2007考研英語翻譯高分要略翻譯基礎(chǔ)能力培養(yǎng)前 言考研英語翻譯普遍得分率低下，要想取得高分，必須在目前這個(gè)階段打好基礎(chǔ)。本基礎(chǔ)課程強(qiáng)調(diào)翻譯基本技巧的培養(yǎng)，提供的往年真題及譯文主要供同學(xué)們體會(huì)、模仿和修改。課上不會(huì)花大量時(shí)間講解真題。后者將在強(qiáng)化班上重點(diǎn)練習(xí)。本課程分為五部分：第一部分大綱要求。第二部分解題步驟。第三部分技巧詳解第四部分基本技能綜合訓(xùn)練。兩篇文章，基本涉及到所有常見?？嫉姆g技能。第五部分少量真題體驗(yàn)，不做重點(diǎn)，提供參考譯文，自己回去模仿、修改譯文。第六部分長難句課程中的練習(xí)部分參考翻譯（有部分句子為往年翻譯真題）第一部分 大綱要求翻譯在考研英語的閱讀板塊，屬于C節(jié)。大綱明確指出：主要考查考生準(zhǔn)確理解概念或結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜的英語文字材料的能力。要求考生閱讀一篇約400詞的文章，并將其中5個(gè)劃線部分（約150詞）翻譯成漢語，要求譯文準(zhǔn)確、完整、通順?？忌诖痤}卡2上作答。每句2分，共10分。文章的題材近幾年偏重人文社科類。一、考研英語翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 概括來說，傳統(tǒng)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的“信、達(dá)、雅”，考研英語只要具備前兩者即可?！靶拧本褪恰爸覍?shí)”，“達(dá)”就是“通順”。忠實(shí)：譯者首先要忠實(shí)于原文的內(nèi)容，不可歪曲、遺漏英語原文所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。通順：這里指翻譯漢語后，譯文要流暢、易懂。語言必須符合漢語的習(xí)慣和規(guī)范：用詞要準(zhǔn)確，文字不晦澀、不生硬、沒有很重的翻譯腔；結(jié)構(gòu)必須合理，不能混亂?？偟膩碚f，考研英語翻譯要忠于原文，但一定要為漢語服務(wù)，翻譯出來的句子不能有假洋鬼子的味道。我們做翻譯時(shí)，譯文處理必須上升到語言上的愛國主義這個(gè)高度。閱卷時(shí)的卷面分也很重要，在后面的分步練習(xí)中，我們必須學(xué)會(huì)打草稿，保證不出現(xiàn)非智力性因素失分。第二部分 翻譯解題步驟與思路-四步走 考研翻譯，我推薦大家分四步來走。平時(shí)訓(xùn)練大家要嚴(yán)格，切勿偷工減料。否則就會(huì)造成翻譯的“豆腐渣工程”。第一步 通讀理解原文英譯漢的第一步是準(zhǔn)確、完整、透徹地理解英語原文。要翻譯的文章是一個(gè)有機(jī)整體，都圍繞著主旨展開。因此必須先通讀全文，了解文章的整體內(nèi)容，準(zhǔn)確把握作者所要表達(dá)的主題思想。注意通讀不等于全讀，根據(jù)我提的三段論和總分法兩個(gè)核心來通讀所有段落首句，加讀長段（6行以上）尾句和文章最后一句。在此基礎(chǔ)上，還需要認(rèn)真分析劃線部分與上下文之間的各種關(guān)系（邏輯關(guān)系、語法關(guān)系、意義關(guān)系及指代關(guān)系等）。否則很容易造成理解上的斷章取義。第二步 理解分拆原句此部分認(rèn)真參考本人長難句講義里的分拆意群部分詳細(xì)講解。此處不再詳述。找出主句和從句中的意群，快速切分。使用斜線在原句里做出標(biāo)記。當(dāng)分解完意群時(shí)，主干意群用下劃線劃出主謂賓或主系表。同時(shí)要注意句子是否有省略的地方，以及各個(gè)意群（如簡單句子，各類短語：介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語、動(dòng)名詞短語）各種語法邏輯功能（原因，目的還是結(jié)果？等等）。這樣才算作對(duì)原文理解了。也就是達(dá)到了我所說的“意會(huì)”的程度。第三步 直譯切分意群切分完意群后，帶著對(duì)全文主旨和上下文的綜合了解，需要對(duì)意群進(jìn)行快速直譯。這一步我稱為“言傳”。這個(gè)步驟承上啟下，關(guān)系到翻譯的句子的成敗。有兩個(gè)要求：一、直譯。看到什么意群就直接翻譯，盡量選用時(shí)，腦子里第一時(shí)間反應(yīng)出的漢語的詞匯和短語。我們必須承認(rèn)我們目前還沒達(dá)到同傳的水平。因此這一步不要試圖直接譯出成品。否則只會(huì)在大腦里抹漿糊，造成。不要如：The importance of an internationally accepted language in cross-cultural communication can never be overestimated。我們迅速直譯為“國際上可以接受的語言在跨文化交際中的重要性永遠(yuǎn)無法高估。”然后進(jìn)行到下一步，看著這一句直譯的句子，根據(jù)我們對(duì)原文的理解，進(jìn)行漢語復(fù)述。這樣難度就降低了很多，很容易理順句子結(jié)構(gòu)和準(zhǔn)確推敲漢語選詞。直譯是我們?cè)诳吹接⒄Z句子時(shí)的第一反應(yīng)?？佳杏⒄Z的句子難度大，不可能像看到I dont know 一樣直接反應(yīng)出正確譯文，而是需要仔細(xì)分析原句，直譯之后再進(jìn)行二次精心加工，最后成文。我們必須對(duì)自己的能力做出正確判斷，不能盲目樂觀。翻譯能力的提高必須經(jīng)歷這一段直譯à意譯的過渡期。第四步 潤色、調(diào)序、成文這一步要求大家對(duì)直譯出的漢語意群進(jìn)行再加工。選用的漢語詞匯要準(zhǔn)確，句子結(jié)構(gòu)要符合我們的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。:在準(zhǔn)確理解劃線部分英語句子的含義后，如何用通順的漢語將其表達(dá)出來是關(guān)鍵。表達(dá)是理解的結(jié)果，是把已經(jīng)理解了的原作內(nèi)容選擇適當(dāng)?shù)淖g文重新表達(dá)出來。由于兩種語言存在著語言、語法及表達(dá)方式上的差異，所以在翻譯的時(shí)候必須作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整和改變，使中文讀者閱讀譯文時(shí)感到自然、流暢。如前所述，翻譯出的句子要愛國。審校潤色則是使譯文更完美的最后一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。通過審校，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)譯文的一些漏洞和不足之處，如人名、地名、日期、數(shù)字、時(shí)間等細(xì)節(jié)是否有遺漏和錯(cuò)譯的地方，指代關(guān)系是否明確一致，是否存在錯(cuò)別字，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否準(zhǔn)確等。第三部分 翻譯技巧詳解和練習(xí)一、增補(bǔ)法 英漢兩種語言由于詞法和句法經(jīng)常存在一定差異，翻譯時(shí)為了使譯文為漢語服務(wù)，必要時(shí)，從詞法語法方面需要考慮，在漢語譯文里適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)一些潤滑的詞語。單純?cè)~匯的增補(bǔ)往往是因?yàn)闈h語英語單詞的不對(duì)稱性。也就是說漢語詞匯和英語直接并非一一對(duì)應(yīng)。句子成分的補(bǔ)充是因?yàn)橛⒄Z里的某些省略不能在漢語里省略。例1：The local government has not come up with effective remedies for the serious unemployment 地方政府未能拿出有效方案來解決嚴(yán)重的失業(yè)（問題）例2：Neither of the parties in the peace talk has ever touched upon substance和談雙方都未涉及到實(shí)質(zhì)（問題）。例3: All these policies are based upon the expectations of the foreign capital, rather than upon the funds available所有政策都是建立在預(yù)期的外資基礎(chǔ)上，而不是目前的資金基礎(chǔ)上。例4：They thought their studies were leading in this field他們?cè)詾樽约旱难芯吭谶@個(gè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)處于領(lǐng)先地位。【如果譯文漏掉“原”字，時(shí)態(tài)將變成現(xiàn)在時(shí)，違反了原文】例5：He was, he is and he will remain what he was in the future, be it harsh or blessing 他過去，現(xiàn)在，未來都會(huì)保持他原先的本色，不管是逆境還是順境。例6：Under no circumstances will they give up; they never have and never will他們?nèi)魏吻闆r下都不會(huì)放棄，他們從未放棄過，將來也決不會(huì)。二、刪減法由于英漢語言多方面的差異，英語中不可缺少的成分信息如果直譯到漢語中去，會(huì)影響譯文的簡潔和通順。為了使譯文更符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，更具可讀性，需要省略一些多余的詞語。但必須不能改變英語原句的含義。很多介詞在短語中也經(jīng)常省略。比如，定冠詞The如果不譯成漢語的指示代詞，在很多情況下可以省略。例：The density of population determines, to some extent, the speed at which the underground water is exploited 人口密度在某種程度上決定地下水的開采速度。三、反譯法有些句子英語是從正面說的，漢語需要從反面來表達(dá)才更符合我們的習(xí)慣。1、否定譯成肯定。注意雙重否定如果譯成漢語的雙重否定不通順，就需要譯成肯定句。例1：He never visited us but he brought us some gifts 他每次來拜訪我們都會(huì)帶些禮物。例2：There is no rule that has no exception只要有規(guī)則，就有例外。這個(gè)雙重否定就不能譯成漢語雙重否定“沒有規(guī)則沒有例外的”。2、“before”連接兩個(gè)意群時(shí)，譯法需特別注意。但漢語表達(dá)時(shí)，如果把before一律翻成“在之前”，有時(shí)會(huì)很生硬。這時(shí)我們根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，可以翻譯為“然后”，加上它連接的內(nèi)容。He spent 5 years pursuing his PhD degree in the Harvard, before starting his career in his motherland他在美國攻讀博士學(xué)位用了5年，然后回國開創(chuàng)自己的事業(yè)。四、被動(dòng)語態(tài)翻譯技巧 該部分按下面幾種情況討論。1、被動(dòng)仍翻成被動(dòng)例1 Those who support the“nature”side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors 在這場(chǎng)爭論中，贊成“天性說”一方的人認(rèn)為，我們的性格特征和行為模式主要由生物因素決定。2、英語被動(dòng)變漢語主動(dòng)。如:例1 This city was built many years ago and it is now inhabited by none 這座城市是許多年以前建成的，而現(xiàn)在無人居住。例2 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence總的來說，得出這樣的結(jié)論是有一定的把握的例3 （In general, the tests work most effectively ） when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined （總之，）當(dāng)需要測(cè)定的素質(zhì)能夠最精確地界定出來 3、借助譯成“是的”、“由的”等漢語的表語結(jié)構(gòu)。The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader這場(chǎng)反對(duì)種族歧視的運(yùn)動(dòng)是由一位著名的黑人領(lǐng)袖親自發(fā)動(dòng)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的。五、幾種?？嫉谋容^和否定句式的翻譯技巧1、no morethan翻譯成漢語“和一樣不”。邏輯上是雙否定。例1：The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain 心臟和胃一樣不能思維，都受大腦支配。（例2：There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink他們沒有理由限定你吃多少維生素，就如同他們不能限定你喝多少水一樣。2、not so muchas翻譯成“與其說，不如說”。It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game與其說他輸了比賽是多次被擊中，不如說是自己缺乏斗志。3、less與more對(duì)比，不出現(xiàn)thanInterests in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，更多原因是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。（真題示范）4、nothing better than形式上的比較級(jí)，常翻成實(shí)際的最高級(jí)。Sun Chief Scott McNealy would love nothing better than to break Microsofts hold on the software marketSun的總裁斯科特·麥克尼利最喜歡的事就是打破微軟對(duì)軟件市場(chǎng)的統(tǒng)治。5、can never/not be too +形容詞，翻成越越，或無論怎么都不為過。One can never be too careful when encountered with such a complicated situation6、The last，表示全否定。翻成最不This is the last thing a true scientist would do to prove his academic capacity這是真正的科學(xué)家最不愿意做的事情。 7、其它需要注意的短語翻譯anything but,全否定，翻譯為根本不。Nothing but翻譯為只不過/只有。其余考試較少的請(qǐng)參考翻譯基礎(chǔ)PowerPoint課件（wwwtangqimingcom）。六、漢語語序調(diào)整技巧簡言之，一切譯文要為漢語服務(wù)，不能出現(xiàn)很別扭的譯文。這其中的意群句子的順序非常重要。英漢語里的語序不同主要體現(xiàn)在：英語的定語（定語從句）和狀語（狀語從句）既有前置的也有后置的，而漢語的定語和多數(shù)狀語（狀語從句）只能前置。 例1：The report suggested the government take the issue of decreasing funds for education seriously 報(bào)告建議政府嚴(yán)肅對(duì)待教育經(jīng)費(fèi)減少的問題。例2：That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory 這種理論的核心是，我們的環(huán)境同我們的才能、性格特征和行為即使有什么關(guān)系的話，也是微不足道的。（英語的謂語部分在譯文中變成漢語的主語。）七、專有名詞翻譯技巧大綱后面的常見專有名詞需要記住。不常見的人名、地名可以照抄原文，不要費(fèi)心思亂譯，浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。英文名字切勿意譯！只能音譯！Bill Gates；President Bush八、生詞翻譯技巧萬一有不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞，最好忽略不譯，切忌胡亂翻譯，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)錯(cuò)譯遠(yuǎn)比一個(gè)漏譯更能引起閱卷老師的注意。但切勿在譯文里留出空白。第四部分 翻譯基本技能綜合訓(xùn)練選取了考試中經(jīng)常涉及到的專題，如人文學(xué)科的一些文章，來加強(qiáng)同學(xué)們的相關(guān)背景知識(shí)，強(qiáng)化相應(yīng)的翻譯要求，尤其是準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)的最基本的能力訓(xùn)練。詞匯的專業(yè)性并不強(qiáng)，但必須要求我們有最基本的相關(guān)知識(shí)。只有通過基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)我們才能完成向最高水平的第一跳。必須從循序漸進(jìn)。這兩篇文章將練習(xí)考研英語中涉及到的基本翻譯技能：增補(bǔ)、刪減；被動(dòng)、主動(dòng)切換；邏輯比較譯法；語序調(diào)整等等。Passage 1 The Euro Disney Corporation, acknowledging that its elaborate theme park had not performed as strongly as expected, announced Thursday that it would sustain a net financial loss of unpredictable scale in its first financial year At the time of the April opening of the park, which stands on a 4,800-acre site 30 kilometers （20 miles） east of Paris, Euro Disney officials said they expected to make a small profit for the financial year ending September 30 But since then the park has been hit by a number of problems Euro Disney said that although attendance levels had been high, "the company anticipates that it will sustain a net loss for the financial year ending September 30, 1992" It added that "the amount of the loss will depend on attendance and hotel use rates achieved during the remaining portion of the critical European summer vacation period" The announcement amounted to an extraordinary reversal for Euro Disney, which opened amid immense celebration and widespread predictions of immediate success At the time of the opening, on April 12, the company's shares were trading at 14090 francs （$2807）, and had been as high as 170 francs earlier in the year They dropped 275 percent Thursday to close at 9725 francs Mr Forsgren, the chief financial officer, said he thought the market had "reacted a bit emotionally to preliminary information", adding that "by all objective standards the park is very successful and the rest is just details" The company said that 36 million people had visited the park from April 12 to July 22, a performance superior to that of comparable start-up periods at other Disney theme parks, but it warned that, given the likely strong seasonal variation in attendance, it was not possible to predict future attendance or profits The main problem confronting Euro Disney appears to be managing its costs and finding an appropriate price level for its over 5,000 hotel rooms Clearly, costs have been geared to a revenue level that has not been achieved, and the company is beginning to drop hotel prices that have been widely described as excessive Mr Forsgren said the number of staff, now at 17,000, would "come down significantly in the next two months, mainly through the loss of employees, who worked on a temporary basis1_ _2_ _3_4_ _5_ _6_ _7_ _8_Passage 2It is a popular myth that great geniuses the Einsteins, Picassos and Mozarts of this world spring up out of nowhere as if touched by the finger of God The model is Karl Friedrich Gauss, supposedly born into a family of manual workers, who grew up to become the father of modern mathematics A professor who studies early learning has attacked this myth, saying that when he looked into the childhood of these geniuses, he discovered there was a pattern of very early stimulation by a parent or teacher figure For instance, Einstein's father was an electrical engineer who fascinated his son with practical displays of physics Picasso's father was an art teacher who had young Pablo painting bowls of fruit at the age of eight But what sort of parental stimulation should it be? There is plenty of evidence that, too often, pressure from parents results in children suffering fatigue rather than becoming geniuses One study has identified two kinds of parent style the supportive and the stimulating     Supportive parents were those who would go out of their way to help their children follow their favorite interests, praised whatever level of achievement resulted and generally created a pleasant home governed by clear rules Stimulating parents were more actively involved in what their children did, steering them towards certain fields and pushing them to work hard, often acting as a tutorThe study followed four groups of children: one with supportive parents, one with stimulating parents, one whose parents combined both qualities and a final group who offered neither The result was that the children whose parents were simply supportive were happier than average but were not particularly intense in their concentration when studying or working on something The children who did best were those whose parents were both supportive and stimulating Children whose parents were stimulating without being supportive were candidates for fatigue Another crucial factor is the need for parents to have proper conversations with their children Through the talk with adults, children pick up language skills and adult habits and styles of thought One reason why prodigies such as Picasso and Einstein had a head start in life was that they had parents who demonstrated how to think about subjects like art or physics at a very early age    It is the time spent in the conversation as well as the way in which a parents talks that count A parent who only gives a brief reply to a child's questions or gives dull answers will be passing on a narrow-minded style of thinking On the other hand, parents happy to take a child step by step through an argument, encouraging him or her to explore ideas, will cultivate an open and creative thinking style     One researcher is attempting to show this experimentally with a study in which groups of parents are taught how to have beneficial conversations with their small children He says these children have an advantage over their peer group in language ability, intellectual ability, and even social leadership skills While the study is not yet complete, the children appear to have been given a long-term advantage     There is general agreement that genuine biological differences exist between individuals; geniuses need to be lucky in both their genes and their parents The most significant implication would seem to be that while most people are in a good position to fulfill their biological potential barring serious illnesses or a poor diet during childhood it is far from certain that they will grow up in an environment where that capacity will be developed 1_2_ _3_4_5_ _6_7_ _8_9_10 _11 _12 _ _13 _ _ 第五部分 體驗(yàn)真題，練技巧在這里選取了幾篇往年真題，綜合演練一下解題的步驟，理順解題思路。文章雖然較早，但考查的難度并不低于近幾年。近幾年的試題可以留到強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段（如秋季）使用。所選取的譯文不是唯一正確的答案。只要符合前邊所說的“信達(dá)”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的翻譯都是高分譯文。請(qǐng)注意，我們練的是方法和思路。只有掌握正確的方法，才能提高時(shí)間利用率，早日脫離題海。否則做10,000道題也只能是簡單且錯(cuò)誤地重復(fù)！11990年英譯漢試題People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitiveSocial scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions（61）They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs nurture”（62）Those who support the“nature”side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors（63）That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instinctsThose who support the “nurture” theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act A behaviorist, BFSkinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings（64）The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behaviorLet us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories（65）Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined Needless to say，they dont believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences（66）Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual developmentThe social and political implications of these two theories are profound（67）In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites（68）Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoyMost people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior21991年英譯漢試題The fact