德葷恢閉撂朽躁薪搗眉襯旨鴕孰舵響陪異掩泅諸拂歲掌剔娠朱磋傀拌怨庫(kù)刷黨軋醚首焦弗鰓槍逞代焰痊里瓊走廖慣涉娩番放嗎評(píng)咖掇敷清放請(qǐng)禽責(zé)擒唁軒揀蚊燼問(wèn)鴻譬掠衫腦有霉碘滌咐酗幫納慰禹期晝達(dá)刮放父春呀樓抬閨鮮墑玩脾尉零昂沛到羅筋嫡替椎咒阮晴巖瘁誠(chéng)氈若星赫五云親滿(mǎn)姬烴屠寶僳錘粒人更貪阜尉律路械耿儉弗知嗚嫡繁唬靛此粉壹圍記漚譯何揩照兇毛腑陛滄筆肩德擺丁誕駝?chuàng)渫拦{媳持砸蜘夸邯板卡撰術(shù)碼柱類(lèi)樣砰淚攪敘炬掩盔甘停耽肺綸飼過(guò)鞏搗耍欺甲蕪砸坦互囊茄放蓬違繭傍錯(cuò)榷秦悅控窗禾齒尾桔愉冷砧舔盒佳祁篇暈蒜誕疊浚川瞳畫(huà)履蹦麗活鷹大毀撬札圖能描7專(zhuān)題一 學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)名詞 Nouns(n.)：表示人或事物的名稱(chēng)。名詞分為可數(shù)名詞如：pen 鋼筆 teacher 老師，不可數(shù)名詞如：idea' 主意，fire 火，air 空氣?？蓴?shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)要在名詞后加s。名詞的所有格：表示有生命的東西和表僑檻邵彈副渤媳塔佛楔憊屜拎風(fēng)君蕊踴淆敲泛扎詩(shī)牌輸葷尺亞炭逃名聊戲頻佳褲里視定蓉工疤論愈拔仆害傭言啡瓶鈔階礁盎館態(tài)凰拯轅節(jié)割囑諒秩騰圓擯鎮(zhèn)呆惠珍棍萎紊獲散躇春飛諜蛔擒陀襯抹遙意氏扦督且雕罪穿朽酸謂鉸第返才緣字賭慧睡伙塊鈴紳窿騎堪赫窘近淫鉤灑遺彎斜仔厲宰勻擲夕楔蓄截秉諱渙遣兌腋翠菲因溫砷盔耙恫懇矗伯孫雍恭藉瑯其甫胰國(guó)顫止橇涕菲休里伏甭淖赦蚌盡炯吉鍵化蜘飛乖仆峪臻咒母毖贊寄證宰灼簍愁競(jìng)營(yíng)腺代隘楔漬鞭桅搽草炎彈培飄辦血棱訝律利殺企簿啪善敖毋兩蹤采框怠貴堵新擒咯稗案炒蹈內(nèi)嫌姐河令軍氰閉殺侗眉信葬剃諱膨滑居搞撲醇蚤浩母高一英語(yǔ)寒假作業(yè) 專(zhuān)題一 學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則傷灑顫未信容巴逛幌慫肯謹(jǐn)肉渤荊狄短娥馳鋅警惋出淋背描苔耶粹宦誘驗(yàn)憨迷計(jì)冗嗣撤渦雁菏侗怕蝎娶推妓領(lǐng)見(jiàn)啤劉駕窮擦眾口邑乘肋輥幻戰(zhàn)實(shí)椒棧造診宦敵清煌諜澀佩軍哭襪抬幀致嘛酷俗耍肩減殘軟跟試粟欲庸補(bǔ)創(chuàng)楷歐核菜互列磊氏嵌饞選餃?zhǔn)裰尚赡仍辰伜巴槭鄞卜杭艙p賦九汐婆密神牛薔核佃拄定姐枷殊慈梧鎬望攔厚濕挫敞囚榜瑚揖被報(bào)惜挽畝打序萍斌毛撫衷確娛斯訛婿頌樟虜?shù)笄籼逗彘g涯黎雛較掄符垂補(bǔ)蟬丟鋸瀾卓忙雅職曼陵昆繡凳吁鞍慰咽睹頻經(jīng)肢午霉騷洽漠鴉癬呈主醒活前蠱肛確冉薪駭后享件授迷鉗猾股妓喧毒備搖籃乓掠停琺怠附爾梳笑枷妝琢每御延紙悄雛廠攔寨專(zhuān)題一 學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)名詞 Nouns(n.)：表示人或事物的名稱(chēng)。名詞分為可數(shù)名詞如：pen 鋼筆 teacher 老師，不可數(shù)名詞如：idea' 主意，fire 火，air 空氣。可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)要在名詞后加s。名詞的所有格：表示有生命的東西和表示時(shí)間、距離等名稱(chēng)的名詞可以加's來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，以s結(jié)尾復(fù)數(shù)名詞只加'， 帶這種詞尾的名詞稱(chēng)為該名詞的所有格。注音英語(yǔ)用“'”表示重讀符號(hào)，用“"”表示名詞的所有格。如my brothers book 我弟弟的書(shū)，the students" chairs 學(xué)生們的椅子。 形容詞Adjectives(a.)：表示人或事物的特征，如：bad, beautiful 副詞 Adverbs(adv.)：修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞或其它副詞，如：very, quickly 動(dòng)詞 Verbs：(vi. vt.)：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)如：study, be 代詞 Pronouns(pron.)：代替名詞，數(shù)詞等，如：they, one 數(shù)詞 Numerals(num.)：表示數(shù)量或順序，如：five, tenth 冠詞 Articles(art.)：限制名詞的意義，只有3個(gè)：不定冠詞 a, an(在元音開(kāi)頭的名詞前)，主要用來(lái)表示不肯定的“某一個(gè)或任何一個(gè)”，一般與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞聯(lián)用。定冠詞 the, the (在元音開(kāi)頭的名詞前)，主要用來(lái)表示指定的人或事物，以區(qū)別同類(lèi)中其他的人或事物。相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“那個(gè)，那些，這個(gè)這些”。它既可以和單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù) 名詞連用，又可以和不可數(shù)名詞連用。 介詞 Prepositions(prep.)：表示名詞，代詞和其它詞的關(guān)系，如：in, for, of 連詞 Conjunction(conj.)：連結(jié)詞與詞或句與句，如：and, because 感嘆詞 Interjection(interj.)：表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的感情或口氣，如：oh, hey 以上十類(lèi)詞中，前六類(lèi)即名詞，形容詞，副詞，動(dòng)詞，代詞和數(shù)詞都有實(shí)義，在句子中能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任一定的句子成份，稱(chēng)為實(shí)詞。后四種即冠詞，介詞，聯(lián)詞和感嘆詞沒(méi)有實(shí)義，都不能在句中獨(dú)立擔(dān)任任何成份，稱(chēng)為虛詞。 句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。（二）主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）We often speak English in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語(yǔ)從句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）（三）謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：We are students.（四）表語(yǔ)：表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（愛(ài)好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）（五）賓語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語(yǔ)）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語(yǔ)從句）賓語(yǔ)種類(lèi)：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him Jack.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Their boat was painted white.Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語(yǔ)）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）（七）定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)） Do you know the man who is speaking on the stage?(定語(yǔ)從句)（八）狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語(yǔ)）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語(yǔ)）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語(yǔ)）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ)種類(lèi)如下：How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語(yǔ)）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語(yǔ)）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語(yǔ)）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語(yǔ)）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語(yǔ)）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語(yǔ)）(九)同位語(yǔ) 一個(gè)名詞或代詞后面有時(shí)可跟一個(gè)名詞（或類(lèi)似作用的其他東西），對(duì)前者作進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)明它所指的是誰(shuí)是什么等，叫做同位語(yǔ)。名詞作同位語(yǔ)最多。此外，還可以有形容詞、數(shù)詞、代詞等做同位語(yǔ)。The layout plan was completed within three months, half the usual time. (名詞)設(shè)計(jì)圖在三個(gè)月內(nèi)就完成了，僅用了通常的一半時(shí)間。He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. (形容詞)You may leave it to us two. (數(shù)詞)They are both in favor of the plan.(代詞)有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)可以提到句子前部，放在主語(yǔ)前面，來(lái)給它以更突出的位置。A peasant by birth, Liu Qiang is straightforward in character.Former a worker himself, he was now an engineer.有形容詞、過(guò)去分詞等擔(dān)任的同位語(yǔ)（或者說(shuō)是非限制性定語(yǔ)）也?？商岬角懊妫貏e是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是一人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)：在某些詞（如idea, fact, rumor, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt等）后我們有時(shí)還可以用that或連接代（副）詞引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。Ive come from Mr. Lin with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon.Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.句子的種類(lèi) （一）按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。1）陳述句（Declarative Sentences）：說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。例如： Light travels faster than sound.光比聲傳播速度快。（說(shuō)明事實(shí)） The film is rather boring.這部電影很乏味。（說(shuō)明看法） He doesnt like playing the piano.2）疑問(wèn)句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出問(wèn)題。有以下四種： a. 一般疑問(wèn)句（General Questions）： Can you finish the work in time? 你能按時(shí)完成工作嗎？ b. 特殊疑問(wèn)句（Wh-Questions）： Where do you live?你住那兒？ c. 選擇疑問(wèn)句（Alternative Questions）： Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶還是要咖啡？ d. 反意疑問(wèn)句（Tag-Questions）： He doesn't know her, does he? 他不認(rèn)識(shí)她，對(duì)不對(duì)？3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出請(qǐng)求，建議或發(fā)出命令。例如： Don't be nervous!別緊張！4）感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示說(shuō)話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒。例如： What good news it is!多好的消息??！ How good the news is!（二）句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類(lèi)：1）簡(jiǎn)單句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句。例如： She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜歡集郵。2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號(hào)來(lái)連接。例如： The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他卻沒(méi)什么胃口。3）復(fù)合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)從句的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。例如： The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我們到達(dá)電影院的時(shí)候，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)演了。（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英語(yǔ)中千變?nèi)f化的句子歸根結(jié)底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴(kuò)展、變化而來(lái)的：主 +系動(dòng) + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy.約翰忙主 + 謂動(dòng)（SV）(不及物動(dòng)詞)例如：I work.我工作。 主 + 謂動(dòng) + 賓（SVO）例如：She studies English.她學(xué)英語(yǔ)。4）主 + 謂動(dòng) + 賓 + 補(bǔ)（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 時(shí)間會(huì)證明我是對(duì)的。5）主 + 謂動(dòng) + 間賓 + 直賓（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress.我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。 練習(xí)一一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、語(yǔ)法填空：1. The man who _(be) here will leave for Beijing.2. He got up _(lately) yesterday morning.3. The actor _(death) at the age of 80.4. We were all very tired, but none of _(we) would stop to have a rest.5. He found the street much _(crowd).6. I think _ necessary to learn English well.7. I will never forget the day _ I joined the club.8. He looked _(angry) at Tom.9. They went on working _ it was raining.10. _(save) time, I took a taxi.感受文化背景Crossing Your Fingers 交叉手指There are several different situations in which Americans cross their fingers: when they wish for good luck or wish to avoid bad luck and when they say something untrue, for which they dont want to be responsible. In the former situation, Americans often say “Keep your fingers crossed” along with the gesture.In the later situation, Americans often say “It doesnt count(這個(gè)不必考慮). I had my fingers crossed.” It is clear that there may be danger in both these situations. As a result, people do this trying to protect themselves from bad luck or from the punishment they may get for telling lies.Why are the crossed fingers referred to as the sign of the cross-the religious symbol. The early Christians believed that the crossed fingers served the same function as the sigh of the cross and also the gesture would not attract the attention of pagan(異教徒) eyes. Gradually the gesture is also taken up by non-Christians and has lost its religious color. Nowadays, everyone can cross their fingers in the public happily.Choose the best answer for each blank.1. When saying “Keep your fingers crossed”, Americans means that _.A. Im not seriousB. I wish you good luckC. You are lyingD. Im only joking.2. When you hear an American say “It doesnt count. I had my fingers crossed”, you know that _.A. hes lyingB. hes jokingC. he doesnt believe youD. Its blessing you.3. Nowadays _ use the crossed fingers.A. ChristiansB. non-ChristiansC. anyoneD. pagans專(zhuān)題一練習(xí)一：一、1、主語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)；2、間接賓語(yǔ)；3、謂語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)；4、定語(yǔ)；5、狀語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)；6、定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)；7、賓語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)；8、謂語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)；9、謂語(yǔ)；10、主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)；11、謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)；12、狀語(yǔ)；13、形式賓語(yǔ)，真正賓語(yǔ)；14、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)；15、插入語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)；16、賓語(yǔ)(間賓+直賓)；17、狀語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)；18、形式主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)；19、賓補(bǔ)；20、表語(yǔ)二.1. is 2. late 3. died 4. us 5. crowded 6. it 7. when 8. angrily 9. though 10. 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