him.我們都喜歡他。Who is it？誰(shuí)呀？It is me.是我。3在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中人稱代詞的使用應(yīng)該根據(jù)人稱代詞具體作什么成分而定。It was I that first arrived at the airport.是我第一個(gè)到達(dá)飛機(jī)場(chǎng)的。(I作主語(yǔ))It was him that we met at the school gate.我們?cè)趯W(xué)校門(mén)口遇到的是他。(him作賓語(yǔ))4當(dāng)說(shuō)話者不清楚或沒(méi)必要知道說(shuō)話對(duì)象的性別時(shí)，可以用it來(lái)表示。Its a lovel

5、y baby.Is it a boy or a girl？這孩子真可愛(ài)。是男孩還是女孩？三、物主代詞 詞義類型我的你的他(她，它)的我們的你們的他們的形容詞性myyourhis，her，itsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshis，hers，itsoursyourstheirs英語(yǔ)中的物主代詞根據(jù)句法功能分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。前者只能在句中作定語(yǔ)，后者可以在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。如：The room isnt ours.Its theirs.這房間不是我們的，是他們的。Her brother said that she would go abroad.她弟弟說(shuō)

6、她要出國(guó)。My car is under repair.May I use yours？我的車在修理中，我可以用你的嗎？四、代詞it，one，that的用法代詞用法典句示例it特指上文提到的同一個(gè)事物；復(fù)數(shù)形式為they/themThere is only one watch of the type in the shop，so I want to buy it for her.one指代可數(shù)名詞，泛指人或物，代替上文已出現(xiàn)的同類，但非同一個(gè)名詞，單數(shù)用one，復(fù)數(shù)用ones。the one表示特指，其復(fù)數(shù)為the ones，有時(shí)可用those來(lái)代替I havent a computer.I

7、want to buy one next year.The book on the desk is much better than that/the one on the shelf.代詞用法典句示例that代替前面提到的同類但非同一個(gè)的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，不能和冠詞連用，其后總有修飾語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于“the單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”，復(fù)數(shù)用those。that還可替代剛提到過(guò)或已完成的事情(this指代即將發(fā)生或?qū)⒁岬降氖虑?The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.五、重要不定代詞的用法1none，

8、no one，neither，nothing的用法代詞用法典句示例none沒(méi)人，沒(méi)任何東西，既可指人又可指物。后可接of短語(yǔ)，常用來(lái)回答how many/much引導(dǎo)的問(wèn)句。指三者或三者以上，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)皆可，在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)How many of you have seen the film？None.代詞用法典句示例no one沒(méi)有人，只指人，不能與of連用，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)后跟單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，可用來(lái)回答who引導(dǎo)的問(wèn)句Who can answer the question？No one.neither兩個(gè)人或物中一個(gè)也不，兩者都不，表示否定意義，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Neither answe

9、r is right.nothing什么也沒(méi)有，沒(méi)有東西，表示泛指概念，常用來(lái)回答what提問(wèn)的句子。Nothing can stop us marching forward.2.another，other，the other，others，the others的用法another任何一個(gè)，另一個(gè)指三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè)，用作代詞或形容詞。如：I dont like this coat. Show me another，please.other另外的只作定語(yǔ)，常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用；但如果前面有the，this，that，some，any，each，every，no，one及my，your，hi

10、s等時(shí)，則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。如：any other plant，every other day。the other兩者中的另一個(gè)常與one連用，構(gòu)成：one.the other.(一個(gè)另一個(gè))；作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，表示“其余全部的”。others泛指別的人或物是other的復(fù)數(shù)形式，泛指別的人或物(但不是全部)，不能作定語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成some.others.。the others特指某范圍中其余的人或物是the other的復(fù)數(shù)形式，特指其余的人或物。3.all，both，either，each，every的用法單詞詞性數(shù)量意義和用法典句示例allpron.指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物(1)作主語(yǔ)，指

11、“所有的人”時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，指“所有的事”時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)為單數(shù)(2)可以和of短語(yǔ)連用They all agreed to the plan.bothpron.指兩個(gè)人或物可以和of短語(yǔ)連用You are both too young.eitherpron.兩者中任何一個(gè)還可用作副詞，表示“也”，用在否定句結(jié)尾Im afraid that either of them will not agree to this arrangement.單詞詞性數(shù)量意義和用法典句示例eachpron.& adj.兩者以上的每一個(gè)(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體(2)可以與of短語(yǔ)連用Each of us has our own li

12、kes and dislikes.everyadj.三者或三者以上中的每一個(gè)(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)整體(2)不能與of短語(yǔ)連用We want every child to succeed.特別提醒：1.all，both，each，every以及由every構(gòu)成的不定代詞，與not連用都是部分否定。若要表示全部否定需要借助none，neither，nothing，no one，nobody和no等不定代詞。2.every還可表示“每(隔)”。every few days每隔幾天every two days(every other day/every second day)每?jī)商?.some，any，many

13、，much，few，a few，little，a little的用法代詞詞義用法典句示例some一些修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，多用于肯定句If you have money，please lend me some.某一個(gè)修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞Some girl is waiting for you at the school gate.大約放在數(shù)詞前The car factory has produced some two million cars up to now.代詞詞義用法典句示例any一些修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞；多用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句和條件句中Is there any milk left？任何一個(gè)

14、修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，可用于肯定句You may choose any book you like.many很多修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)Many people wanted to stay there.much很多修飾不可數(shù)名詞There isnt much bread on the plate.few幾乎沒(méi)有(否定意義)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)Few of them can speak French.代詞詞義用法典句示例a few(肯定意義)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)I have only a few books.little幾乎沒(méi)有(否定意義)修飾不可數(shù)名詞Little has been done to end the

15、 strike.a little有一點(diǎn)(肯定意義)修飾不可數(shù)名詞A little water is enough.特別提醒：1.some還可用于疑問(wèn)句中表示征求意見(jiàn)，希望得到肯定回答。Would you like some water？你想喝些水嗎？Would you mind my opening the window？你介意我打開(kāi)窗子嗎？Not a bit.一點(diǎn)也不介意。Im not a little tired.我非常累。5.everything，something，anything的用法代詞詞義用法典句示例everything每件事；一切事可用于肯定句、疑問(wèn)句或否定句I hope ev

16、erything goes well.我希望一切順利。something某事，某物；重要人物(事物)；多少，相當(dāng)，若干常用于肯定句中，也可用于征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)句中。常跟后置定語(yǔ)。He is a scientist or something.他大概是科學(xué)家之類的人物。Ill try and rustle you up something to eat.我設(shè)法給你弄點(diǎn)兒吃的。anything任何事；任何東西一般用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中Can you hear anything？你能聽(tīng)到什么聲音嗎？六、代詞it的用法類別用法說(shuō)明典句示例代詞1.指已提及的物品、事情、話語(yǔ)或動(dòng)物等2.指性別不明以及未指明

17、但談話雙方都明白的事情或情況3.指天氣狀況、自然現(xiàn)象、時(shí)間距離等4.指小孩子5.指生活或身體狀況He bought a magazine and lent it to me.Who is knocking at the door？It must be my brother.It was almost two oclock when he came back home.The child smiled when it saw its mother.How is it going with you？類別用法說(shuō)明典句示例籠統(tǒng)賓語(yǔ)1.表示“喜歡、恨”等心理方面的動(dòng)詞后面接it構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu)，這類動(dòng)詞有e

18、njoy，prefer，love，like，hate，dislike，appreciate等2.用于某些習(xí)語(yǔ)中I will appreciate it if you can give me a hand.I got it.我明白了。Thats it.就這樣了。At last weve made it.我們終于成功了。I cant help it.我也是沒(méi)辦法?。☆悇e用法說(shuō)明典句示例作形式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)1.用于It isadj./n.不定式或動(dòng)名詞或that從句中It is illegal to drive without a license.2.用于It seems/appears/happens

19、/occurs to sb.that從句中3.用于It looksas if/though從句中4.用于It isv.ed.that從句中5.用于think/find/makeitadj./n.不定式或動(dòng)名詞或that從句中6.用于take it for grantedthat從句、bring it to ones attentionthat從句、see to itthat從句或depend on itthat從句中It is certain that he will succeed.It happened that we had met somewhere.It occurred to me

20、 that I should ask the police for help.It looks as if were going to miss the plane.It is believed that he will be admitted to Beijing University.We found it useless arguing with him.We take it for granted that water is free at restaurants.特別提醒：it的固定用法as it is照現(xiàn)狀I(lǐng)t depends.視情況而定。 Dont mention it.不客氣。

21、Take it easy.放松，別緊張。 believe it or not信不信由你see to it that.確保 depend on it that.相信take it for granted that.認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的make it成功，做到，約定時(shí)間七、代詞的特殊用法1人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用時(shí)，一般不用主格而用賓格Glad to meet you.見(jiàn)到你很高興。Me，too.見(jiàn)到你我也很高興。Susan，go and join your sister cleaning the yard.Susan，和你姐姐一起去掃院子。Why me？John is sitting there doing

22、 nothing.為什么讓我去？John正坐在那兒沒(méi)事可做。2與復(fù)合不定代詞構(gòu)成的習(xí)慣句型anything but決不，根本不nothing but僅僅，只有none butonly僅僅，只有all butalmost幾乎，差不多；除外的全部anybody/everybody but除外的任何人not anythingnothing沒(méi)有什么(表示全部否定)not everything并非每件東西(表示部分否定)He is nothing but a clerk.他只是一個(gè)職員。He is anything but a clerk.他絕不是一名職員。He is someone/something

23、/not anybody.他是個(gè)重要人物/出色的人物/普普通通的人。She is something of a doctor.She has saved many people.她可以說(shuō)是一位出色的醫(yī)生，她已救了很多人的命。3such指如前所述的這樣的人或事物。此時(shí)，如果遇到a/an，such必須放在其前；如果遇到no，one，two，three，another，several，some，many，all等詞時(shí)，such必須置于其后。有時(shí)such之后可以加一個(gè)as，用以引出屬于哪一類。He is not such a fool as he looks.他并不像看上去的那樣愚蠢。Such is

24、Elbert Einstein，a simple man with great achievements.這就是阿爾伯特愛(ài)因斯坦，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)樸而又成績(jī)卓著的人。Tom is such a nice person.湯姆就是這樣一個(gè)好人。There is no such car here.這里沒(méi)有這樣的小汽車。4so作指示代詞時(shí)，代替一個(gè)句子或短語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的事情(1)在believe，think，expect，suppose，imagine，guess等詞后，用so代替前文提出的觀點(diǎn)。既可以用于肯定句，也可用于否定句。Will Tom come this evening?湯姆今晚會(huì)來(lái)嗎？I think so./I dont think so./I think not.我想會(huì)的。/我想不會(huì)。(2)用于肯定的hope以及Im afraid后，代替前文提出的觀點(diǎn)。Is it going to rain tomorrow?明天會(huì)下雨嗎？I hope so./I hope not.(不用I dont hope so.)希望如此。/希望不會(huì)下雨。