Module6Unit 4Helping people around the world（2）1、I am very happy to have been chosen to be a Goodwill Ambassador for them.我很高興入選成為聯(lián)合國的一名親善大使。我很高興入選成為聯(lián)合國的一名親善大使。to have been chosen為不定式的完成式的被動(dòng)式。當(dāng)主語與不定式動(dòng)詞有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且不定式所表示的動(dòng)作又先于謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式就要用完成式的被動(dòng)式。The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 據(jù)說這本書被譯成很多種語言。He is very sad to have lost four bikes in less than one year. 他因不到一年就丟了4部自行車而感到很傷心。is said to have boughtLeonardo da Vinci birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.據(jù)說列奧納多達(dá)芬奇將關(guān)在籠子里的鳥買下來，將鳥 釋放從而獲得樂趣。2、Instead of sand blowing everywhere, there is mud and water everywhere, making it difficult to travel from place to place.并不是到處風(fēng)沙，而是到處有淤泥和水，使得從一個(gè)并不是到處風(fēng)沙，而是到處有淤泥和水，使得從一個(gè)地方到另一個(gè)地方很難。地方到另一個(gè)地方很難。句中making 表示結(jié)果狀語。At the end of 2004, there were around 6,000 foreign printing companies in China, making up around 4 percent of national total.在2004年底，在中國大約有6000家外國印刷企業(yè)，占了我國所有印刷企業(yè)的4%。makingThe wind has moderated, sailing safer.風(fēng)勢(shì)已減弱，做帆船運(yùn)動(dòng)較為安全了。3、It seems that many people here just need to talk, so I am finding that my job is not limited to being a nurse. 看起來這些人好像只需要說話，因此我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的工作看起來這些人好像只需要說話，因此我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的工作不只局限為一名護(hù)士。不只局限為一名護(hù)士。seem的基本意思是“似乎；好像；仿佛；看來”等，可作不及物動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞。seem句型歸納如下：(1)seem可與形容詞、名詞、不定式(短語)、分詞及介詞短語搭配。She seems quite happy today. 今天她似乎很高興。(形容詞)That seems a good idea.那似乎是個(gè)好主意。(名詞)He seems to be thinking about something.他似乎正在考慮某事。(不定式)He seemed pleased at what I said.聽了我的話，他似乎很高興。(分詞)They seemed in high spirits. 他們似乎情緒高漲。(介詞短語)(2)seem常用于it作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)，即It seems / seemed that 表示“看來，似乎”。It seems that nobody knew what had happened.似乎沒人知道發(fā)生了什么事。(3) seem常用于由as if / though引導(dǎo)的從句中。在as if / though引起的從句中，如果說的是非真實(shí)的情況，從句謂語用虛擬語氣；如果所述的情況實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，則從句的謂語常用陳述語氣。It seems as if somebody is calling you.好像有人在叫你。(陳述語氣)It seems as though he were very stupid.看來他似乎很笨。(虛擬語氣)(4) 用于There seems / seemed to be n(主語)中。在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，seem表示“似乎有；看來有”。There seems to be a lot of things to do.It seems as if there were a lot of things to do.似乎有很多事情要做。這一結(jié)構(gòu)的否定形式為“There seems / seemed to be no n”或“There doesnt / didnt seem to be n”。There doesnt seem to have been any difficulty on this question.在這個(gè)問題上似乎沒出現(xiàn)什么困難。There seems to be a strong competition in China for senior high students to be admitted into colleges or universities.在中國高中學(xué)生錄取上大學(xué)似乎有很大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。B考查動(dòng)詞的辨析。句意為“瑪麗，我已經(jīng)提醒約翰注意他幫助你的承諾了?！眗emindof 就提醒(某人)，使(某人)想起；warn含有“警告”的意思。 1. Mary, I _ John of his promise to help you.(2011大綱卷) A. told B. reminded C. warned D. advised2. Cremind和himself構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即remind sb. of sth.; 故用reminded。reminded作賓語補(bǔ)足語。句意：Michael把姚明的相片掛在床邊以提醒自己不要忘了自己的夢(mèng)想。2. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams.(2011重慶) A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind3. C短語辨析。in search of 尋找； in place of 代替； for lack of 因缺乏； for fear of 生怕，以免。句子的完整意思應(yīng)該是：大城市建起越來越多的高樓大廈，因?yàn)槿狈臻g。3. More and more highrise buildings have been built in big cities _ space.(2010福建) A. in search of B. in place of C. for lack of D. for fear of非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句在英文中，有兩種定語從句：限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用，使該詞的含義更具體、更明確。限制性定語從句不能被省略，否則句意就不完整。非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對(duì)其作一些附加說明，不起限定制約作用。如果將非限制性定語從句省去，主句的意義仍然完整。1限制性定語從句因與先行詞關(guān)系密切，所以不可以用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切，所以可用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開。Do you remember the girl who taught us English?你還記得教我們英語的那個(gè)女孩嗎？We walked down the village street, where villagers were having market day.我們沿著村里的大街向前走去，村民們正在那里趕集。2大多數(shù)限制性和非限制性定語從句的先行詞往往為某一個(gè)詞或短語，而特殊情況下非限制性定語從句的先行詞也可為整個(gè)主句，此時(shí)非限制性定語從句常由 which 引導(dǎo)。A middleaged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.一個(gè)中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫，這令我十分恐懼。A fiveyearold boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.一個(gè)5歲男孩會(huì)講兩門外語，這令所有在場(chǎng)的人感到非常驚訝。3使用非限制性定語從句時(shí)，如果先行詞指人，則用who或whose引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句；先行詞指物可用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句；先行詞表時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)且在從句中作時(shí)間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)，可用 when, where 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.他送給他母親一臺(tái)彩電作為生日禮物，這使她非常高興。Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.他們上周日到達(dá)南京，有個(gè)會(huì)議要在那里舉行。4關(guān)系代詞 whom 在限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可用who代替whom，但whom在非限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)不可用who來代替。在限制性定語從句中，先行詞指人時(shí)可用that代替who/whom，但在非限制性定語從句中先行詞指人時(shí)，不可用that代替who/whom。This is the girl whom/who I met in the street.這是我在街上遇到的那個(gè)女孩。A young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.一個(gè)年輕的小伙子新交了一個(gè)女朋友，他想給她留下深刻的印象。He has a sister, who is a teacher.他有一個(gè)姐姐，是教師。5關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省去，非限制性定語從句的所有關(guān)系詞均不可省。This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.這就是他昨天丟的那本書。The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.他昨天丟了這本書，但現(xiàn)在已找到了。6在非限定性定語從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞表示事物意義時(shí)， 只能用which。The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.太陽給予大地?zé)崃?，這就使植物的生長(zhǎng)成為可能。The most important form of energy is electrical energy, which is widely used in our daily life.最重要的能源形式是電能，它廣泛地運(yùn)用于我們的日常生活之中。7as與which在非限制性定語從句中的區(qū)別。(1)as在從句中通常作主語代指整個(gè)主句，表示的意思是“正如、正像”，其引導(dǎo)的定語從句既可以放在主句之前也可以放在主句之后。 The Pacific is the largest ocean, as we all know. 太平洋是最大的洋，這一點(diǎn)我們都知道。 As we expect, we won the game.我們贏了，這一點(diǎn)在我們預(yù)料之中。 As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. 眾所周知，他是我們班上最好的學(xué)生。(2)which是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中作主語或賓語，代指人或物。當(dāng)代指整個(gè)主句時(shí)表示的意思是主句和從句之間是因果關(guān)系，即“因?yàn)椤⑺浴?。其引?dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。 The road was too slippery, which caused lots of accidents. 路太滑了，以至于引起了很多事故。 He was angry, which made him cry. 他太生氣了以至于他哭了起來。 1關(guān)系詞作主語時(shí)，從句中謂語的數(shù)。2注意區(qū)別定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句。(1)定語從句中關(guān)系詞作從句成分，復(fù)合句。(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)it無意義，that / who不是引導(dǎo)詞。(3)去掉it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思講得通則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，講不通則不是。It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定語從句)It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)3定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。(1)定語從句引導(dǎo)詞被稱為關(guān)系詞，that充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語。有時(shí)可省略。(2)同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞被叫做連詞，that不能充當(dāng)任何成分，不可省。Word came that their army was defeated.(同位語)We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定語)4關(guān)系詞在從句中省略的情況。(1)關(guān)系詞作賓語，前無介詞時(shí)。(2)關(guān)系詞作表語。5關(guān)系詞前有介詞或復(fù)雜介詞，關(guān)系詞只能是which和whom。6幾個(gè)特殊的定語從句句型：(1)He is the only one of the students who has got verygood marks in the match.(句中one為先行詞)He is one of the students who have got good marksin the match.(句中students為先行詞)(2)Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday? (3)He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.(4)It may rain, in which case the match will be put off. 1. Mr. Smith has bought a little house in the country, around _ some green trees. A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are C此題容易誤選A或B，將A、B中的 which 和 it 誤認(rèn)為是其后句子的主語。其實(shí)，此題的最佳答案為C，around which are some green trees 是一個(gè)由“介詞which”引出的非限制性定語從句，而在該從句中，主語是 some green trees，around which 是表語，所以句子謂語應(yīng)用are，而不是 is。2. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _， of course, made the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what B許多學(xué)生認(rèn)為此題句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較混亂，逗號(hào)太多，難于理清頭緒。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們先看下面一句：Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _ made the others unhappy. 一般同學(xué)都知道此題應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞 which，用以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性的定語從句。事實(shí)上，上面一題就是根據(jù)此題演變出來，只不過在 which 與 made 之間插入了一個(gè) of course。所以上面一題應(yīng)選B。3. He wrote a lot of novels, most of _ were popular. A. them B. whom D. that D. whichD此題最佳答案為D，但很容易誤選A。假若單獨(dú)看 He wrote a lot of novels 和 Most of them were popular.這兩句話，它們并不錯(cuò)，但將它們放在一起用逗號(hào)連接就不甚妥當(dāng)了。因?yàn)?，英語句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)來劃分，可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句和并列復(fù)合句4種，也就是說，一個(gè)規(guī)范的英語句子，從結(jié)構(gòu)上說，它必須隸屬以上4類句型之一。但上面一題若選A，則它既不是簡(jiǎn)單句(因?yàn)樗袃蓚€(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu))，也不是并列句(因?yàn)樗鼪]有并列連詞)，也不是復(fù)合句(因?yàn)樗鼪]有主從句之分)，當(dāng)然它更不是并列復(fù)合句，所以選A是錯(cuò)誤的。可以選D，是因?yàn)榭瞻滋幪盍?which 之后，后一句即成了一個(gè)非限制性的定語從句，前一句即為主句，整個(gè)句子即為一個(gè)復(fù)合句。